The document discusses the evolution of the internet from static Web 1.0 pages to today's dynamic Web 2.0 and upcoming Web 3.0. It defines the Internet of Things (IoT) as connecting physical objects through sensors and internet connectivity. Examples discussed include connecting devices in homes, cities, healthcare, mining and law enforcement. Challenges of IoT include bandwidth, power consumption, security and data management. Standards organizations are working to address these issues and advance IoT technologies. The future may see an "Internet of Everything" connecting people, processes, data and physical things.

1. The Internet of Things
SATHVIK N PRASAD
R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BANGALORE

2. The origin of Web 1.0
 Static webpages
 No interaction / content contribution from the users
 Proprietary protocols and applications
Publication oriented
 Newspapers, Portals, Britannica Online, etc.

3. Web 2.0
 Dynamic content – user dependent outcome
 Connecting with other people via social networking – Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter….
 Community tagging
 Voting
 Circles
 E-commerce boom – Amazon, e-bay, etc.
 Services like Google docs, Calendar, Cloud, etc.
 Application based user interaction
 Web-based apps
 Android, iOS, etc.

4. Web 3.0
 Intelligent and Omnipresent
 Increase in Open Standards
 MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course)
 Advanced protocols and algorithms
 Context based Content generation using Machine Learning, AI etc.
 Customized to the user
 Information exchange between Machines (IoT and M2M)
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Smart Homes
 Wearable Technology

5. The Internet of Things (IoT)
o Conceptualized in the early 2000’s, at MIT’s Auto-ID lab by Kevin Aston
“If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—using data they gathered
without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste,
loss and cost” - Kevin Aston in 1999
o “The Internet of Things is a system where items in the physical world, and sensors within or
attached to these items, are connected to the Internet via wireless or wired Internet
connections”.

6. IoT – Network of Networks
• Loose collection of disparate, purpose-built networks
• Building
• Heating system
• Venting system
• Lighting
• Telephony
• Car
• Engine control
• Dashboard
• Air-Bags
• Communication System

7. The Moore’s Law
 “The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two
years”
 Also applicable to the size of the internet.
 Researchers have predicted that the size of the Internet will double, every 5.32 years.
 Size of the Internet is measured by the number of Autonomous Systems (Nodes)
 Proposed by a research group in China
 Results based on the data obtained in six-month intervals, (2001 to 2006)

8. IoT according to Cisco-IBSG
IoT is simply the point in time when
more “things or objects” were
connected to the Internet than
people.

9. IoT according to Cisco-IBSG
Considering the fraction of the
world’s population that is
actually connected to the
Internet.
IoT is simply the point in time when
more “things or objects” were
connected to the Internet than
people.

10. The IoT Stack - Architectural Reference
Model

11. The “Things” or devices are classified as:
o Non-electrical objects
 Food and Cargo, Animals, Trees, etc.
o Electrical devices that inherently lack sophisticated electronics
 Lighting, Heating, Water distribution system etc.
o Devices with electronics built into them, to fulfil their primary function
 Cars, Bikes, PDAs, Mobiles, etc.
o Environment sensors
 Moisture, Pollution, Temperature, etc.
Almost all of these devices are coupled with actuators and/or sensors.

12. Connecting the Devices
Standard Frequency
Range
Data Rate
( Approx.)
Range
(Approx.)
Power
IEEE 802.15.4 900 MHz,
2.4 GHz
250 Kbps 10 to 300m Very Low
Bluetooth 2.4 GHz 700 Kbps 10m Low
Wi-Fi 2.4, 5 GHz 100 Mbps 10 to 100m High
GSM 900 MHz 270 Kbps 35 Km High

13. Virtualizing the Objects
o Recreating the functionality of real-world objects at the Machine level
o Ease of reusability, if it possesses well defined representation
o Better abstraction achieved, decreases the development time
o Improved modularity

14. Middleware
o A software infrastructure that glues together the networking hardware,
operating system, network stacks and applications. It sits between the
underlying protocols and the application layer.
o Effective control and management of objects
o Convert the data from lower layers to provide the appropriate
information to the application layer.

15. Application Layer
o Connect a device to the server
o Record and read the generated data
o Link the data to an application
o Cloud based design

16. IoT in Action-Dubai
The IoT concept is used to safeguard a network of 37 cranes and 5,000 workers near the world’s tallest
buildings in Dubai. Cranes that swing too close to one another are halted by an Internet-connected system.

