This document provides a detailed history of the Indian freedom struggle from 1857 to 1947. It discusses key events and figures in the movement, including the 1857 revolt, the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885, and the leadership of Gandhi. Major nonviolent resistance campaigns are summarized, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement led by Gandhi, and the Dandi March. The document also outlines violent revolutionary acts by nationalist groups and the executions of revolutionary leaders like Bhagat Singh.
Have tried to frame a timeline of Indian Independence Movement. Have included the events for 1885 - the formation of Indian National Congress to 1950 the Enaction of the Constitution of India and India turning into a Republic
it is a very creative slide .it help to make the chapter easy to be understand it is very difficult chapter but by this ppt you can easily understand the chapter
The making of national movement 1870s-1947s ARJUNPRATHEEP
Within about a hundred years, the British took control of almost every aspect of life in India. Many Indians began to feel that the British control had to end to make India the country for Indians.After 1850, many political associations were formed. Most of them were formed in the 1870s and 1880s. Most of these associations were led by English-educated professionals. Some of the important ones were; the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association.
The making of the national movement: 1870s - 1947 | Ls-11 | History | Class - 8 SugeethJayarajSA
Well, let's take a look at the past of India. India is a land filled with great wonders. Let's look at a class 8 History ppt filled with lots of info put in a very attractive manner about the making of the national movement.
Have tried to frame a timeline of Indian Independence Movement. Have included the events for 1885 - the formation of Indian National Congress to 1950 the Enaction of the Constitution of India and India turning into a Republic
it is a very creative slide .it help to make the chapter easy to be understand it is very difficult chapter but by this ppt you can easily understand the chapter
The making of national movement 1870s-1947s ARJUNPRATHEEP
Within about a hundred years, the British took control of almost every aspect of life in India. Many Indians began to feel that the British control had to end to make India the country for Indians.After 1850, many political associations were formed. Most of them were formed in the 1870s and 1880s. Most of these associations were led by English-educated professionals. Some of the important ones were; the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association.
The making of the national movement: 1870s - 1947 | Ls-11 | History | Class - 8 SugeethJayarajSA
Well, let's take a look at the past of India. India is a land filled with great wonders. Let's look at a class 8 History ppt filled with lots of info put in a very attractive manner about the making of the national movement.
Indian Freedom Struggle.
nationalism, Mass Mobilisation, Awakening, Gandhi Ji's Leadership, Martardoms, Mass movements, Divide and Rule, Hindu Muslim Clash, Division of India, India Pakistan, India as an independent nation, Chains of slavey broke, leadership in our own hands.
History Of Indian National Congress - Detailed InformationAliAqsamAbbasi
A remarkable landmark of the history of Indo-Pak is the establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume (1829-1912), a retired servant who had a flame to do something for the people of India. Congress owes a lot of homage to A.O. Hume who became friends with the Indians while all his country men were treating the Indian as inferiors and the ruled. He came forward with the viewpoint of the welfare of the Indians.
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement in 28 simple and easy to understand slides. This presentation can be used to improve what you will be speaking on the following topic. It also contains many supportive pictures and a video.
Hope you like it.
Designed and edited by Rahul Kumar (with just a little help from Ishaan Duggal).
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement has been presented in one single presentation. Not only this, it has also been presented in bullets so that it becomes easy to remember and recollect.This presentation can also be presented in an easy way even by someone who reads it for the first time.
A presentation brought to you by Rahul Kumar
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
This presentation covers the Second chapter of History Class 10.
A presentation including beautiful and related images.
If you find this helpful Please Comment and Like it.
It includes:
1. The First World war
2. The Idea of Satyagraha
3. The Rowlatt Act [1919]
4. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
5. Khilafat Movement
6. Non - Cooperation Movement
7. Movement in Towns and Cities
8. Rebellion in Countryside
9. Swaraj in The Plantations
10. Towards Civil Disobedience
11. Simon Commission
12. Lahore Congress Session [1929]
13. Salt March
14. Limits of Civil Disobedience
15. Poona Pact [1932]
16. Sense of Collective Belonging
17. Bharat Mata & Vande Matram
18. Revival of Indian Folklore
19. National Flag
20. Journey of our National Flag
21. The Rediscovery of India's Glorious Past
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Indian Freedom Struggle.
nationalism, Mass Mobilisation, Awakening, Gandhi Ji's Leadership, Martardoms, Mass movements, Divide and Rule, Hindu Muslim Clash, Division of India, India Pakistan, India as an independent nation, Chains of slavey broke, leadership in our own hands.
