The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and skin glands. The skin is composed of two principal layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium and provides a protective barrier. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and vasculature that provide strength and nourishment to the skin. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails. The skin regulates body temperature, protects the body, and plays a role in sensation and immune function.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENT
PROTECTION
First line of defense against
Bacteria
Viruses
Protects underlying structures from
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Dehydration
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
If too hot
Dermal blood vessels dilate
Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
If too cold
Dermal blood vessels constrict
Prevents heat from escaping
EXCRETION
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Needed for calcium absorption
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN STRUCTURE : EPIDERMIS
Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Second major layer of the skin
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues
Highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment
Has two layers
The papillary layer
The reticular layer
Flexure lines - creases on palms
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
The haIR FOLLICLE
Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.
Located deep in dermis.
Produces nonliving hairs.
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).
Control bacteria
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF HAIR
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hairs to stand up
Produces “goose bumps”
Sebaceous glands
Lubricate the hair
REGIONS OF HAIR
Hair root
Lower part of the hair
Attached to the integument
Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair
Not attached to the integument
HAIR FUNCTION
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NAIL
Structure and function of nail
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Made of dead cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Nail Production
Occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
Structure and function of nail
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENT
PROTECTION
First line of defense against
Bacteria
Viruses
Protects underlying structures from
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Dehydration
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
If too hot
Dermal blood vessels dilate
Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
If too cold
Dermal blood vessels constrict
Prevents heat from escaping
EXCRETION
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Needed for calcium absorption
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN STRUCTURE : EPIDERMIS
Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Second major layer of the skin
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues
Highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment
Has two layers
The papillary layer
The reticular layer
Flexure lines - creases on palms
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
The haIR FOLLICLE
Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.
Located deep in dermis.
Produces nonliving hairs.
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).
Control bacteria
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF HAIR
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hairs to stand up
Produces “goose bumps”
Sebaceous glands
Lubricate the hair
REGIONS OF HAIR
Hair root
Lower part of the hair
Attached to the integument
Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair
Not attached to the integument
HAIR FUNCTION
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NAIL
Structure and function of nail
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Made of dead cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Nail Production
Occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
Structure and function of nail
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis.
it describes the microanatomy of skin and its appendages in a concise format. it will give the overview of the integumentary system of our body and largest organ of our body.
it describes the microanatomy of skin and its appendages in a concise format. it will give the overview of the integumentary system of our body and largest organ of our body.
Brief Anatomy of Skin and Skin GraftingRishi Gupta
Brief Anatomy of Skin and Skin Grafting.
Anatomy of Skin
History of skin grafting.
Recent Advances in Skin Grafting.
Dermal Substitutes.
Cell cultures in skin grafting.
Anatomy and physiology of skin. Explanation on epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The various mechanoreceptors, pigments and glands of skin. Physiologic function of the skin
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. COMPOSED OF:
• 1. SKIN
• Heaviest, largest single organ
• 2.SKIN APPENDAGES:
A.sweat gland
B. sebaceous gland
C. hairs
D. nails
3.
4. SKIN called integument
• - also
• - simply means covering
• FUNCTIONS:
5. Keeps water and other precious molecules in
the body
6. Keeps water out
7. Protects the body from external agent
8. Insulates and cushions deeper body organs
9. Protects body from mechanical, chemical,
thermal damage and also bacteria
5. FUNCTIONS
• 6. Regulates heat loss from body surface
• 7. Acts as mini-excretory system, urea, salt,
water are lost when we sweat
• 8. Manufactures several proteins important to
immunity
• 9. Storage of Vitamin D precursor
• 10. Contains cutaneous receptors that serve as
sensors for touch, pressure, temperature
and pain
7. EPIDERMIS
• Superficial protective layer of the skin
• avascular
• Composed of Stratified Squamous Keratinized
Epithelium that varies in thickness
• All but the deepest layers of epidermis are
composed of dead cells
• Composed of 4-5 layers, depending on its
location within the body
• Palms and soles have five layers because these
areas are exposed to most friction
8. • Composed of keratinocytes,nonkeratinocytes
melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel’s
cells
• Constantly being regenerated every 20-30 days
• Sequence of cytological changes of
keratinocytes is referred to as cytomorphosis
• Overlies projection of the dermis (dermal
papillae), forming series of epidermal ridges
• On the fingertips are visible as finger prints
9. 1. Stratum Basale (germinativum)
• Deepest layer
• Composed of single layer of cells in contact
with the dermis
• Cells are cuboidal to columnar keratinocytes
• Mitotically active
• Source of cells replacing the shed off superficial
layers
• Attached directly to the basal lamina by
hemidesmosomes
• Contains melanocytes and Merkel’s cells
10.
