The Maya people used a written language and a numeral system. They were good at art, building, and math. Their priests studied stars and planets, which helped them make calendars. The Maya civilization was biggest between the years of 420 AD and 900 AD.
This presentation talk about the Mayan Civilization.
The Mayan civilization was developed in the region of Mesoamerica, including the southwest of Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, and the west of El Salvador and Honduras.
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization.
Maya civilization Is well known for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.
This presentation talk about the Mayan Civilization.
The Mayan civilization was developed in the region of Mesoamerica, including the southwest of Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, and the west of El Salvador and Honduras.
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization.
Maya civilization Is well known for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.
This is a presentation I made on Mayan Religion.This one goes out to all the CBSE class XII students who are suffering. I nearly killed myself making this ppt along with a project file, and I really don't want anyone else going through the pain. Who in gods name asks 16 year old's to make a ruddy 50 paged project on a dead religion? That too without the use of wikipedia? If any one is in need of the entire 42 paged project file on Mayan religion, please email me and i'll send it to you.
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
This is a presentation I made on Mayan Religion.This one goes out to all the CBSE class XII students who are suffering. I nearly killed myself making this ppt along with a project file, and I really don't want anyone else going through the pain. Who in gods name asks 16 year old's to make a ruddy 50 paged project on a dead religion? That too without the use of wikipedia? If any one is in need of the entire 42 paged project file on Mayan religion, please email me and i'll send it to you.
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
Mayan ruins are the leftover archaeological sites of the Mayan civilization which existed between 1300 BCE - 1200 CE. The Mayans are known for being an extremely advanced civilization that flourished primarily between 300 CE -900 CE. The Mayans inhabited lands in the current day Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize, and they were responsible for building large monuments to carry out numerous rituals and ceremonies. The ruins of these ceremonial monuments can be visited at hundreds of locations around areas of Mexico and Central America.
In this ppt i have explained about Mayans and their ruins. Hope it helps u all. :)
Since Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert, simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the Prophet stressed.
One of the distinctive features of the Islamic tradition is its rapid expansion into a large and diverse civilization, soon becoming divided into several centers of political authority. Although the Prophet’s activities were mostly limited to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, after his death the first four “Rightly Guided” caliphs sent armies to conquer Syria, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Persia, which were then within the declining Byzantine and Persian empires.
Carthage was a Phoenician state that included, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea.
The Kingdom of Carthage was the major power in the western Mediterranean from its establishment by the semi-legendary Queen Dido in 814 B.C. until its fall following its struggles against the rising Roman Republic. Carthage was one of the great trading powers of the Mediterranean and had relatively few rivals until its fall from grace, namely the Etruscans and the Greek city-states of Sicily and Cyrenaica. Much of Carthage's foreign policy depended on maintaining its mercantile dominance and expanding its control over island territories with which it could base its powerful navies and trade fleet.
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The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) refers to human communication via computers and includes many different forms of synchronous, asynchronous or real-time interaction that humans have with each other using computers as tools to exchange text, images, audio and video.
The Bill Clinton Era the 1990s and the new millenniumBoutkhil Guemide
The Presidency of Bill Clinton has been an important era in the history of the US. Clinton is best known of his economic policies; namely, Clintonomics which produced a huge surplus of the budget. In foreign policy, Clinton is best known of the Engagement and Enlargement which relied on building of a new world order based on both Democracy and Freemarket economy.
Globally, educational systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject matter. In this way the teaching profession is evolving from teacher-centered to student-centered learning environments. ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks. Nowadays ICT facilitate not only the delivery of lessons but also the learning process itself. This includes computer based technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure, desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are used as instructional tools at schools.
Globally, educational systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject matter. In this way the teaching profession is evolving from teacher- centered to student- centered learning environments. ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks.
Nowadays ICT facilitate not only the delivery of lessons but also the learning process itself. This includes computer based technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure, desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are used as instructional tools at schools.
The US presence in the Middle East can be explained to the fact that it always defends its interets in the region. For, that reason, the US uses divergent means and methods to achieve its ends.
The lecture analyzes the phenomenon of Globalization, the technological revolution, the over exploitation of ICTs, and the rise of Information Society.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
4. Ancient Civilzations
Ancient Civilizations: Mesoamerican
Civilizatons
Mesoamerica: a geographical and cultural
area which extends from Central Mexico
down through Central America.
“Meso”: Middle (Middle America).
Many important Ancient Civilizations
developed in this area: The Mayan
Civilization.
5.
6. Geography:
A Growing Civilization
The Maya lived in the
Yucatan Peninsula
Spread out over 125,000
square miles
The Highlands / lowlands
With mountains and
valleys
Southern Mexico, Belize,
Nicaragua, Honduras,
Guatemala, El Salvador
7. Geography: Lowlands
Southern Lowlands
– Covered by a rainforest
about 150 ft.
