In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN BUMB...AkashSharma618775
This study focused on community participation and the performance of project implementation, which is
very significant in the economic development of Rwanda and the entire global community. Community
participation has become an increasing aspect key tool of public policy and service delivery within the realm of
good governance across the world. This study hypothesizes community participation and the performance of
project implementation within Bumbogo VUP Water Supply Project, in Gasabo District as case study. The study
used both descriptive and correlation statistics, where the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative
approach. The total population of this study equal to 850; using Yamane formula, the researcher used a sample
size of 89 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is stratified random and purposive sampling
method. The data was finally analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong positive
correlation between community participation and the performance of the project implementation. The regression
analysis indicated that community participation in need analysis has the greatest influence, followed by
Community participation in M&E. community participation in planning has the least influence on the
performance of project implementation. Overall, success of project implementation improves with greater
community participation throughout the project life cycle.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
Brown bag impact measurement stakeholder engagement in the water program ma...Oxfam America
The document summarizes a brown bag session on impact measurement and stakeholder engagement for a water rights program in Ethiopia. It provides an overview of the program goals and theory of change, describes a stakeholder consultation workshop to get input on impact indicators and roles, and discusses next steps around developing an impact measurement framework with stakeholder input.
A long-standing, influential hypothesis in the academic literature and in policy is that participation in decision-making by intended beneciaries of local public good provision programs improves the outcomes of those programs. This paper presents the rst experimental evidence on the eect of transferring decision-making authority to targeted beneciaries on the impact of a local public good provision program. We randomly assigned participatory and non-participatory decision-making structures to communities who received an otherwise identical intervention, a package of technical advices and subsidies to improve access to safe drinking water. Participation in decision-making resulted in larger reported increases in access to safe drinking water, but only when we imposed rules on the decision-making process that were designed to limit the appropriation of project benets by elite or influential groups or individuals. Villages in which communities participated in decision-making under rules designed to prevent appropriation reported a signicantly greater increase in access to safe drinking water (an increase of 25%) relative to villages in which project sta took decisions (14%). In villages in which the communities participated in decisionmaking without imposed rules, the change in access to safe drinking water was the same (14%) as in villages in which project sta took decisions. We conclude that participation can improve the impact of local public good provision programs in economically important respects; that the risk of appropriation in this context was real and signicant, and that the rules we applied to limit appropriation { minimum representation requirements and decision by unanimous consensus - were effective in accomplishing their objective.
- This document proposes a community-based participatory research project in Cleveland's Central neighborhood to address barriers to healthy food access and cooking education.
- The project will use CBPR principles to form a community advisory board who will lead all phases of the research and intervention design. Surveys, interviews, photovoice, and focus groups will assess food access and design an appropriate cooking education program.
- The 18-month project will have two phases - developing partnerships and needs assessment in the first year, then implementing and evaluating the cooking education program in the second year. Community members will be hired and trained to lead data collection, analysis, and program implementation.
CURES Pilot Grant Research Guide - ap editsTaiwo Adewunmi
This document provides information about the Community-University Research Partnership Award (CURES) pilot grant funding from the Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care (MICHR). It discusses the goals of building capacity for community-engaged research partnerships and enhancing networks to promote this work. CURES will fund up to $25,000 for one-year pilot projects with no department match required. Eligible partners include academic faculty and community organizations. Examples of funded projects provide mental health education and study factors in HIV testing. Resources are available to support partnership development and grant writing.
- Universities and research institutions in developed countries play a leading role in providing data and analysis to inform policy on pollutants in irrigation water. They work closely with the private and public sectors.
- In contrast, universities and research institutions in developing countries have little contribution to policy evaluation and improvement. They operate in isolation without support.
- To improve governance of pollutants, countries need to understand current national models and learn from challenges. They must also develop plans to actively engage universities and research in monitoring, analyzing data, and advising upgraded policies.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN BUMB...AkashSharma618775
This study focused on community participation and the performance of project implementation, which is
very significant in the economic development of Rwanda and the entire global community. Community
participation has become an increasing aspect key tool of public policy and service delivery within the realm of
good governance across the world. This study hypothesizes community participation and the performance of
project implementation within Bumbogo VUP Water Supply Project, in Gasabo District as case study. The study
used both descriptive and correlation statistics, where the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative
approach. The total population of this study equal to 850; using Yamane formula, the researcher used a sample
size of 89 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is stratified random and purposive sampling
method. The data was finally analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong positive
correlation between community participation and the performance of the project implementation. The regression
analysis indicated that community participation in need analysis has the greatest influence, followed by
Community participation in M&E. community participation in planning has the least influence on the
performance of project implementation. Overall, success of project implementation improves with greater
community participation throughout the project life cycle.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
Brown bag impact measurement stakeholder engagement in the water program ma...Oxfam America
The document summarizes a brown bag session on impact measurement and stakeholder engagement for a water rights program in Ethiopia. It provides an overview of the program goals and theory of change, describes a stakeholder consultation workshop to get input on impact indicators and roles, and discusses next steps around developing an impact measurement framework with stakeholder input.
A long-standing, influential hypothesis in the academic literature and in policy is that participation in decision-making by intended beneciaries of local public good provision programs improves the outcomes of those programs. This paper presents the rst experimental evidence on the eect of transferring decision-making authority to targeted beneciaries on the impact of a local public good provision program. We randomly assigned participatory and non-participatory decision-making structures to communities who received an otherwise identical intervention, a package of technical advices and subsidies to improve access to safe drinking water. Participation in decision-making resulted in larger reported increases in access to safe drinking water, but only when we imposed rules on the decision-making process that were designed to limit the appropriation of project benets by elite or influential groups or individuals. Villages in which communities participated in decision-making under rules designed to prevent appropriation reported a signicantly greater increase in access to safe drinking water (an increase of 25%) relative to villages in which project sta took decisions (14%). In villages in which the communities participated in decisionmaking without imposed rules, the change in access to safe drinking water was the same (14%) as in villages in which project sta took decisions. We conclude that participation can improve the impact of local public good provision programs in economically important respects; that the risk of appropriation in this context was real and signicant, and that the rules we applied to limit appropriation { minimum representation requirements and decision by unanimous consensus - were effective in accomplishing their objective.
- This document proposes a community-based participatory research project in Cleveland's Central neighborhood to address barriers to healthy food access and cooking education.
- The project will use CBPR principles to form a community advisory board who will lead all phases of the research and intervention design. Surveys, interviews, photovoice, and focus groups will assess food access and design an appropriate cooking education program.
- The 18-month project will have two phases - developing partnerships and needs assessment in the first year, then implementing and evaluating the cooking education program in the second year. Community members will be hired and trained to lead data collection, analysis, and program implementation.
CURES Pilot Grant Research Guide - ap editsTaiwo Adewunmi
This document provides information about the Community-University Research Partnership Award (CURES) pilot grant funding from the Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care (MICHR). It discusses the goals of building capacity for community-engaged research partnerships and enhancing networks to promote this work. CURES will fund up to $25,000 for one-year pilot projects with no department match required. Eligible partners include academic faculty and community organizations. Examples of funded projects provide mental health education and study factors in HIV testing. Resources are available to support partnership development and grant writing.
- Universities and research institutions in developed countries play a leading role in providing data and analysis to inform policy on pollutants in irrigation water. They work closely with the private and public sectors.
- In contrast, universities and research institutions in developing countries have little contribution to policy evaluation and improvement. They operate in isolation without support.
- To improve governance of pollutants, countries need to understand current national models and learn from challenges. They must also develop plans to actively engage universities and research in monitoring, analyzing data, and advising upgraded policies.
COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH A HISTORICAL PERESPECTIVEDR.MANZOOR YETOO
This document provides an overview of community-based participatory research (CBPR) based on a review of 60 studies. Some key points:
- CBPR aims to increase the value of research for both researchers and the community through collaborative participation in all stages of the research process.
- Involvement varied across studies but many involved communities in setting priorities, developing measures, and interpreting results. Few reported on community involvement in publishing findings.