11.
12.
13. Stratum Spinosum
• Few layers of mitotically active polyhedral
keratinocytes (prickle cell) which have
extensions termed intercellular bridges now
known to terminate in desmosomes
• Also contains Langerhan’s cells
• Part of Malphigian layer(stratum malphigii) :
stratum spinosum and stratum basale
• Upper aspect of this layer are keratinocytes
containing membrane coating granules
– Granules are released into intercellular space in
the form of lipid containing sheets impermeable
to water and foreign substances
14.
15. Stratum Granulosum
- Consists of only 3-4 flattened rows
of keratinocytes that contain
keratohyaline granules, bundles of
keratin filaments and occassional
monochromatic granules
16.
17. Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer)
4-6 rows of very thin, pale-staining,
eosinophilic cells
• Nuclei,organelles,and cell
membranes are no longer visible so
this layer appears clear
• Exists only in the lips and the thickened
skin of soles & palms
• Contains a transluscent substance called
eleidin
18.
19. Stratum Corneum
• 15-20 layers of flattened, scale-like anucleated
cells, which arecontinuously shed as flake-like
residues of cells
• This surface layer is cornified and is the real
protective layer of the skin
• Cornification is brought on by keratinization and
the hardening , flattening process that takes place
as the cells die and are pushed to the surface
• Friction at the surface of skin stimulates additional
mitotic activity of stratum basale, resulting in the
formation of a callus for additional protection
• Continuously sheds cells by a process termed
desquamation
20.
21. Non keratinocytes in epidermis:
1. Melanocytes- present in S. basale
- synthesize the pigment melanin
providing a protective barrier to UV
radiation in sunlight
2. Langerhan’s cell
- located primarily in S. spinosum
- possess long process (ddendritic cells),
originate from monocytes
- contain characteristic paddle-shaped
Birbeck granules
- antigen presenting cells
22. c) Tactile cells ( Merkel cell)
- present in small number in
S. basale
- possess desmosomes and keratin
filaments
- pale cytoplasm containing small,
dense-cored granules
- aid in tactile (touch) reception
23. COLORATION OF SKIN
• . CAUSED BY EXPRESSION OF A
COMBINATION OF 3 PIGMENTS
3.MELANIN
4.CAROTENE
5.HEMOGLOBIN
24. MELANIN
• Brown-black pigment produced by the
melanocytes of stratum basale
• Guards skin against damaging effect of UV
rays of sunlight
• Gradual exposure to sunlight promotes
increased production of melanin; hence
tanning of skin
• In albino, there is a normal number of
melanocytes but lacks enzyme tyrosinase, that
converts the amino acid tyrosine to melanin
25.
26. • “freckles”- caused by aggregated patch of
melanin
“vitiligo”- lack of melanocytes in localized areas
of the skin causing distinct white spots
2. CAROTENE
- a yellowish pigment found in epidermal cells
&
fatty parts of dermis
- abundant in skin of Asians
- together with melanin, accounts for the
yellowish-tan color of Asians
27.
