The document provides information about the Maya civilization in Mesoamerica. It discusses the Maya cities, which consisted of large plazas and pyramids connected by causeways. The Maya developed a complex society with nobles, middle class, and commoners. They engaged in farming using slash-and-burn techniques and traded food and goods. The Maya made significant achievements in astronomy, mathematics, architecture, art, and a hieroglyphic writing system. However, drought and warfare eventually led to the decline of the Maya cities.
Help your children to discover this fascinating period of History with our huge Ancient Maya resource pack! Includes a comprehensive guide to the topic with accompanying teaching, activity and display resources.
Available from http://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-ancient-maya-pack/
Help your children to discover this fascinating period of History with our huge Ancient Maya resource pack! Includes a comprehensive guide to the topic with accompanying teaching, activity and display resources.
Available from http://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-ancient-maya-pack/
Mayan ruins are the leftover archaeological sites of the Mayan civilization which existed between 1300 BCE - 1200 CE. The Mayans are known for being an extremely advanced civilization that flourished primarily between 300 CE -900 CE. The Mayans inhabited lands in the current day Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize, and they were responsible for building large monuments to carry out numerous rituals and ceremonies. The ruins of these ceremonial monuments can be visited at hundreds of locations around areas of Mexico and Central America.
In this ppt i have explained about Mayans and their ruins. Hope it helps u all. :)
The Maya people used a written language and a numeral system. They were good at art, building, and math. Their priests studied stars and planets, which helped them make calendars. The Maya civilization was biggest between the years of 420 AD and 900 AD.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarās dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireās birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireās society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnāt one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation āBlue Starā is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Section 1: The Maya
Picture is of what is left of the Maya peopleās city. Image taken from: science.nasa.gov
3. Migration to the Americas
ā¢ Mesoamerica is made up of central Mexico to northern
Central America.
ā¢ People from Asia were able to migrate to Mesoamerica,
because the land bridge was exposed do to lower sea levels,
thus allowing people to travel from one continent to another.
ā¢ The text argues that the people who traveled to Mesoamerica
did so in search of food.
4. Geography of Mesoamerica
ā¢ Mesoamericaās geography included highlands that cover the
south of Mesoamerica and lowlands that lie to the north.
ā¢ The volcanoes ashes produced rich soil for farming. The
volcanoes also provide a natural volcanic glass called obsidian,
which was used to make sharp blades for spears and arrows.
ā¢ Heavy rainfall in parts of the lands supported a dense rain
forest. Although, the rain forest was not rich in soil, it did
produce valuable resources such as plant food, animals, which
were hunted for their meat, skin, and feathers.
5. The Olmecs and Zapotecs
ā¢ The Olmec people created the slash-and-burn method of
purifying soil to make it rich.
ā¢ The Olmecs also were able to grow a surplus of food, which
allowed for a larger population.
ā¢ They were also known for their artwork, in which they carved
their leaderās heads out of stone.
ā¢ Finally, their practices and cultures have contributed to the
way future civilizations in Mesoamerica lived, as the Zapotec
people show.
ā¢ The Zapotec people contributed the city known today as
Monte Alban and the first writing system for the Americas.
7. Maya Cities
ā¢The ancient Mayan cities consisted of hundreds of
buildings, pyramids, temples, and palaces.
ā¢The Mayan cities had large plazas, which were the
gathering places of the time.
ā¢The causeways or raised roads, connected the plazas
to each other.
ā¢Finally, Mayan people did not generally live in the big
cities, rather they lived in the farming villages
surrounding the cities.
8. Maya Society
ā¢The Mayan society consisted of: Nobles, middle class,
and commoners.
ā¢The noble class consisted of the families that had the
power of the civilization. This consisted of the king,
high officials, and priests.
ā¢The middle class consisted of lower-ranking lords and
higher-ranking commoners.
ā¢The Commoner class consisted of most of the Mayan
people. They worked in the fields and on the village
buildings. They raised their children and tended to
their gardens.
9. Farming and Trade
ā¢Farming was important to the Mayan cities, because
the production of food on farms was the center of
the Mayan economy.
ā¢The Mayan people like the Olmecs used the slash-
and-burn agriculture method of farming and they also
fertilized the fields.
ā¢ Traders from the villages traded food, cotton, and
cacao beans, while traders from the highlands traded
obsidian, jade, and feathers from the quetzal, a
colorful tropical bird.
10. Maya Government, Religion, and Fall
ā¢ Mayan city-states often fought with each other to acquire land and
captives. They also fought for trade routes, which would increase
their economic means.
ā¢ Mayan people were very religious people who believed in many
Gods. They believed that most of these Gods controlled the forces
of nature. They worshipped their Gods on the top of pyramids. Like
other civilizations before them, the Mayan believed that their
priests had a special relationship with the Gods, thus people often
tried to please the priests. The Mayan people also believed in
human sacrifices. They believed that sacrificing a human was an
offering to their Gods and thus this was a regular practice.
ā¢ Mayan cities were crumbling one after another due to drought and
warfare. Eventually, the Spanish conquered them, but the Mayan
people and language is still very much alive today.
12. Writing and Astronomy
ā¢ The Mayan people were able to preserve accurate information
about their culture and way of life by creating the first writing
system of Mesoamerica.
ā¢ This system, like that of the Egyptians was written in hieroglyphics.
ā¢ Their hieroglyphics system consisted of 800 glyphs or symbols that
stood for words, ideas, or sound.
ā¢ Mayan people were able to make great contributions to the study
of astronomy.
ā¢ They were able to plot the movements of the sun, moon, and
planets, even without a telescope.
ā¢ Finally, they also developed a complex system of calendars that
consisted of a 260 day religious calendar and a 365 day solar
calendar.
13. Mathematics, Architecture, and Art
ā¢ The Maya people created an advanced system of numerals that
included zero. Adding zero allowed counting to become much more
simple.
ā¢ The Mayan peopleās justification for building pyramids were very
religious in nature, as they were very religious people. Thus they
believed that if their temple was at the highest it could possibly be,
then they would be closer to the Gods and the Gods could hear
what they were asking for.
ā¢ The Mayan people created artwork that were brilliantly colored
with reds, greens, blues, and yellows. Artists in Maya created
murals, pottery, and jewelry. They also made magnificent stelaes,
which are stone slabs craved with writings about Mayan history.