- 30 studies included interventions while 30 were non-interventional. Interventions aimed to change behaviors, norms, policies or environments.
- Positive health outcomes were found more consistently in higher quality research designs, showing the importance of rigorous methods in CBPR.
The unprecedented damage Hurricane Sandy caused along the East Coast of the US, especially to the densely populated New York and New Jersey coastlines, was a wake-up call to the threat that weather events pose to our communities. The world has always been plagued by severe and seemingly intractable problems, including storms, but today, we live with an unprecedented level of disruption.
Things go wrong with more frequency and severity, greater complexity, and with more inter-related effects. No longer can we afford to simply rebuild what existed before. We must begin to rethink our recovery efforts, making sure the damaged region is resilient enough to rebound from future storms.
In order to better protect Sandy-area residents from future climate events the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and President Obama’s Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force
initiated Rebuild by Design (RBD) to develop fundable solutions that address structural and environmental vulnerabilities throughout the East Coast region. Recognizing the enormity of this challenge, the RBD process has looked beyond traditional solutions, supporting new approaches in architectural design, regional planning and environmental engineering, all of which are set within an innovative process that combines public, philanthropic and private sector resources and knowledge with community participation in a design competition.
Cities around the world are facing challenges brought about by rapid increases in population and geographic spread, which places greater pressure on infrastructure and services. Climate change impacts, including rising sea level, more frequent and severe storms, coastal erosion and declining freshwater sources will likely exacerbate these urban issues, in particular in poor and vulnerable communities that lack adequate infrastructure and services.
Globally, the impacts of climate change on urban areas have received less attention than on rural areas where poverty levels are higher and populations depend directly on climate-sensitive livelihoods. However, more than 50% of the world’s population currently lives in cities. By 2050, this figure is expected to increase to 70%, or 6.4 billion people, and Asian cities are likely to account for more than 60% of this increase. Urban areas are the economic powerhouses that support both the aspirations of the poor and most national economies. Furthermore, urban residents and the economic activity they generate depend on systems that are fragile and often subject to failure under the combination of climate and development pressures. If urban systems fail, the potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change on urban residents in general, on poor and vulnerable populations, and on the wider economy is massive. As a result, work on urban climate resilience is of critical importance in overall global initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.
The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) works at the intersection of climate change, urban systems and social vulnerability to consider both direct and indirect impacts of climate change in urban areas.
In the current paper, sustainability assessment framework was designed using a set of multidimensional indicators to assess and monitor eight community-based water projects in four different states in Sudan. The assessment framework consisted of site visits, a systematic secondary information collection, and analysis (SSICA) approach and documents reviews. The sustainability scores were calculated based on weighted sub-indicators analysis system. The study revealed that 40% of the implemented water projects were fairly sustainable although they are considered as young projects (1-4 years age projects). This weak sustainability was mostly related to the poor organizational and financial performance due to poor post-implementation governmental and/or external agencies involvement and support in terms of monitoring, capacity building facilities, and financial support. There is a strong need to develop post implementation stratigies and models and mechanisms to backup community-based water projects technically as well as financially to assure the sustainability and verify the project implementation goals.
COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH A HISTORICAL PERESPECTIVE (1)DR.MANZOOR YETOO
This document summarizes a report on community-based participatory research (CBPR). It discusses CBPR approaches, levels of community involvement in different aspects of the research process (e.g. setting priorities, study design), and funding considerations. The report recommends including academic and CBPR methodology experts as well as community representatives on review panels to evaluate CBPR grant proposals. It also stresses the need to effectively engage community representatives in the review process.
This document discusses the role of universities and research institutions in controlling and managing pollutants in irrigation water through good governance. It states that while universities in developed countries play a leading role by providing data, analysis, and policy input, universities in developing countries often have little contribution and unclear roles. The document calls for (1) understanding current national governance practices, (2) learning from challenges, and (3) implementing a dynamic plan to engage universities in the sector. Good governance requires exploring innovative ideas, analyzing data, converging findings, and continuously improving policies. Priorities should include control measures, funding support, and integrating stakeholders like governments, farmers, and the private sector.
Elizabeth Bryan
POLICY SEMINAR
Bigger Change Faster: Integrated Development, Health, and Environment Actions for a Sustainable Future
Co-Organized by IFPRI, The Nature Conservancy, PATH, and Duke University
OCT 23, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
This presentation is an overview of the Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Network (CBEMN) at Saint Mary's University. The CBEMN assists community groups in monitoring, networking, and in resolving environmental issues.
Nine Key Principles of Community-Based Participatory Research
Based on:
Israel B, Schulz A, Parker E and Becker A. (1998). Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19, pp. 173-202
Participation in the Planning and Design of Public Open SpaceJulie Meyer
This document is a master's project that examines public participation in the planning and design of sustainable public open spaces. It introduces the scope, definitions, claims, and rationale for the project. The introduction defines key terms like participation, design, sustainability, and open space. It claims that landscape architects need to understand different levels of participation to create flexible and sustainable designs, and that more active participation can lead to more creative and sustainable outcomes. The rationale discusses the philosophical need for systematic inquiry in landscape architecture and the operational need for an evaluative framework to guide participatory processes.
Public spaces as public health infrastructureDr. Ebele Mogo
This document summarizes findings from an ongoing systematic review of public space interventions for non-communicable disease prevention in African cities. The review found that few such interventions have been implemented across Africa, with most located in South Africa. Common types of interventions included urban gardens, parks, and recreational facilities. Partnerships between community groups, governments, and other organizations were important for delivering and sustaining public health infrastructure. Potential benefits included increased physical activity, better nutrition, and social impacts. Considerations for implementation and long-term success include supportive policies, inclusive access, and involvement of local organizations.
Rhiannon Pyburn, Anouka van Eerdewij, Vivian Polar, Iliana Monterroso Ibarra and Cynthia McDougall
BOOK LAUNCH
Advancing Gender Equality through Agricultural and Environmental Research: Past, Present, and Future
Co-Organized by IFPRI and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
NOV 23, 2021 - 09:00 AM TO 10:15 AM EST
The Role of Community Participation in Planning Processes of Emerging Urban C...irjes
This document summarizes a research study examining the level of community participation in the physical planning process in Paidha Town, Uganda. The study found that community participation in planning is very low, limited mostly to a few mass meetings. Few community members are actually involved in planning. Even those involved do not understand their rights and roles. Physical planning has not been adequately prioritized or funded. To improve participation, the study recommends involving communities at different administrative levels from villages to the town council, and using a wider range of participatory methods beyond just meetings. Overall, the study finds that community participation in planning is still limited and needs to be strengthened for more sustainable urban development.
Sanitation Attitudes of Urban Dwellers and their Influence on Sanitation Prac...Premier Publishers
The campaign for improved sanitation is increasingly threatened as people’s attitudes seem not to promote proper sanitation practices. The study examined attitudes of urban dwellers in some communities in Central Region of Ghana towards sanitation and their influence on sanitation practices. A cross sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 360 inhabitants in three urban communities. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. A significant number of respondents (76.4 %) had good attitudes towards sanitation whilst 58.0 % of respondents had good standard of sanitation practices. About half of the respondents (49.8 %) disposed of their solid waste daily through open dumping and three out of every ten persons disposed of their solid waste through open burning. Respondents’ attitudes towards sanitation weakly influenced their sanitation practices (r = 0.058, p = 0.269). This is because respondents’ attitudes towards sanitation contributed only by 5.8% in their sanitation practices. The findings of the study led to a conclusion that the high level of sanitation attitudes among urban dwellers in some communities in Central Region of Ghana could not be translated into actual practice. There was a gap between respondents’ attitudes towards sanitation and their standard of practices. It is recommended that the Central Regional Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate should embark on a comprehensive campaign on health benefits of good sanitation practices and enforce a more robust environmental sanitation approach and health education to help translate the high sanitation attitudes among urban dwellers into actual practice.