28. 3. HEMOGLOBIN
• Not a pigment of the skin, rather it is
the oxygen-binding pigment found in
RBc
• Oxygenated blood flowing through
the dermis gives the skin its pinkish
tones
29. DERMIS
• Deeper and thicker than the epidermis
• A strong and stretchy envelope that helps to
hold the body together
• Blood vessels within the dermis nourish the
living portion of the epidermis
• With numerous collagenous, elastic and
reticular fibers that give support to the skin
• Highly vascular and glandular
• Contains many nerve endings and hair follicles
30. Layers of Dermis
1. PAPILLARY LAYER
- in contact with epidermis
- Accounts for about 1/5 of the entire
dermis
- With numerous projections called Dermal
Papillae, that extend from the upper portion
of the dermis into the epidermis
- Dermal papillae contain capillary loops,
which furnish nutients to the epidermis
31. - Some papillae house pain
receptors (free nerve
endings) and touch receptors
(meissner’s corpuscles)
- Dermal papillae form the
base for the friction ridges
on the fingers and toes
32. • Reticular layer
– Deepest skin layer
– Contains blood vessels, sweat & oil
glands, and deep pressure receptors
(Pacinian Corpuscles)
– Many phagocytes are found here;
they engulf bacteria that have
managed to get through the
epidermis
– May contain Pacinian corpuscles and
Krause’s end bulbs
33. Thick and Thin Skin
Thick skin (glabrous Thin skin (hairy skin)
skin) 75-100 um thick
• 400-600um thick Less prominent
• Prominent corneum lacks
S.corneum,well granulosum and
developed S. lucidum
granulosum and With hair follicles
distinct S. lucidum sebaceous glands
• Lacks hair and arrector pili
follicles,sebaceous
glands and arrector
pili
34. SURFACE PATTERNS
• 1. CONGENITAL PATTERNS
+ fingerprints or friction ridges
- present on palms and soles
- formed by the pull of elastic fibers
within the dermis
- function to prevent slippage when
grasping objects
35. 2. ACQUIRED LINES
• Deep Flexion Creases
- found on the palms
Shallow Flexion Lines
- seen on knuckles and surface of other joints
Furrows in the forehead and face (wrinkles)
- acquired from continual contraction of facial
muscles, such as from smiling or squinting in
bright light or against the wind; facial lines
become more strongly delineated as one ages
36.
37.
38. LANGER LINES
Lines of tension produced by the orientation
of collagen and elastic fibers in nonrandom
pattern of arrangement
Linear wound oriented parallel to langer lines
tend to close and heal with minimum
scarring, even if left unsutured
Linear wounds oriented perpendicular to
langer lines tend to gape and heal slowly
with consipicuous scarring if left unsutured
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. • Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis
(Gr. hypo, under, + derma, skin), or
subcutaneous tissue, a loose connective
tissue that may contain a pad of adipose
cells, the panniculus adiposus.
• The hypodermis, which is not considered
part of the skin, binds skin loosely to the
subjacent tissues and corresponds to the
superficial fascia of gross anatomy.
44.
45. CUTANEOUS GLANDS
• 1. SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
- found all over the skin, except on palms and
soles
- ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but
some open directly onto skin surface
- secretion is called sebum, a mixture of oily
substance and fragmented cells that keep
skin
soft and moist and prevents hair from
becoming brittle
46. • - if the drainage pathway for sebaceous
glands becomes blocked for some reason,
the glands may become infected, resulting
in acne
• - sebum also contains chemicals that kill
bacteria
• - become very active when sex hormones
are produced in increased amounts during
adolescence, thus skin is oilier during this
period of life
47.