History Of Indian National Congress - Detailed InformationAliAqsamAbbasi
A remarkable landmark of the history of Indo-Pak is the establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume (1829-1912), a retired servant who had a flame to do something for the people of India. Congress owes a lot of homage to A.O. Hume who became friends with the Indians while all his country men were treating the Indian as inferiors and the ruled. He came forward with the viewpoint of the welfare of the Indians.
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement in 28 simple and easy to understand slides. This presentation can be used to improve what you will be speaking on the following topic. It also contains many supportive pictures and a video.
Hope you like it.
Designed and edited by Rahul Kumar (with just a little help from Ishaan Duggal).
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement has been presented in one single presentation. Not only this, it has also been presented in bullets so that it becomes easy to remember and recollect.This presentation can also be presented in an easy way even by someone who reads it for the first time.
A presentation brought to you by Rahul Kumar
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
This presentation covers the Second chapter of History Class 10.
A presentation including beautiful and related images.
If you find this helpful Please Comment and Like it.
It includes:
1. The First World war
2. The Idea of Satyagraha
3. The Rowlatt Act [1919]
4. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
5. Khilafat Movement
6. Non - Cooperation Movement
7. Movement in Towns and Cities
8. Rebellion in Countryside
9. Swaraj in The Plantations
10. Towards Civil Disobedience
11. Simon Commission
12. Lahore Congress Session [1929]
13. Salt March
14. Limits of Civil Disobedience
15. Poona Pact [1932]
16. Sense of Collective Belonging
17. Bharat Mata & Vande Matram
18. Revival of Indian Folklore
19. National Flag
20. Journey of our National Flag
21. The Rediscovery of India's Glorious Past
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
7. History of Modern India: The Struggle for Freedom
• Birth of the Congress
The credit for the birth of the Indian National
Congress is generally given to A.O. Hume, a retired
British civil servant who inaugurated it. However
there is general consensus on the view that the
Congress was a natural and inevitable consequence
of various political, economic and social forces.
Mr. Hume collected widespread evidence of the
imminence of a “terrible revolution” by the half-
starved and desperate population; so he set about to
find ways and means to direct the popular impulse
into an innocuous channel. He wrote a letter to “Graduates of Calcutta
University” on March 1, 1883 and the “Indian National Union” was formed in
1884, for constitutional agitation, on an all-India basis; it was to meet in Pune
later that year. This organization was renamed the Indian National Congress.
The British Government, which initially patronized this organization, later
discovered that it outgrew its plans and promptly withdrew support. After a
while, the Congress came to be called the ‘factory of sedition’ and Lord Duff
rein termed it as a body representing “microscopic minority” of India’s
population.
8. • In Bengal which was at the vanguard of progress at this time, there
were various political organizations that preceded the Congress. In
1843 was founded the British Indian Society, which was founded
in1843 later merged into the British Indian Association. This body had
such stalwarts as Rajendralal Mitra, Ramgopal Ghosh, Peary
Chand Mitter and Harish Chandra Mukherjee. In Bombay there was
the Bombay Association with Jaggannath Sankerset, Dadabhai
Naoroji, V.N, Mandlik among others.
• In December 1884, the Annual Convention of the Theosophical Society
was held at Madras and there some leading public figures met and
decided to inaugurate an all India national movement.
• Right from its birth, the Indian National Congress took its job seriously.
In its early phase, which is called the phase of the Moderates (1885-
1905), the Congress was thoroughly loyal to the British. Its members
were British in all aspects. They were a class of elite erudite men.
Dadabhai Naoroji, the most prominent among their leaders observed:
“Let us speak out like men and proclaim that we are loyal to the
backbone; that we understand the benefits the English rule has
conferred upon us”.