– Contained: scattered
savannas and swamps, or
bajos
Northern Lowlands
– Also comprised of forests
– much drier, mainly grew
small thorny trees
8. Geography:
Highlands vs. Lowlands
Highlands:
– Climate: Much cooler and
drier; fertile soil
– Volcanic Highlands:
Source of obsidian, jade,
and other precious metals
used to develop a trade
– Subject to tsunamis,
volcanoes, and
earthquakes
Lowlands:
– Produced crops used for
their own personal
consumption (ex. Maize)
– Played an important role in
transportation route
Rivers (Usumacinta and Grijalva)
created from the 160 in. of
rainfall per year were vital to
civilization as a form of
transportation for both people
and materials.
9. Geography: The Rivers
Series of rivers originate in the mountains
and flows towards the Pacific Ocean and
Gulf of Mexico.
Serve as passageways for canoes to travel
from city to city
Classic Period: Rivers provided water for
human consumption and access to trade
routes
10. Geography: The Rain Forest
Covers the majority of
Mesoamerica
Provides warmth, sunlight and
water producing a variety of
plants
Soil: thin and poor
– For survival, plants develop
highly efficient root systems
that absorb nutrients from
dead plants
Lowlands: Stretch from
northwestern Honduras
through the Peten region of
Guatemala and into Belize and
11. Geography: The Soil
Best soils found in southern
highland valleys where
volcanic eruptions have
enriched the earth
Spring- like climate and fertile
valleys have made southern
highlands a popular place to
settle, despite volcanic threats
12. Geography
The geographical dispersion of
the Mayan peoples across the
region resulted in the evolution of
numerous languages which are
related, but distinctive and
prevent different Maya groups
today from understanding each
other
13. Geography:
A Growing Civilization
Archaeologists think the Maya began
working the land as early as 1500 B.C.
They built small farming villages
250 AD- 900 AD
By 250 AD., some of these villages grew
into cities.
Principal cities: Tikal, Uaxactún, Copán,
Bonampak, Dos Pilas, Calakmul,
Palenque, and Río Bec.
Warriors fought over land and power
No ruler united the entire Mayan kingdom
More than 40 cities, each with a
population between 5,000 and 50,000.
The peak Mayan population: 2,000,000
people
The lowlands of Guatemala.
14. Mayan Cities
Center for rituals and religion
Pyramids such as “El Castillo” served
as ceremonial sites for priests.
15. Cities: Temples
Mayan cities were built
around religious
centers.
Some cities had great
palaces.
The Maya built flat-
topped pyramids made
of limestone.
At the top of these
pyramids were
temples.
That was where the
Mayan priest-kings
held religious rituals.
Tikal, Guatemala
16. An Economy Based on Agriculture
As Mayan cities grew, farmers needed to
produce more food.
They found ways to farm places they had
not farmed before.
They farmed the sides of hills (carved
into flat terraces)
They built raised fields in the wet
lowlands
They burned trees and plants in forests
to clear the land for farming
They moved good soil to areas that had
poor soil
They dug water systems (irrigation) to
bring water to dry areas
18. Agriculture
By using these techniques, they grew
corn, beans and squash.
They traded their extra food between the
highland and lowland people and with
people in Central America and Mexico
In return, they received goods that they
could not produce; such as, jade, feathers
and cacao beans.
Cacao beans held great value (used as
money) and was restricted to only the
most important Mayan
Obsidian: A glass like volcanic rock was
also traded/used as money
20. Mayan Economy
A trade system existed through which salt,
obsidian, jade, cacao, animal pelts, tropical
bird feathers, luxury ceramics and other
goods flowed.
Goods from the highlands were traded
with those of the lowlands.
Obsidian was made into tools and weapons.
People either bartered goods directly,
or exchanged them for cacao beans
22. Social Structure
The Social Pyramid
– Priests
– Wealthy nobles
– commoners and low-level govern
officers
– slaves and servants
Priest
23. The Rulers
Polytheism: The Maya worshipped
many gods.
The also worshipped their rulers.
They thought their rulers could
influence the gods.
Pascal: He ruled the Maya for 68
years.
A Mayan priest as well as a warrior.
Priest-kings like Pascal killed
animals and sometimes people as
offerings to the gods.
The City of Palenque built a temple
that was used to record his
achievements
24. The Maya wanted to keep the gods happy and
prevent disaster
They believed that the gods needed blood
Priest-kings like Pascal killed animals and
sometimes people as offerings to the gods.
25. Mayan Religion
Mayan religion had many
gods.
The gods were not seen as
completely good or evil.