48. • SWEAT GLANDS
- also called sudoriferous glands
- widely distributed in the skin; numerous in
palms, soles, axillary and pubic regions
- secretion evaporates and cools in the body
6 TYPES:
1. Eccrine
2. Apocrine
49. ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND
• - more numerous and found all over the
body especially in forehead, back, palms
and soles
• Innervated by cholinergic fibers
• Secretion reaches skin surface via a duct
that opens directly on surface of skin
through sweat pores
• Secretion is mostly water with few salts
50. Secretory unit composed of:
• 1. dark cells – secrete mucus-rich material
• 2. clear cells – secrete a watery,
electrolyte rich material
• 3. myoepithelial cells – contract and aid
nin expressing the gland’s secretion into
the duct
• Ductal unit is narrow and lined by
stratified cuboidal epithelium
51. 2. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
• - much larger, localized gland found in axillary
and pubic regions where they secrete into
hair follicles
• Not functional until puberty
• Responsive to hormonal influence
• Secretion is thick and rich in organic
substances which is odorless when released
but quickly broken down by bacteria into
substances responsible for body odor
• Innervated by adrenergic fibers
52.
53.
54. MAMMARY GLAND
• Found within the breasts
• Specialized sudoriferous or sweat
gland that secrete milk during
lactation
• Under the stimulus of pituitary
gland
56. HAIR
• An invagination of the epidermis
• Characteristic of all mammals, but its
distribution, function, density and texture varies
across mammalian species
• Humans are relatively hairless, with only the
scalp, face, pubis & axilla being densely haired
• Men with more obvious hair because of the
male hormone
• Certain regions of body are hairless like the
palms, soles, lips, nipples, penis,labia minore
• Lifespan 3-4 mos for eyelashes, 3-4 yrs-scalp
57. Primary Function of Hair: Protection
e.g. scalp hair, eyebrows- protect
from sunlight
58. • PARTS OF HAIR:
1. Shaft – the visible but dead portion of
hair projeting above surface of the skin
• Consists of medulla,cortex and cuticle
• 2. Root – enclosed in the follicle
• 3. Bulb – terminal expanded region in
which hair is rooted
• Deeply indented by a dermal papilla
which contains capillary loops for
nutrition
• Contains cells that form internal root
sheath and medulla
59. • 1. Internal root sheath – deep to the
entrance of sebaceous glands
• Composed of Henle’s layer, Huxley’s layer
and cuticle
• 2. External root sheath
• - direct continuation of the S. malphigii
• Glassy membrane – noncellular layer
• Separates the hair follicle from the
surrounding dermal sheath
60.
61. 3 DISTINCT KINDS OF HAIR IN
HUMANS
• 1. LANUGO –
- fine, silky fetal hair that appears during
the last trimester of development
- Usually not evident on a baby at birth
unless it has been born prematurely
2. ANGORA
- grows continuously in length, as on scalp
and on face of males
62. • 3. DEFINITIVE
- grows to a certain length and then ceases to
grow
- most dominant type of hair
e.g. eyelashes, eyebrow,pubic, and axillary hair
- A sebaceous gland and an arrector pili muscle
are attached to the hair follicle
- When the muscle involuntarily contracts due to
thermal or psychological stimuli, the hair follicle
is pulled into an upright position, causing the
hair to”stand on its end” and producing
goosebumps
63.
64. NAILS
• Found on distal dorsum of each fingers and
toes
- Forms from a hardened, transparent, stratum
corneum of epidermis
- Consists of:
- Nail Body
- visible attached portion
- Nail Root
- part of the nail covered by skin
65. Nail Bed
- where nail root and nail body
are attached
Free edge
- the distal exposed border
attached to undersurface of
hyponychium
Hyponychium
- beneath the free edge
66. Eponychium ( Cuticle)
- covers the nail root
- frequently splits causing a
hangnail
Nail Matrix
- proximal part of the nail bed
- growth area of the nail
Lunula
-whitish crescent (half moon)
shaped area at the
proximal aspect of nail
67. -Fingernails grow at
approximately 1 mm per week
- Growth of toenails is slower
- nails are transparent and
nearly colorless but they look
pink because of the rich blood
supply in the underlying
dermis