Shah-Institutional_reform_for_water_use_efficiency_in_agriculture12Apr12Sachin Shah
This document summarizes international best practices for institutional reform to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. It examines case studies from China, Mexico, and Turkey that have implemented different institutional reform approaches. The paper establishes a framework using three key indicators for comparing reforms: 1) water availability, 2) water use, and 3) institutions and capacities. It then outlines three innovative institutional design options for India to improve local participation in irrigation management, build capacity for water management decisions, and increase understanding of hydrologic principles. Overall, the document analyzes various definitions of water use efficiency and reform methods to identify comparative indicators that can effectively monitor successful changes in irrigation systems across countries.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module4_#1, Governance, Policy and institutional framework, Arabi...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
This document presents a framework for evaluating urban environmental welfare (UEW) in Chinese cities. It defines UEW as representing the relationship between people and their environment as well as human well-being. The framework includes 6 sub-indices and 18 indicators to measure UEW. Analytic hierarchy process and cluster analysis were used to evaluate UEW levels in 46 Chinese cities. The results found that cities in southeast China generally had higher UEW levels than those in northwest China. Shenzhen had the highest overall UEW index of 0.73, while Haerbin had the lowest of 0.43.
Irrigation projects are among vital income generating activities as they enhance food security, create employment opportunities, improve nutritional status of a nation and result to good health in the society. Poor performance of the existing public irrigation schemes is an emerging issue of concern since it slows the irrigation transition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder communication on performance of Kabonon-Kapkamak irrigation project. The study utilized stakeholder theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design targeting all employees of irrigation projects in Kenya. Accessible population of 301was subjected to stratified random sampling to obtain a sample size of 185 respondents which are project manager 1, farmers 165, Ministry of Agriculture officials 5 and National Irrigation Board Representatives 14. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Pilot study was done to test validity and reliability of research instrument at Perkerra irrigation scheme in Baringo County. Content validity was used as a validity test while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.A multiple regression model was used to measure independent variables against the dependent variable. The study found out that stakeholder communication (β1=0.257; p<0.05 positively and significantly influence irrigation project performance. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for formulating irrigation project implementation policies by the government and management practices by other institutions. The academic community will benefit from the results of the study as it will serve as a reference point on empirical data pertaining to stakeholder involvement and also to identify areas for further study. In addition, the study findings are expected to guide Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) wishing to implement stakeholder involvement strategy in enhancing performance of irrigation projects.
Key Drivers in Sustainable Community Water Projects: Lessons from Elgeyo-Mara...AI Publications
Debate about sustainable development can be traced to the Rio Summit on environment and development where emphasis was placed on empowering local communities to take charge of their own development. Sustainable development advocates for inclusiveness of all in development especially the local community. Participation of stakeholders in any development endeavour guarantees delivery of project benefits to intended users. The recent transition from MDGs to SDGs with a focus on communities clearly demonstrates the relevance of community participation in projects. This paper assesses the significance of various drivers in community led water projects in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The paper examines different drivers at play in a typical community led water project and assesses how such drivers contribute to project sustainability. The paper concludes that for successful water project implementation, key project drivers should be strengthened by all participating actors.
COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH A HISTORICAL PERESPECTIVEDR.MANZOOR YETOO
This document provides an overview of community-based participatory research (CBPR) based on a review of 60 studies. Some key points:
- CBPR aims to increase the value of research for both researchers and the community through collaborative participation in all stages of the research process.
- Involvement varied across studies but many involved communities in setting priorities, developing measures, and interpreting results. Few reported on community involvement in publishing findings.
- 30 studies included interventions while 30 were non-interventional. Interventions aimed to change behaviors, norms, policies or environments.
- Positive health outcomes were found more consistently in higher quality research designs, showing the importance of rigorous methods in CBPR.
The unprecedented damage Hurricane Sandy caused along the East Coast of the US, especially to the densely populated New York and New Jersey coastlines, was a wake-up call to the threat that weather events pose to our communities. The world has always been plagued by severe and seemingly intractable problems, including storms, but today, we live with an unprecedented level of disruption.
Things go wrong with more frequency and severity, greater complexity, and with more inter-related effects. No longer can we afford to simply rebuild what existed before. We must begin to rethink our recovery efforts, making sure the damaged region is resilient enough to rebound from future storms.
In order to better protect Sandy-area residents from future climate events the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and President Obama’s Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force
initiated Rebuild by Design (RBD) to develop fundable solutions that address structural and environmental vulnerabilities throughout the East Coast region. Recognizing the enormity of this challenge, the RBD process has looked beyond traditional solutions, supporting new approaches in architectural design, regional planning and environmental engineering, all of which are set within an innovative process that combines public, philanthropic and private sector resources and knowledge with community participation in a design competition.
Cities around the world are facing challenges brought about by rapid increases in population and geographic spread, which places greater pressure on infrastructure and services. Climate change impacts, including rising sea level, more frequent and severe storms, coastal erosion and declining freshwater sources will likely exacerbate these urban issues, in particular in poor and vulnerable communities that lack adequate infrastructure and services.
Globally, the impacts of climate change on urban areas have received less attention than on rural areas where poverty levels are higher and populations depend directly on climate-sensitive livelihoods. However, more than 50% of the world’s population currently lives in cities. By 2050, this figure is expected to increase to 70%, or 6.4 billion people, and Asian cities are likely to account for more than 60% of this increase. Urban areas are the economic powerhouses that support both the aspirations of the poor and most national economies. Furthermore, urban residents and the economic activity they generate depend on systems that are fragile and often subject to failure under the combination of climate and development pressures. If urban systems fail, the potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change on urban residents in general, on poor and vulnerable populations, and on the wider economy is massive. As a result, work on urban climate resilience is of critical importance in overall global initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.
The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) works at the intersection of climate change, urban systems and social vulnerability to consider both direct and indirect impacts of climate change in urban areas.
In the current paper, sustainability assessment framework was designed using a set of multidimensional indicators to assess and monitor eight community-based water projects in four different states in Sudan. The assessment framework consisted of site visits, a systematic secondary information collection, and analysis (SSICA) approach and documents reviews. The sustainability scores were calculated based on weighted sub-indicators analysis system. The study revealed that 40% of the implemented water projects were fairly sustainable although they are considered as young projects (1-4 years age projects). This weak sustainability was mostly related to the poor organizational and financial performance due to poor post-implementation governmental and/or external agencies involvement and support in terms of monitoring, capacity building facilities, and financial support. There is a strong need to develop post implementation stratigies and models and mechanisms to backup community-based water projects technically as well as financially to assure the sustainability and verify the project implementation goals.
COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH A HISTORICAL PERESPECTIVE (1)DR.MANZOOR YETOO
This document summarizes a report on community-based participatory research (CBPR). It discusses CBPR approaches, levels of community involvement in different aspects of the research process (e.g. setting priorities, study design), and funding considerations. The report recommends including academic and CBPR methodology experts as well as community representatives on review panels to evaluate CBPR grant proposals. It also stresses the need to effectively engage community representatives in the review process.
This document discusses the role of universities and research institutions in controlling and managing pollutants in irrigation water through good governance. It states that while universities in developed countries play a leading role by providing data, analysis, and policy input, universities in developing countries often have little contribution and unclear roles. The document calls for (1) understanding current national governance practices, (2) learning from challenges, and (3) implementing a dynamic plan to engage universities in the sector. Good governance requires exploring innovative ideas, analyzing data, converging findings, and continuously improving policies. Priorities should include control measures, funding support, and integrating stakeholders like governments, farmers, and the private sector.
Elizabeth Bryan
POLICY SEMINAR
Bigger Change Faster: Integrated Development, Health, and Environment Actions for a Sustainable Future
Co-Organized by IFPRI, The Nature Conservancy, PATH, and Duke University
OCT 23, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
This presentation is an overview of the Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Network (CBEMN) at Saint Mary's University. The CBEMN assists community groups in monitoring, networking, and in resolving environmental issues.