9. • In 1907, there took place a split in
the Congress, as there were
some members who were
dissatisfied with the scheme of
affairs under the Moderate
leaders. Fiery and spirited
leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal,
Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, parted
company with them. Bipin Chandra Pal
Lala Lajpat Ray Bal Gangadhar Tilak
10. • This was the time when extreme nationalists came to the forefront;
this was sparked off by the Partition of Bengal into west and east
Bengal in 1905, by Lord Curzon (1899-1905), the Viceroy and
Governor-General. He declared that the step would help to improve
the administrative of the highly populated region, where the Bengali
Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on both local and
national politics. The partition created two provinces: Eastern Bengal
& Assam, with its capital at Dhaka, and West Bengal, with its capital
at Calcutta (which at that time was the capital of British India). This
hastily implemented action outraged the Bengalis. There we
widespread agitations acrosss the state. October 16, 1905, the day on
which the partition came into effect, was observed as a day of
mourning and fasting throughout Bengal. RabindranathTagore, the
famous Nobel-laureate and writer, spoke out against this political
event by means of a highly inspiring poem: Banglar mati Banglar jal,
Banglar bayu, banglar phal, punya houk, heyBhagaban…(roughly
translated into English: "May the soil of Bengal, the water and the air
of Bengal be hallowed ... ") Tagore himself led hordes of people o the
streets, singing the song and tying Rakhi (an ornamental ,colourful
chord / strap) on each other's wrists ( to symbolise unity and
brotherhood).There was a mass-scale fasting by the people and no
food was cooked on that day.
11. • This was the time when the Swadeshi
Movement was first launched. Indians all
over the country came together in
groups, made public bonfires of foreign
clothes, cigarettes, soap and anything
that came handy. The vowed to use only
indigenously manufactured products. A
large number of young leaders in Bengal
took up the mammoth task of educating
people. On August 15, 1906, a National
Council of Education was introduced
under the educationist and revolutionary,
Aurobindo Ghose.
Aurbindo Ghose
• The British government came down heavily on these
demonstrations and protests. In 1907, leaders Lala Lajpat Rai and
Sardar Ajit Singh were deported from the Punjab. In 1908, Bal
Gangadhar Tilak was arrested and sentenced to six years
imprisonment. Aurobindo Ghose was arrested, prosecuted and
when acquitted, escaped to Pondicherry (then a French colony) to
escape the clutches of the British. In later years he founded the
Aurobindo Ashram - a centre for the evolution of another kind of
life which would in the end be moved by a higher spiritual
consciousness and embody a greater life of the spirit.
12. Home Rule Movement:
• When Great Britain was involved in World
War I, India’s national movement though
assumed new dimensions. One of them
was the Home Rule Movement. On April 28,
1916, the Home Rule League was set up
with its headquarters at Pune. Tilak went
on a whirlwind tour of the country,
appealing to everybody to unite under the
banner of Home Rule League. Annie
Besant, an Irish lady, who was a member of
the Theosophical Society of India, played a
key role in this movement. Annie Besant
• To quell the growing revolutionary fervour and spirit, the British
government enforced stricter laws to prevent agitations and
meetings. The importance of the Home Rule movement lay in the
fact that for the first time, the independence of India clearly became
the objective of the Indian national movement. The public at large
especially the youth began to indulge in acts of terrorism, bombing
parliamentary meetings, blowing up railway lines and picketing
shops. It was at this juncture that a new leader appeared on the
political horizon.
13. • Debut of Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,
was a barrister who came back to
India from South Africa at the age of
49.While in South Africa, he had
already built a tremendous reputation
for himself as a political leader. Almost
immediately after arriving in Bombay,
he was offered to lead the national
movement. Gandhi opted to travel and
know the country thoroughly first and
to familiarize himself with the masses.
• Gandhi and Nehru
• Rowlatt Act
Meanwhile in 1917-18, came the Rowlatt Act, proposed by
Justice Rowlatt which. among other things gave the courts the
right to try political cases without a jury while provincial
governments, apart from the centre, had the power of internment
without trial. Gandhi vehemently opposed the Rowlatt Act saying
that since it raised issues of trust and self-respect, and hence
should be met by a moral response.
14. • Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy
This gruesome incident added fuel to the fire of
nationalist movement. On April 12, 1919, General
Michael O Dwyer, who had taken over the command of
the troops in Punjab, the day before, prohibited all
public meetings or gatherings.