They changed based on what
desirable at that point in
time.
26. Mayans believed in three
major planes: the Sky, the
Underworld, and the Earth.
Heaven composed of 13
layers; various dieties live
there
Much of the Mayan religion is
based on cycles.
When to plant crops and when
to call for rain.
28. There were 13 Mayan
gods of the Heavens
who helped create
human beings because
they believed they
needed subjects to
worship them.
29. Hun Hunahpu – maize
god
– Father of the hero twins
– Most important deity for
the Maya
– He brought about the
creation for the present
world age.
Chac – god of rain,
thunder, and lightning
– Both adored and feared by
the Maya
– He was portrayed as both a
benefactor and a violent
warrior.
30. Gukumatz – Feathered
snake god
– Taught the Maya the arts
of civilization, including
codes of law, agriculture,
fishing, and medicine.
Ixchel – Earth and Moon
Goddess
– Goddess of creativity,
weavers and childbirth,
goddess of medicine and
reason, and a bringer of
the storms.
31. Like many ancient civilizations, Mayans never used
iron or steel to make their weapons. Instead, they
were formed of obsidian or volcanic rock.
32.
33. Mayan Achievements
H= hieroglyphs (a writing system)
Each picture stood for an object
and/or a sound.
Some hieroglyphs stood for whole
ideas, such as life or happiness.
Hieroglyphs were carved on the
stone columns and record books
called a codex
34.
35. Astronomy
• They knew exact
moon phases
• Able to predict sun
and moon eclypses
• They created very
precise 365 day
calendars for
harvesting.
• They also had a 120
day calendar for
religious events.
36. Mathematics
Mathematics: A number system. Were the first
to use the symbol of zero (binary math)
The number system was based on units of 20.
37.
38. Recreation
The Mayan Ball
Game
Players tried to hit a solid
rubber ball through a
stone ring by using their
leather-padded elbows,
wrists, and hips.
People from all levels of
Mayan society watched
and placed bets on the
outcome of the game
Slaves, land and homes
could be won and lost
during a game
The losing team were
sacrificed and the captain
of the defeated team was
beheaded.
39.
40. Mayan Architecture
• Of all the objects created by the
Maya, the largest most striking are
their buildings
•A Maya city from the Classic Period
usually consisted of a series of
stepped platforms topped by
masonry structures, ranging from
great temple-pyramids and palaces
to individual house mounds.
•Maya architecture is characterized
by a sophisticated sense of
decoration and art, expressed in bas-
relief carvings and wall paintings.
•The buildings were cool,
weatherproof, and if not shaded by
nearby trees, they lasted many years
with very little maintenance
41. Mayan Architecture
The Maya used soft limestone
that was found in many parts
of their land and was
relatively easy to quarry and
shape.
If this material was
unavailable they would make
use of granite, slate, or even
river rocks
Stone temples held the graves
of rulers and, occasionally, of
others of high rank
The permanent architecture
grew to be an essential part of
Maya religious life and a very
visible part of the city centre.
42. The Temple of the Giant Jaguar The Pyramid of the Magician in Uxmal
The Great Gate at Labna The Temple of the Sun
43.
44.
45.
46. Mayan Medicine
Ancient Mayan medicine was an
effective and simple way to
maintain a healthy society.
Massages were thought to be the
remedy for every illness or
disease.
The givers of these massages
would have been called Shaman’s.
Plants were used to create tea
which would cure headaches,
skin irritations and other wounds.
47. A crucial part of Mayan healing
had to concern with the sauna.
Ancient Mayans believed that
sweating would heal the body,
therefore creating the first
saunas.
Broken bones did not have a
remedy therefore were
amputated.
48. Maya Medicine
ULCERS, GASTRITIS
Mineral crystal
stone: Put in water
and drink the water
every day.
For sores in the
mouth, put directly
on affected area. No
side effects.
For thousands of
years, the Mayan
elders have been
49. Maya Medicine
DIABETES,
HYPOGLYCEMIA,
BLOOD SUGAR
STABILIZER Billy Webb
Bark Tea.
Boil one hand full of
bark. Drink 1/2 cup of
tea twice daily, until
blood sugar stabilizes.
DIARRHEA Traveler's
Tonic.
Take 3 tablespoons
every hour for as long
as condition persists.
50. The End of the Maya
The collapse of the Mayan civilization is one
of the great mysteries.
The Mayan culture thrived for about 600
years.
By 900 C.E., the Maya had abandoned their
cities to the jungle
Possible causes:
Populations of the cities grew to fast for
the farming system
Long periods of drought (dry weather)
causing crop failure
Warfare: Wars were very bloody, hand-to-
hand fighting with clubs and spears
Invaders from central Mexico helped to