Nine Key Principles of Community-Based Participatory Research
Based on:
Israel B, Schulz A, Parker E and Becker A. (1998). Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19, pp. 173-202
Participation in the Planning and Design of Public Open SpaceJulie Meyer
This document is a master's project that examines public participation in the planning and design of sustainable public open spaces. It introduces the scope, definitions, claims, and rationale for the project. The introduction defines key terms like participation, design, sustainability, and open space. It claims that landscape architects need to understand different levels of participation to create flexible and sustainable designs, and that more active participation can lead to more creative and sustainable outcomes. The rationale discusses the philosophical need for systematic inquiry in landscape architecture and the operational need for an evaluative framework to guide participatory processes.
Public spaces as public health infrastructureDr. Ebele Mogo
This document summarizes findings from an ongoing systematic review of public space interventions for non-communicable disease prevention in African cities. The review found that few such interventions have been implemented across Africa, with most located in South Africa. Common types of interventions included urban gardens, parks, and recreational facilities. Partnerships between community groups, governments, and other organizations were important for delivering and sustaining public health infrastructure. Potential benefits included increased physical activity, better nutrition, and social impacts. Considerations for implementation and long-term success include supportive policies, inclusive access, and involvement of local organizations.
Rhiannon Pyburn, Anouka van Eerdewij, Vivian Polar, Iliana Monterroso Ibarra and Cynthia McDougall
BOOK LAUNCH
Advancing Gender Equality through Agricultural and Environmental Research: Past, Present, and Future
Co-Organized by IFPRI and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
NOV 23, 2021 - 09:00 AM TO 10:15 AM EST
The Role of Community Participation in Planning Processes of Emerging Urban C...irjes
This document summarizes a research study examining the level of community participation in the physical planning process in Paidha Town, Uganda. The study found that community participation in planning is very low, limited mostly to a few mass meetings. Few community members are actually involved in planning. Even those involved do not understand their rights and roles. Physical planning has not been adequately prioritized or funded. To improve participation, the study recommends involving communities at different administrative levels from villages to the town council, and using a wider range of participatory methods beyond just meetings. Overall, the study finds that community participation in planning is still limited and needs to be strengthened for more sustainable urban development.
Sanitation Attitudes of Urban Dwellers and their Influence on Sanitation Prac...Premier Publishers
The campaign for improved sanitation is increasingly threatened as people’s attitudes seem not to promote proper sanitation practices. The study examined attitudes of urban dwellers in some communities in Central Region of Ghana towards sanitation and their influence on sanitation practices. A cross sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 360 inhabitants in three urban communities. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. A significant number of respondents (76.4 %) had good attitudes towards sanitation whilst 58.0 % of respondents had good standard of sanitation practices. About half of the respondents (49.8 %) disposed of their solid waste daily through open dumping and three out of every ten persons disposed of their solid waste through open burning. Respondents’ attitudes towards sanitation weakly influenced their sanitation practices (r = 0.058, p = 0.269). This is because respondents’ attitudes towards sanitation contributed only by 5.8% in their sanitation practices. The findings of the study led to a conclusion that the high level of sanitation attitudes among urban dwellers in some communities in Central Region of Ghana could not be translated into actual practice. There was a gap between respondents’ attitudes towards sanitation and their standard of practices. It is recommended that the Central Regional Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate should embark on a comprehensive campaign on health benefits of good sanitation practices and enforce a more robust environmental sanitation approach and health education to help translate the high sanitation attitudes among urban dwellers into actual practice.
Shah-Institutional_reform_for_water_use_efficiency_in_agriculture12Apr12Sachin Shah
This document summarizes international best practices for institutional reform to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. It examines case studies from China, Mexico, and Turkey that have implemented different institutional reform approaches. The paper establishes a framework using three key indicators for comparing reforms: 1) water availability, 2) water use, and 3) institutions and capacities. It then outlines three innovative institutional design options for India to improve local participation in irrigation management, build capacity for water management decisions, and increase understanding of hydrologic principles. Overall, the document analyzes various definitions of water use efficiency and reform methods to identify comparative indicators that can effectively monitor successful changes in irrigation systems across countries.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module4_#1, Governance, Policy and institutional framework, Arabi...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
This document presents a framework for evaluating urban environmental welfare (UEW) in Chinese cities. It defines UEW as representing the relationship between people and their environment as well as human well-being. The framework includes 6 sub-indices and 18 indicators to measure UEW. Analytic hierarchy process and cluster analysis were used to evaluate UEW levels in 46 Chinese cities. The results found that cities in southeast China generally had higher UEW levels than those in northwest China. Shenzhen had the highest overall UEW index of 0.73, while Haerbin had the lowest of 0.43.
Irrigation projects are among vital income generating activities as they enhance food security, create employment opportunities, improve nutritional status of a nation and result to good health in the society. Poor performance of the existing public irrigation schemes is an emerging issue of concern since it slows the irrigation transition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder communication on performance of Kabonon-Kapkamak irrigation project. The study utilized stakeholder theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design targeting all employees of irrigation projects in Kenya. Accessible population of 301was subjected to stratified random sampling to obtain a sample size of 185 respondents which are project manager 1, farmers 165, Ministry of Agriculture officials 5 and National Irrigation Board Representatives 14. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Pilot study was done to test validity and reliability of research instrument at Perkerra irrigation scheme in Baringo County. Content validity was used as a validity test while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.A multiple regression model was used to measure independent variables against the dependent variable. The study found out that stakeholder communication (β1=0.257; p<0.05 positively and significantly influence irrigation project performance. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for formulating irrigation project implementation policies by the government and management practices by other institutions. The academic community will benefit from the results of the study as it will serve as a reference point on empirical data pertaining to stakeholder involvement and also to identify areas for further study. In addition, the study findings are expected to guide Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) wishing to implement stakeholder involvement strategy in enhancing performance of irrigation projects.
Key Drivers in Sustainable Community Water Projects: Lessons from Elgeyo-Mara...AI Publications
Debate about sustainable development can be traced to the Rio Summit on environment and development where emphasis was placed on empowering local communities to take charge of their own development. Sustainable development advocates for inclusiveness of all in development especially the local community. Participation of stakeholders in any development endeavour guarantees delivery of project benefits to intended users. The recent transition from MDGs to SDGs with a focus on communities clearly demonstrates the relevance of community participation in projects. This paper assesses the significance of various drivers in community led water projects in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The paper examines different drivers at play in a typical community led water project and assesses how such drivers contribute to project sustainability. The paper concludes that for successful water project implementation, key project drivers should be strengthened by all participating actors.
Towards ProgramsSustainability: Assessment of Institutional Determinants for ...IEREK Press
1) The study assessed institutional determinants for effective community participation in development programs in Tanzania. It focused on programs that were locally funded, government funded, donor funded, and jointly funded.
2) For locally funded programs, the study found that program objectives, leadership, and policies were more influential in determining community participation than rules and benefits. Clear objectives and supportive leadership encouraged youth to join and remain in the programs.
3) Participation was also influenced by easy enrollment policies that did not require complex procedures to join the programs. This open access helped attract more community members to participate.
Smart city: an advanced framework for analyzing public sentiment orientation ...IJECEIAES
The coronavirus pandemic of the past several years has had a profound impact on all aspects of life, including resource utilization. One notable example is the increased demand for freshwater, a lifeblood of our planet, on the other hand, the smart city vision aims to attain a smart water management goal by investing in innovative solutions such as recycled water systems. However, the problem lies in the public’s sentiment and willingness to use this new resource which discourages investors and hinders the development of this field. Therefore, in our work, we applied sentiment analysis using an extended version of the fuzzy logic and neural network model from our previous work, to find out the general public opinion regarding recycled water and to assess the effects of sentiments on the public’s readiness to use this resource. Our analysis was based on a dataset of over 1 million text content from 2013 to 2022. The results show, from spatio-temporal perspectives, that sentiment orientation and acceptance- behavior towards using recycled water have increased positively. Additionally, the public is more concerned in areas driven by the smart city vision than in areas of medium and low economic development, where investment in sensibilization campaigns is needed.