Unfortunately a large number of men women and
children had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, a public
garden in Amritsar (which was hemmed in by buildings
on all sides and had only a narrow passage way for
both entry and exit), on the occasion of Baisakhi (new
year celebrations held on 13th April every year) and
also to show their resentment against the government
policies. Enraged, General Dwyer fired 1600 rounds of
ammunition on the crowds, resulting in a stampede and
a bloody massacre of thousands of men women and
children.
The brutality of the Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy shocked
the country. It deeply moved the national leaders who
now keenly began to search for newer, more effective
ways to express their anguish and displeasure against
the government. To show his solidarity with the Indian
masses, Tagore rejected the knighthood, earlier
conferred upon him by the British government.
Rabindranath Tagore
Udham Singh
15. • Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat (opposition) Movement was
launched in September 1919 as a
communal movement to protect the
Turkish Khalifa and save his empire from
dismemberment by Great Britain and
other European powers. The Ali brothers,
Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad, and Dr M A Ansari,
among others, initiated the Movement.
Khilafat conferences were organized in
several cities in northern India.
Subsequently, the Ali Brothers produced
the Khilafat manifesto. The Central
Khilafat Committee started a fund to help
the nationalist movement in Turkey and
to organise the Khilafat Movement at
home.
Abul Kalam Azad
16. Non Co-operation Movement
• Non Co-operation Movement In 1920, under the leadership of
Gandhi, the Indian National Congress launched his first
innovative protest, the Non Cooperation Movement. It
involved surrender of all titles, honorary offices and
nominated posts in local bodies. People stopped attending
government functions and darbars (royal court functions and
ceremonies). Parents were requested to withdraw their
children from all kinds of government-run educational
institutions. British courts and the army were boycotted.
Indians were to stand for elections to any government body or
legislature. Ahimsa or non-violence was to be strictly
observed.The Non Cooperation Movement came to an abrupt
end, with the Chauri-Chaura incident which took place in
Gorakhpur (UP) in 1922. Members of a Congress and Khilafat
procession were picketing the local bazaar in a campaign
directed both against liquor sales and high food prices.Being
provoked by some policemen, a section of the crowd attacked
them. The police opened fire. In retaliation, the entire
procession killed 22 policemen and set the police station on
fire. A stunned Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement.
17. Kakori Robbery
• In August 1925 a band of young
revolutionaries in UP looted official a
large amount of cash (which belonged
to the government treasury) from a
Kakori-bound train on the Saharanpur-
Lucknow railway section. The
Government arrested a large number
of young men and tried them in the
robbery case.
• Ashfaqualla Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil,
Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri
were hanged; four others were sentenced
to a life term in the penal colony on the
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Chandra
Shekhar Azad remained a fugitive but
was ultimately shot down in a park at
Allahabad.
Chandra Shekhar Azad
18. Civil Disobedience Movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement Launched in 1930 under Gandhi's
leadership, it proved to be one of the most important phases of
India's freedom struggle. The Simon Commission, constituted in
November 1927, by the British Government to prepare and finalize a
constitution for India, and consisting of members of the British
Parliament only, was boycotted by all sections of the Indian social
and political platforms as an 'All-White Commission'. The opposition
to the Simon Commission across the country was wide-spread.
Massive demonstrations were held in Calcutta on 19 February1928,
the day of Simon's arrival in the city.On 30th October 1928 when the
Simon Commission was expected to arrive in Lahore, it was greeted
by a sea of black flags and slogans of “Simon, go back". The police
lathi-charged the mob, during which, Lala Lajpat Rai (a.k.a. The lion
of Punjab) was grievously injured and succumbed to his injuries two
weeks later.
Following the rejection of the recommendations of the Simon
Commission by the Indians, an All-Party Conference was held at
Bombay in May 1928 under the president ship of Dr MA Ansari. The
Conference appointed a drafting committee under Motilal Nehru, also
a reputed barrister, to draw up a constitution for India. The Nehru
Report was accepted by all sections of Indian society barring a
section of Muslims. In December 1928, the Indian National Congress
pressed the British Government to accept the Nehru Report in toto.