17. IoT and the Mining Industry
Dundee Precious Metals a Canadian-
based, international mining
company utilizes WiFi-enabled
vehicles, haulers and crushers and
above-ground command centers to
capture real-time data, resulting in a
cost-savings of $2.5 million and
production increase of 400%.

18. IoT in Healthcare and Wearable
Electronics
Wearable devices to help track health
data.
Communicate with doctors and other
healthcare professionals directly.
A Band-Aid that indicates if a wound is
healed, skin patch wireless blood
glucose monitors and systems that
sound an alert when it’s time to refill a
prescription. All possible because of IoT

19. IoT and Law Enforcement
The Los Angeles police department
project uses data analytics to more
rapidly spot crime in progress, via
license plate readers on police cars.
These readers, which are in use as
officers conduct normal business,
digitally scan tens of thousands of
vehicles over the course of a single
day. This means automatic
notification of stolen vehicles to
officers as they drive past on their
routine patrol.

20. Other Applications of IoT
 Home
 Monitor the Air-conditioning system
 Manage Lighting
 Keep track of the Power usage
 Industry
 Monitoring
 Information and Analysis
 Safety and Maintenance
 City
 Pollution monitoring and control
 Traffic management
 Information sharing – Tourism
 Body
 Medicine reminders
 Tracking activity level
 Monitor an aging family
 Keep track of the children

21. Protocol Stack Comparison
TCP/IP
100s to 1000s of bytes
IoT
10s of bytes

22. Challenges and Solutions - Bandwidth
 Costly and scarcely available
 Increase in the number of devices
 Improved physical layer communication
 Better planning and allocation

23. Challenges and Solutions - Power Consumption
 Energy crisis
 Power-hungry servers
 Limited accessibility in remote location
 Novel methods of energy harnessing
 Low-power Microcontrollers / Microprocessors
 Better CPU utilization, less power consumption
 Improved and light-weight algorithms

24. Challenges and Solutions - Presence detection
 Monitoring
 Detection of activity of devices
 Better resource allocation
 Service based on the network size
 Easy troubleshooting

25. Challenges and Solutions - Security
 Authorization – Proper authorization for sending and receiving
 Open ports
 Increases vulnerability
 Improvement in the quality of the process that uses the port
 Denial of Service
 Encryption
 Improved and less power intensive encryption algorithms
 Eavesdropping
 Privacy and trust

26. Challenges and Solutions - Signaling
 Improved reliability
 Better bidirectional communication
 Improved routing data transfer methods
 Better addressing
 IPv4 ( 32 bits - Number of addresses = ~ 4 billion) – “Things” by 2020 = ~50 Billion
 IPv6 (128 bits - Number of addresses = ~ 3.4 x 10^38 )

27. Challenges and Solutions – Lot of DATA
 Excessive information
 Eliminate redundancy
 Big Data analysis applied widely
 Data –> Storage --> Cost
 “Small is the new big”
 In-network processing

28. Challenges and Solutions - Failure of devices
 Decentralized approach
 Alternatives during breakdown
 Improved, learning algorithms

29. Open Standards and Collaborative
Working Groups
 IEEE - Internet of Things Standards
 OpenIoT,
“An Ecosystem of Horizontal services for the Internet of Things where all players are able to select devices
and deploy real-time services on demand”
Open-source middleware solution – 2013 Open-source Rookie of the year award
 The Allseen Alliance,
“To enable widespread adoption and help accelerate the development and evolution of an interoperable
peer connectivity and communications framework based on AllJoyn for devices and applications in the
Internet of Everything.”
Companies like Cisco, Google, Qualcomm, IBM, Intel etc. have relied on The Linux Foundation to host this
collaborative project and improve the IoT standards worldwide.
 And many more……

30. Is IoT full of good stuff ?
 Breach of privacy and monopoly
 Security concerns
 Over-dependency on technology
 Employment issues

31. What Next – IoE ?
The Internet of Things - “Things”
The Internet of Everything (IoE) – “People”, “Process”, “Data” and “Things”
◦ Social networking and Wearable technology – People
◦ Correct information, at right time in a relevant manner – Process
◦ Better usage of information available – Data
◦ Physical objects connected to the Internet/each other – Things