Sustainability of borehole water schemes through community participation in e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated community participation and contributions towards sustaining borehole water schemes in Ejigbo Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. The study revealed that 36 of the 64 total boreholes in the area were in poor condition and needed repairs to function effectively. Communities were not highly involved in maintenance, so there was little sense of ownership over repairs. The study recommends a more command-based approach in addition to existing practices to support sustainable water supply in the area.
This document summarizes a study on the quality of public water services in Abuja, Nigeria. Through interviews with residents and city officials, the study found several issues that undermine water service delivery, including lack of reliable supply, low water pressure, inefficient billing systems, inadequate facility maintenance, unequal access to services across neighborhoods, and lack of community involvement. The paper suggests that addressing these quality issues is important for improving public health and living standards in Abuja, given its rapid population growth, and provides recommendations for enhancing water service quality in the city and other developing areas.
Effect of Communication Process and Mission on Project Implementation in Coun...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide research based information that will improve project implementation in County Governments in Kenya. The data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and documents analysis. The target population was the County Executive Committee Members, the County Representatives and the County Public Service employees. The findings from the analysis show that communication is pillar of projects implementation among the county government. The study therefore recommends that the County Governments should work towards achieving their goals by sharing information with its stakeholders and having clear project mission to promote goals achievement in the projects being undertaken.
Socio economic analysis of the interventions aimed at improvingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic analysis of water and sanitation interventions in rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan. It employed a cross-sectional study design using interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. Respondents were generally satisfied with the quality and cost of water delivery but a top-down implementation approach was still used. A cost-benefit analysis found the economic benefits of the interventions to be good. The study assessed the demographic characteristics, wealth rankings, existing water/sanitation infrastructure, and roles of stakeholders in the target communities. Overall, the interventions improved access to water but supply was still insufficient and a community-engaged approach was needed.
A Review Paper On Water Resource ManagementSabrina Baloi
This document summarizes key concepts in water resource management. It discusses how water management structures can change water regimes and impact stakeholders. It also notes that while water projects aim to provide economic benefits, some populations have inadequate access to safe water for basic needs. The document then reviews experts' concepts on water management and financing allocations. It identifies areas for further addressing such as governance, accountability, gender, and targeting of aid and sector budgets. Finally, it discusses developing a framework for water management that is measurable, affordable and applicable globally.
This document summarizes a study on inclusive stakeholder participation for sustaining dry sanitation solutions in Madimba, Zambia. The study found that stakeholder engagement and participation is key to project success and sustainability. In Madimba, the Network for Environmental Concerns and Solutions (NECOS) engaged in participatory research, analysis of community needs and concerns, and capacity building initiatives. Best practices for sustainability included integrating indigenous knowledge, artisanal training, entrepreneurship programs, and partnerships. However, challenges remained regarding cultural acceptance and addressing socioeconomic factors at the community level.
This report summarizes research on climate resilience options for slums and informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. It finds that population density exacerbates flood impacts within the slums. Analysis of rainfall data from four stations shows flooding occurs mainly during two rainy seasons and is associated with extreme short-term rainfall events as well as El Niño rains. Flooding hotspots were identified in all three studied slums. However, non-climatic factors like location in ecologically fragile areas and poor drainage and waste management also increase vulnerability. The report recommends adaptation actions including climate-proofed housing, flood early warning systems, climate-proofed infrastructure, cooperation between organizations, strengthened disaster response institutions, and education on risk reduction. Data
This research aimed at studying the main factors
affecting the sustainability of Donor funded projects, in Darfur,
with particular emphasis on the Area Development Scheme
(ADS) in Umm Kaddada Locality/ North Darfur State, as case
study. Different Methods were used to collect the related data.
These include the Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA),
observations and interviews with officials in the Central
Beneficiaries Organizations using stratified random sample of
seven village sanduq societies out of 51 societies. Descriptive and
analytical methods were used to analyze the data collected. The
results achieved revealed that despite the withdrawal of the
foreign assistance, the project existed and performed some
activities. Such results are attributed to the approach adopted by
the project which promotes the direct involvement of
beneficiaries in all project phases. Such results are also attributed
to the formation of the mechanism of project sustainability from
the previous government counterparts before the cession of the
foreign support, with continuous financial support from the State
Ministry of Finance. The results achieved also revealed that there
was a lack of progress in the implementation of some activities,
such as that of the central and grass-root beneficiaries’
organizations and the range and pasture. Such results were
attributed to the lack of alternative national support that can
cover the void left by the withdrawal of the external support, the
discontinuous of supervision for the central and grass-root
beneficiaries’ organizations, as well as the absence of effective
professional executive management for the central beneficiaries’
organization.
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areasAraz Taeihagh
Abstract
A growing body of literature recognises the role of local participation by end users in the successful implementation of sustainable development projects. Such community-based initiatives are widely assumed to be beneficial in providing additional savings, increasing knowledge and skills, and improving social cohesion. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the success (or failure) of such projects, as well as a lack of formal impact assessment methodologies that can be used to assess their effectiveness in meeting the needs of communities. Using a case study approach, we investigate the effectiveness of community-based energy projects in regard to achieving long-term renewable energy technology (RET) adoption in energy-poor island communities in the Philippines. This paper provides an alternative analytical framework for assessing the impact of community-based energy projects by defining RET adoption as a continuous and relational process that co-evolves and co-produces over time, highlighting the role of social capital in the long-term RET adoption process. In addition, by using the Social Impact Assessment methodology, we study off-grid, disaster-vulnerable and energy-poor communities in the Philippines and we assess community renewable energy (RE) projects implemented in those communities. We analyse the nature of participation in the RET adoption process, the social relations and interactions formed between and among the different stakeholders, and the characteristics, patterns and challenges of the adoption process.
Highlights
• Community-based approaches aid state-led renewable energy in off-grid areas.
• Social capital in communities addresses immediate energy needs in affected areas.
• Change Mapping in Social Impact Assessment shows community-based RE project impacts.
• Long-term renewable energy adoption involves co-evolving hardware, software, orgware.
• Successful adoption relies on communal mechanisms to sustain renewable energy systems.
In Kenya, the newly promulgated constitution of 2010 (CoK, 2010), provides the basis of monitoring and evaluation as an important tool for operationalizing National and County Government projects to ensure projects success, integrity, transparency and accountability. The county governments are responsible for delivering basic services in collaboration with other agencies and partners to enhance quality of life: however, the county government projects has been marred by lack of integrity, transparency, accountability and litany of other monitoring and evaluation weakness which has undermined the impacts and success of projects including Regional Economic Blocs. Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) which comprised of fourteen counties bordering Lake Victoria Basin is not sparred either. The study was conducted in six LREB Counties namely, Migori, Homabay, Kisumu, Siaya, Kakamega and Vihiga chosen in a random manner. This study specifically assessed the effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation methods on the Performance of County Governments Projects. The study was guided by the theory of change. The research was carried out using descriptive survey design which entails both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures. The researcher used stratified random sampling techniques to draw a sample from the study population. The qualitative method focused on group discussion and in-depth interviews. The quantitative techniques employed questionnaires to 398 purposively selected subjects from the county projects. Data collection was from two main sources; primary and secondary. Secondary sources included relevant county documents, constitution, legislations, policy documents and reports among others. The Study employed questionnaires, Focus group discussion and Interview guide as its primary data collection method. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0 was used for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques and presented in tables and figures. The study findings indicated thatM&E methods, indicated by the coefficient of effectiveness (R2) which is also evidenced by F change 109.403>p-values (0.05). This implies that this variableis significant (since the p values<0.05) and therefore should be considered as part of effectiveness of M&E systems on the performance of County Governments projects. The study concludes that there are no effective and adequate projects monitoring and evaluation methods in place for County Government Projects, which can facilitate the achievement of desired projects performance and outcomes. The study recommends that the County Government should develop a clear M&E methods for each project with clear data collection, analysis, reporting and implementation methods. This Study recommends further research to be conducted in the other Regional County Economic Blocs.
2Annotated BibliographyAkange, S. S. (2016). Impact of pot.docxtamicawaysmith
2
Annotated Bibliography
Akange, S. S. (2016). Impact of potable water availability on economic development of north Benue state (Order No. 10240266). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1834498174). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/1834498174?accountid=14872
Scope
This dissertation examines how economic development and social transformation deficiencies in Benue state, Nigeria are caused by lack of water or inadequate water supply.