19. • The Calcutta Session of the Congress in December 1928 gave an
ultimatum to the British Government, that if dominion status was not
granted by December 1929, a countrywide Civil Disobedience
Movement would be launched. In mid-1929,the British Government,
that India would be given dominion status within the British Empire
very soon. A few months later, upon assuming office, Lord Irwin, the
Governor General, reiterated that the government would usher in
some constitutional reforms which would end in granting of
dominion status to the Indians. Reacting to this statement, Indian
leaders like Gandhi, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Pandit Madan Mohan
Malaviya and Annie Besant urged the Governor General to devise a
more liberal formula so that the entire issue could be sorted out in a
peaceful manner. The leaders demanded the release of all political
prisoners. They also urged the British government to convene the
proposed Round Table Conference in which the constitutional
problems of India were could be discussed.
Meanwhile within the Congress itself young leaders like Subhash
Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that their aim was
not to fight for dominion status but for complete independence. The
Congress, at its historic Lahore Session held in December 1929
under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru, adopted a resolution to
this effect. It authorised the Congress Working Committee to launch
a Civil Disobedience Movement throughout the country. It was
decided that 26 January should be observed all over India as the
Purna Swaraj (complete independence) Day.
20. Dandi March
• Gandhi, who was called upon to lead the
movement, decided to do so in a totally non-
violent manner. The violation of the Salt Law
was his first step. His famous march from
Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad,Gujarat to
Dandi (a tiny place on the sea coast of Gujarat in
March-April 1930, led to a popular, countrywide
movement against the Salt Law. It soon turned
into a popular movement. Realising the
popularity as well as the intensity of the
movement, the government decided to crush it.
The Congress Committee was banned. Both
Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi were imprisoned.
21. • The Final Phase: Bhagat Singh, a young
marxist from Punjab, vowed to avenge
Lala Lajapt Rai’s death. With the help of
Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajguru and
Sukhdev, plotted to kill Scott a police
officer who had brutally beaten up Lalaji.
However instead of Scott, they killed a
junior officer named Mr. Sanders,thereby
incurring the wrath of the administration.
The British, under the Defence of India
Act, empowered the police to arrest
people and stop processions on the
flimsiest pretext. To protest against this
decision, Bhagat Singh and an
accomplice, Batukeshwar Dutt threw
handouts, and threw a hand grenade
duirng an ongoing session in Delhi’s
Central Assembly , on 8 April 1929. They
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev
cheerfully courted arrest after shouting slogans of "Inquilab Zindabad!" (Long
Live, Revolution!). Bhagat Singh was found guilty, and was hanged on 23 March
1931.
• On 18 April 1930, young revolutionaries in Bengal (including Preetilata Waddedar
and Kalapana Dutt) led by Surya Sen (a.k.a Masterda = teacher,sir) attacked and
burned down the British Armory in Chittagong (modern Bangladesh).They fought
a heroic battle on the hills of Jalalabad where twelve revolutionaries were killed.
On 23 September 1932, Surya Sen masterminded an successful attack on the
European Club in Chittagong, which displayed a nefarious sign: Dogs and
Indians not allowed. Surya Sen was finally captured on 17 February 1933 and
hanged in Chittagong Jail on 8th January,1934.
22. • In April 1930, there were violent clashes between
the police and the masses in Calcutta. Thousands
of people were imprisoned in the course of the
Civil disobedience movement (1930-31). While
Gandhi was in jail, the first Round Table
Conference was held in London in November
1930; it was completely boycotted by the
congressmen and therefore, futile. The ban upon
the Congress was removed due to the economic
hardships caused by the Salt Satyagraha
(movement for truth) Gandhi, and other members
of the Congress Working Committee, was
released from prison in January 1931.
• In March of 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was
signed, with the government agreeing to release
all political prisoners. Gandhi agreed to
discontinue the civil disobedience movement and
participate in the second Round Table
Conference, which was held in London in
September 1931. However, this meet too, ended in
failure. In December 1931, a dejected Gandhi
returned to India, determined to resume the Civil
Disobedience Movement in January 1932.
Lord Irwin
Surya Sen
23. • During the next few years, the Congress and the government were
perpetually involved in conflicts and negotiations until the
enforcement of the Government of India Act of 1935. In the
meantime, the gap between the Congress and the Muslim League
was growing with both sides indulging in accusations and mud-
slinging. The Muslim League disputed the claim of the Congress to
represent all people of India, while the Congress disputed the
Muslim League's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims.
• During World War II the Congress decided that India should co-
operate with Britain on condition that complete independence be
granted to India after the war was over. Meanwhile the rift between
Mohammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League and the Congress'
objectives widened further. Early in 1940, Jinnah publicly declared
the creation of Pakistan as the ultimate goal of the League.
• On 13th March 1940, more than two decades after the Jallianwala
Bagh tragedy, Udham Singh, a revolutionary (who had many contacts
in Europe and UK) shot dead Michael O'Dwyer, the masterbrain behind
the massacre, during a joint meeting of the East India Association and
the Royal Central Asia Society, the venue for which was Caxton Hall in
London. Udham Singh was hanged in London on June 12, 1940.During
the onging World War II, after the fall of France in 1940, Gandhi
declared "We do not seek independence out of Britain's ruin."
24. The British replied with the offer that a `constituent assembly as well as
Dominion status would be discussed `after the war’.
India’s arbitrary entry into the World War II was strongly opposed by
Subhash Chandra Bose, President of the Congress in 1937 and later
in1939. Resigning from Congress in 1939 Bose floated a new party, the
All India Forward Bloc. In 1941 he dexterously escaped from house
arrest in Calcutta, and resurfaced in Germany. There he garnered
German and Japanese help to fight the British in India.
• In March 1942, the British government, by means of the 'Cripps' Mission
attempted to secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in
thestill raging World War II. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford
Cripps, a senior Labour Party politician and government minister in the
War Cabinet headed by the premier Winston Churchill.
• In India, Cripps parleyed with the Indian leaders. But his failure to present
any concrete proposals for greater self-government, the Congress leaders
felt that the British were not interested in granting India self-government
or respecting Indian public opinion on the war. Offended, the Congress
halted all talks with Cripps. The nation guided by Gandhi, vociferously
demanded immediate self-government in turn for war support. Finding the
British unresponsive, Gandhi gave the clarion call for the British to “ Quit
India. ” The movement was launched on August 8, 1942 in Bombay and
25. immediately caught on like wild fire across the country. It was a “Do or
Die” attempt on the part of the leaders as well as the masses. In 1943,
Bose went to Japan, where he helped organize the Indian National Army
(a.k.a Azad Hind Fauj) and set up a government-in-exile. Shortly
afterwards, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands came under INA control.
Pressing forward, the INA traversed Nagaland,finally reaching Manipur.
Unfortunately, lack of equipment,ammunitions coupled half-hearted
support from Japan, took a heavy toll of the INA soldiers. the INA's
efforts ended with the surrender of Japan in 1945. Bose was reportedly
killed in an air crash in August 1945. His end is still shrouded in mystery.
• The victory of Britain’s Labour Party' in the elections of 1945 was a shot
in the arm for the Indian freedom fighters, as the party had long
championed the cause of India’s freedom. helped reassess the merits of
the traditional policies. While the British were negotiating to transfer
power to India, the Muslim League renewed its demand for the formation
Gandhi and Jinnah
of Pakistan. Jinnah, who was opposed to sharing
power with the Indian National Congress, declared
16 August 1946 as Direct Action Day, which led to
communal rioting in many places in the northern
part of the country. Thousands of people lost their
lives. On 3 June 1947, Lord Louis Mountbatten,
the last British Viceroy, announced plans for the
bifurcation o the British Indian Empire into a
secular India, and Islamic Pakistan, which was
divided into east and west wings on either side of
India.
26. • At midnight on August 14, 1947, India
became an independent nation, with
Jawaharlal Nehru as its first prime minister.
Gandhi, who as dead against the idea of a
divided India, spent the day fasting and
praying in Calcutta. Muslims in the northwest
and northeast of India were assimilated into
Pakistan. Violent clashes between Hindus,
Muslims, and Sikhs followed. The area of
Kashmir became a source of controversy that
erupted into the First Indo-Pakistani War
which lasted from 1947 to 1949.India and
Pakistan were granted full autonomy, with
the King-Emperor crowned as the Head of
State of both India and Pakistan, and the
Governor General as the King's
representative. In 1948, Mountbatten was
succeeded by Chakravarti Rajgopalachari,
a veteran Congress leader. Mohammed Ali
Jinnah assumed charge as Pakistan's
Governor General, with Liaquat Ali Khan as
Prime Minister.
C. Rajgopalachari