Purpose
The study conducts a quantitative, non-experimental and cross-sectional research to gauge of the lack of portable water availability in Benue state and its socioeconomic development impacts thereof.
Philosophical Approach
The researcher adopted a quantitative, non-experimental and cross-sectional approach in the study because it is best suited to examine the complex relationships and correlations that exist between variables. This approach is also more practical when conducting research on rural community settings where decision-making agencies are involved.
Underlying Assumptions
One of the paper’s underlying assumption is that the lack of portable water availability is directly linked to other variables. In addition, the paper’s second assumption is that the direct link between other variables and lack of potable water availability has significant impacts on Benue’s economic development and social change.
Research
The researcher adopted survey-sampling methodology, where participants, were interviewed in lieu of the impacts of lack of potable water or its inadequacy on their economic and social development.
Limitations
The researcher indicated that paper’s limitation is the lack of political will in Benue state to implement the findings of the study. According the researcher this lack of political will undermines the implementation of policies that seek to enhance social-economic development in Benue state.
Opportunities for further inquiry
The researcher indicated that there is need for further research on other areas that have the potential to serve as great opportunities to develop and improve Benue’s subsector services.
Validity of use
This dissertation was essential as it illustrated how lack of portable water availability has impacted Benue’s economic and social development.
Madsen, T. (2014). Evaluation of a leadership program's impact on participants and civic engagement (Order No. 3640165). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1619572076). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/1619572076?accountid=14872
Scope
The dissertation explores how leadership programs have impacted the participants civic engagement in the US.
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to evaluate and address the gap in the program assessment to effectively determine how it has impacted the participant’s civic engagement.
Philosophical Approach
The researcher adopted a mixed-method approach which focuses o ...
This document provides a research proposal to analyze citizen perception of participation in governance of urban water supply systems in Bangalore, India. The study will explore how the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) allows citizen participation and the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in improving participation. It reviews literature on the importance of citizen involvement in decision making for equitable and sustainable water systems. The conceptual framework assesses current conditions, explores areas of citizen participation and ICT applications used, analyzes generated data, and proposes verifying participation through a cyclic approach to address changing urban dynamics.
This document provides a research proposal to analyze citizen perception of participation in governance of urban water supply systems in Bangalore, India. The study will explore how the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) allows citizen participation and the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in improving participation. It reviews literature on the importance of citizen involvement in decision making for equitable and sustainable water systems. The conceptual framework assesses current conditions, explores areas of citizen participation and ICT applications used, analyzes generated data, and proposes verifying participation through a cyclic approach to address changing urban dynamics.
Urban-Environmental-Equity-Project-Field-Report-1_Stakeholders_bcRachael Wilson
The document summarizes interviews conducted with Milwaukee residents as part of a study on urban river management. It finds that stakeholders can be categorized as riparian residents, businesses/investors, non-governmental organizations, and government organizations. Some interviewees expressed that inequality exists among these groups and that greater community engagement is needed in management projects. The interviews provide context to better understand perceptions of river cleanup efforts and how environmental changes impact the community.
Stakeholder Participation in Water Resource Management Drop of Lifeijtsrd
Water resources are threatened both nationally and globally due to anthropogenic activities. This puts at risk the realization of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. It is for this reason that sustainable water resource management forms part of the key global development concerns. The present study sought the participation of community as well as stakeholders in management in Kipkelion West Sub County within Kericho County in Kenya. Descriptive research design was used in this study. The study population comprised of households and water management agencies within Kipkelion West Sub County. About 394 households were randomly sampled for the study while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 10 key informants for interviews. The study area was in Kipkelion West Sub County within Kericho County in Kenya. Household questionnaires and interview guides were used in the data collection. Although the use of water resources was found to be communal in nature, the management was left in the hands of the resource owners and water other water resources management stakeholders. The main stakeholders in the water resource management in the study area were found to be the County Government of Kericho, Water Resources Authority WRA and Kericho Water and Sanitation Company KEWASCO . These stakeholders were found to be working consultatively to manage the water resources in Kipkelion West Sub County. Chepngetich Doreen | Sitienei Anne "Stakeholder Participation in Water Resource Management: Drop of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56374.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/56374/stakeholder-participation-in-water-resource-management-drop-of-life/chepngetich-doreen
What Lessons for Sustainability of Maternal Health Interventions Can Be Drawn...David Roger Walugembe
This document discusses lessons for sustainability that can be drawn from the Uganda Rural Water and
Sanitation (RUWASA) project, which was implemented from 1991-2001 in eastern Uganda. The key findings
are:
1. Latrine coverage and access to safe water increased substantially in the districts of Pallisa and Kamuli even
after the RUWASA project ended, showing its sustained impact.
2. Factors that contributed to the project's sustainability included community involvement in planning and
maintenance, community contributions towards infrastructure, and training local mechanics to conduct repairs.
3. Close involvement of communities helped build trust and secure ongoing financial and labor contributions,
fostering a sense of ownership over the water sources and
Similar to The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-migori-county (20)
Buyer supplier development is important to organizations in management of contracts by minimizing operation costs in order to increase firm performance. However, the increasing number of complaints regarding failed attempts to deliver goods and services at the right time has made it impossible for some governmental projects to be completed at the stipulated time. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of supplier buyer development on performance of contract management unit in Uasin Gishu County Government.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
The ways in which drama is used today may differ in a number of respects from the ways it has been used in the past. This study was designed to investigate the influence of instructional drama on the development of ECDE learners in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by Piaget’s Cognitive development theory and utilized a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design.
An assessment-of-the-gender-in-general-and-trousers-for-women-in-particularoircjournals
The Bible is the standard for Christianity yet the scriptures do not seem to give a normative direction in matters of dressing in general and women’s attire in particular. The main objective of this paper was to examine the Biblical teaching on dressing in general, and for women in particular. The literature review was carried out using themes drawn from the objective. The study was guided by the liberal feminism theory. This theory was used to establish if there were individual rights and equal opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Church.
School learning resources are arguably one of the
most important influencers of students’ scores in
national examinations and hence affect each
individual school’s effectiveness. It had been pointed
out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that
the province’s performance in examinations and the
quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and
inadequate. A confidential document entitled the State
of Education in Nyanza Province points out factors
such as inadequate physical facilities, as one of the
factors impacting negatively on school performance in the province. The study sought to investigate the perceived
contribution of school learning resources on students’ scores
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
This rapid assessment examines the literature on social protection to determine the gender considerations made in social protection research and the gendered areas of future research in the field. This review was conducted between May and August 2018. Electronic databases were searched to identify records that were published in English between the period of 2008 and 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were empirical and had both the search terms ‘social’ and ‘protection’ or their various combinations, appearing in the titles of the articles. Grey literature, reports and other non-academic writings were excluded as only empirical studies were eligible. Twelve studies were reviewed and synthesised. The results of this study show that social protection research makes gender considerations and most of the social protection interventions were protective, preventive or promotive measures. Future studies should therefore explore transformative social protection with respect to gender equality and partly because gendered social protection is poorly developed. This rapid review also affirms that despite criticisms, social protection continues to be valuable in addressing poverty and inequalities. However, against this backdrop it is worth noting that social protection is not a panacea and its gender considerations are necessary only to the extent that they do not exacerbate inequalities.
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The fourth schedule of the Kenyan constitution (2010) places Pre-Primary education and child care facilities under the County government. To effectively execute this role, County governments in Kenya need to put in place appropriate policy frame-work to govern this programme of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of media resources policy that affect management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and the systems theory guided this study. The study targeted 573 head-teachers, 1146 ECDE teachers and 5 ECDE officials in the county. Random sampling was used to select 521 respondents of whom, 172 were head teachers, 344 were ECDE teachers and all the 5 ECDE officials were purposely sampled. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and observation checklist. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the findings presented using frequency tables. The study found that infrastructure in the ECDE centers are of low quality and needs concerted efforts between the County Government and the National Government to improve the learning facilities as well as the physical facilities in the ECDE centers. The study established that there was a significant relationship between utilization of infrastructure, teaching and learning resources policy and the management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County ( 푥2=768.807, df=81 and sig=0.000). There should also be deliberate efforts to ensure that all ECDE centers have facilities which can be used by children with special needs or disabilities. The learning compound should be made secure for the leaners and the teachers by constructing fences around the facilities. The county government in collaboration with the national government should avail more physical infrastructure, operationalize the school feeding program in all ECDE centers.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Stakeholder analysis is component in a project design and implementation central to achievement of the goals and objectives for which projects are carried out. This study aimed at establishing the effect of stakeholder analysis on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory. The study population comprised of 19338 individuals who included employees of the county working within the road sector, personnel within various road construction agencies, contractors and community beneficiaries of the project. Stratified random sampling was then used to group individuals into two homogenous groups, one working directly with the project and the other of beneficiaries. Proportionate random sampling technique was then employed to sample 103 respondents in the first group who included Managers (4), County government employees (29), KURA (6), KenHA (6), KERRA (13) and Contractors (45). Simple random sampling was adopted to select 377 respondents from the community. Data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires for personnel working directly with the project. On the other hand research assistants facilitated focused group discussions to get views from the community stakeholders. Both descriptive and inferential statistics informed the data analysis and presentation. Descriptive statistics included; percentages, means, standard and deviation. Inferential statistics was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple ordinal regression equation analysis. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0) software helped in data analysis. The study found out that stakeholder analysis had significant effect on performance of road construction projects (β3=0.203, P <0.05) on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet. The study recommends county Government should develop blueprints to guide road contractors in road project activities. Hence establish a favourable environment for implementations of road projects.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Building information-modeling-and-construction-projects-performance-the-effec...oircjournals
In most of the construction projects, there is always an element of running into delays in project completion time, costs overruns from variations and associated time overruns, lack of satisfying client requirements, clashes on site during construction – just to mention a few. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is being used to solve most of these challenges that pose such risks to a project. The study looked the effect of scheduling on performance of project constructions in Uasin Gishu County. The study targeted a population of 197 respondents who constitute of Technical staff and Non - technical staff. The study used census research design. Questionnaires were used to collect information from respondents. In order to ascertain reliability of the research instruments, the researcher piloted the instruments by distributing 30 questionnaires to respondents from Uasin Gishu County Government selected randomly from the various sections, which were not be part of the county to be sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, means, standard deviation and frequency distribution. Inferential statistics used was correlation and linear regression. The study found out that there was a significant and positive effect of project scheduling on construction projects performance Uasin Gishu County Government (β=0.198; p<0.05). The study concluded that proper project scheduling leads to an increased project performance risk management plays an important role in project management because without it project managers cannot define their objectives for future and project monitoring plays a vital role in project manager’s decision making processes since it helps project managers and their teams to foresee potential risks and obstacles that if left unaddressed could derail the project. The study recommends that the County Government should continue with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated to projects from interception until closure.
Majority of SMEs collapse because they operate in business environment which is highly turbulent characterized by external factors as well as internal business factors. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of effect of product creation strategy on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret town. The study was guided by Balanced Scorecard Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 2,391 registered SMEs according to Uasin Gishu County government records and accessible population was 1764 respondents. The sample size for the respondents was therefore be 315. The study used questionnaires as the main tool for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by using the excel program and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard derivation and inferential statistics which include correlation and multiple regressions. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The study findings a positive and significant effect of product creation strategy on small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town (β=0.476, p<0.05). The study will be of benefit to management of medium enterprises and other organizations in understanding the challenges they would encounter when implementing various strategies and be able to come up with better ways of dealing with these challenges so as to be successful in their strategies. The study would be of importance to future researchers and scholars since it would be a source of material for their research and would also help them in identifying the research gaps they need to fill.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
There has been growing concerns about the fact that African media has failed to commit itself to ensuring that the gender question becomes a standard of measure for press freedom and access to information on the continent. The use of the female body as a mere decoration or as an attention-getting device diminishes women's self-esteem and ignores other aspects of women's personality, their human potential and contributions to economic empowerment for development. Women are underrepresented in political, social and economic reporting; this results in limiting the freedom of expression caused by self-censorship by a male dominated industry. It is a cause of concern on the portrayal of women in household-related roles, mostly in advertisements for household products, particularly because of the repetitiousness of the housewife image. The media does not fully recognize the dynamism that women display in the economic, cultural and social lives of their communities through their associations and informal networks channeled into creating new models of participation and leadership. This paper therefore explores the need for positive women access and use of the media for economic empowerment in Africa; it examines the challenges facing the portrayal of women in the media and makes recommendations on how increase women's representation in decision-making structures in media houses and develop structures and frameworks for gender mainstreaming based on laws and policies for sustained economic empowerment of women. This paper explores secondary data from text books, and journals to conclude that, without meaningful commitment in the form of policy changes and the provision of resources to address women conditions and involvement in the media representation; Africa cannot hope to see a breakthrough in its development and renewal. It recommends that, greater awareness and supportive environment needs to be enhanced by the media for women to be more self-reflective and have a greater awareness of their own weaknesses, challenges, strengths and opportunities. Women should be exposed to more in-depth training and development to gain not only knowledge and skills but also wisdom in order to be authentic leaders with integrity. Also, there should be is an urgent need to increase the knowledge and ability of mass media professionals to create more awareness on gender issues.
With banks being the major avenue that the CBK relies on to execute monetary policy, the paper
sought to investigate whether commercial banks are actually responsive to monetary policy.
The study used an Error Correctional Model to estimate a relationship where lending rates were
treated as the dependent variable while the independent variables were monetary policy,
specifically CBR. The model was also expanded to include additional independent variables
specifically monetary policy transmission channels. These include the credit channel which is
represented by credit to the private sector, exchange rate channel represented as nominal
exchange rate and asset price channel. For consistency, inflation and economic growth were
included in the model because these are the targets of monetary policy.The study findings
showed that there was a long run relationship between lending rates and Central Bank Rate,
Exchange Rates, Asset Price, Credit to the Private Sector, Economic growth and Inflation Rates.
The results also indicated that CBRand Inflation cause lending rates to increase in the short run
while credit to the private sector causes lending rates to decrease in the short run. A statistically
significant relationship was also established between lending rates and CBR, credit to the
private sector. The study concludes that commercial banks’ lending rates are indeed positively
responsive to CBR and that in order to spur economic growth; commercial banks’ lending rates
should be stabilized by streamlining the economic environment in which commercial banks
operate, therefore ensuring stable rates of borrowing.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
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Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation on Water
Project Performance in Migori County, Kenya.
Anne Cynthia Minyiri & Muchelule Yusuf
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
Abstract
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was
evidenced that people lack proper services
because systems fail, often because not enough
resources are invested to appropriately build
and maintain them, and also because of the
stress that the fast growing population places
on the existing infrastructure. According to
Migori county report card in 2016, it was
established that there was lack of continuity in
water projects commenced and that
construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of
community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined
influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project
performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change,
System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The
target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in
Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula
of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring
and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study
concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear
documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government
should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of
sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and
sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Introduction
Water projects performance at the grassroots has
been due to the strategies integrated before the
projects are completed such as: Effective
mobilization of stakeholders through sensitization
and training to achieve ownership; Collaboration
with various stakeholders (the government, local
leaders, politicians and the target communities) in
the project sites that ensures actual implementation
of projects and continuity of those projects;
Application of appropriate technologies;
Management skill that empower community to
handle projects; Environmental impact
considerations into a project; Sensitivity to socio-
cultural factors; Capacity building for and Effective
monitoring and evaluation. Other factors include
effective networking with all stakeholders.
UNDP defines a community as a group of people
living in a geographical defined area, or a group that
interacts because of common social, economic, or
political interests. Midgley, (1986), shares a similar
view as he defines a community in terms of
geographic locality, of shared interests and needs, or
in terms of deprivation and disadvantage. Therefore,
the operational definition of community adopted in
the present study is as per the definition of UNDP.
Brager, Specht, and Torczyner (2001) defined
participation as a means to educate citizens and to
increase their competence. Armitage (2003)
indicated that citizen participation as a process by
which citizens act in response to public concerns,
voice their opinions about decisions that affect them,
and take responsibility for changes to their
community, their support, he pointed out is key for
the performance of water projects. Therefore, this
study defined participation as a vehicle for
influencing decisions that affect the lives of citizens
and an avenue for ensuring success of a project.
According to Oakley and Marsden (2007)
community support brings together individuals and
ARTICLE INFO
Received 1st October, 2018
Received in Revised Form 29th October, 2018
Accepted 1st November, 2018
Published online 2nd November 2018
Key words: Monitoring Intensity, procurement
performance, Contract Management
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families who assume responsibility for their own
welfare and develop a capacity to contribute to their
own and the community’s projects. In the context of
project, community participation refers to an active
process whereby beneficiaries influence the
direction and execution of projects rather than
merely receive a share of project benefits. In their
support, the community participates in the projects
and therefore saves the projects resources which can
later be channeled to produce more benefits to the
project. As noted therefore by Chappel, (2005),
through their participation the community shares
project costs that is money or labour during the
project’s implementation or operational stages. This
save the project money and can therefore contribute
to ensuring performance.
A project is considered success when
implementation facilitates community
empowerment that is assessed on factors such:
Whether communities are participating in decision
making, accountability has been enhanced,
organizational capacity has been enhanced at the
community level, operation and maintenance
arrangements are in place, communities are
accessing information to make informed decisions.
(Mwakila, 2008). Hence, project staff, the
community, and other resources are engaged to
achieve a successful outcome, (Barron and Barron,
2013). It also true that community participation in
project implementation influences performance in
several ways: it helps keep the project relevant and
adapted to a changing situation; it makes use of a
wider range of resources, skills and expertise and
acknowledges and supports local capacities and
expertise.
Worldwide over 1.2 billion people lack access to
safe drinking water (World Bank2010), hence
providing access to clean, affordable and accessible
water is therefore a top priority. Leaders at United
Nations Millennium Summit in the year 2000
committed to Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs); one of them being to have the proportion
of people without access to safe drinking water and
sanitation by 2015. While worldwide access to clean
drinking water has progressed enough to reach the
MDG target, 780 million people remain without
access to clean drinking water. Only 61% of the
population in Sub-Saharan Africa has access to
improved water supply sources. People lack proper
services because systems fail, often because not
enough resources are invested to appropriately build
and maintain them, and also because of the stress
that the fast growing population places on the
existing infrastructure (World Bank, 2010).
Therefore, this research study sought to specifically
unearth some of the direct impacts on water projects
with the involvement of the community participation
in Migori County.
Lack of universal access to safe water and sanitation
results in over a million preventable deaths each
year. Nearly 10% of the total burden of disease
worldwide is attributable to unsafe water, sanitation,
and hygiene and the associated diseases claim 3.6
million lives annually (Pruss-Ustun et al., 2008).
Access to improved water and sanitation is
important because it is the foundation for healthy
communities, and results in significant health,
economic, and social gains (Mihelcic etal 2003) and
in both the water and sanitation sectors, there is
critical need for performance. Research by Pruss-
Ustun et al., (2008) and Mihelcic et al., (2003)
emphasized on the negative effects of lack of access
to clean water. However, they did not mention how
community participation on water implementation
projects could result to proper performance which in
the long run would translate to proper health and
universal access to water which the present study
sought to find out in Migori County.
The African continent faces the most difficult
challenge for achieving the water and sanitation
MDG targets. Recent projections show that Sub-
Saharan Africa would only reach the MDG targets
for water services by 2040, and those for sanitation
by 2076 (United Nations Development Program
(UNDP), 2006) if the current pace of expansion is
not increased. Increasing efficiency in the existing
systems for example by reinforcing adequate
management skill plans, advance technology,
structured communication system, monitoring and
evaluation. Community participation investments
would unlock the potential in the African water
sector. In the 1990s, many governments sought to
implement policy, regulatory and institutional
reforms of urban water supply and sanitation (WSS)
services, in order to improve water services
provision. By then reforms were badly needed:
millions of people lacked access to piped water and
sanitation services; and for millions of others,
services were often poor. Deteriorated
infrastructure, fast urban growth, and large
investment needs coexisted with scarce fiscal
resources. Water sector reforms emphasize the need
for consumers’ access to efficient, adequate,
affordable and sustainable services. Many African
governments have therefore in the past two decades
reformed their WSS systems so as to provide better
services to their citizens. However, there is no
specific report and evidence that Migori County has
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implemented hundred percent the 1990 policy
including involving the community in water projects
of which necessitated this study.
A closer look at Kenya’s water projects leaves no
doubt that performance is a challenge. This is
evident in most of the water projects that have been
undertaken over time with little impact despite the
resources used. For example, Thematic Group
(2005) finds out that, among 24 million rural
dwellers in Kenya about 10 million have access to
an improved water supply. The study further reveals
that most of them are inactive yet the Government
has continued to establish numerous new water
projects, while giving little regard to rehabilitating
existing non-functional ones. From the study by
Thematic Group (2005), it is true to drive that most
of the project implementers does not consult or
conduct public participation where the citizens
would mention the need of reviving already existing
but inactive water projects. The study sought to
establish if in Migori County, the public are
involved so that water projects are prioritized to
minimize dummy activities.
Kenya, a sub-Saharan African nation with statistics
that mirror the UNEP baseline, is among the water
scarce countries in the world. Unsurprisingly, water
heavily impacts major sectors of Kenya’s economy
(World bank, 2004). Lack of adequate quality water
is therefore a significant obstacle to development
(World Resources Institute, 2007). Increased
investment in water supply development in the last
decade by both Government and development
partners has not resulted in the desired levels of
anticipated service. In spite of efforts to increase
access, many water supplies completed have either
stopped operating or are not operating optimally.
Many of the dysfunctional water sources are
operated and managed by county government. This
is the situation at Migori County which possess
question of performance as most of the water
projects do not operate to full potential and some
have broken down and not rehabilitated. This needed
the current survey in Migori County.
Effective management skill by competent project
managers play a number of different roles in water
projects. According to Mbata (2006) the
performance of any projects require a team of highly
competent managers owing to many dynamics of the
project implementation. The failure of project is
largely blamed on lack of professionalism and
management skills of the project implementers
owing to poor academic background. In order to
establish good rapport leaders, need time, resources
and authority to invest in a project. Flexibility is
critical in the way leaders interpret their own and
others' roles and in the activities they and the
projects undertake (Carter et al. 1999). The latter
findings by Mbata (2006) and (Carter et al. 1999) is
in line with the current study to reveal if the project
implementers at Migori County are the ones who
lack the required management skills.
Adoption of technology is key in performance of
water projects as it eases operations and
maintenance. The effective operation and
maintenance is crucial element for the performance
of the water project. Management of water project
on operation and maintenance is not successful, if
financing resources are not available and frequent
supports are not provided (Binder, 2008). Budgeting
sufficient funding for water supply systems is an
important issue for performance and proper
maintenance but not only one (Niyi et.al, 2007).
However, it is not clear whether water projects in
Migori County have often received sufficient
funding which can therefore afford the
recommended technology to enable continuous
performance of these project which this study sought
to find out.
Migori County is a county in the former Nyanza
Province of southwestern Kenya. The county has
two main service providers, Migori Water Company
and Nyasare water and Sanitation Company. The
companies suffer from operational inefficiencies
including high non-revenue water levels, estimated
at 65%. In addition, only 57.5% of households use
improved sanitation. Netwas International (2009)
notes that provision of water and sanitation services
through projects is one thing and maintaining the
services is quite another. Evaluations and
assessments done a few years after commissioning
of various WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene)
projects in developing countries, come with the
dismal report that the project is dead, or it is
performing far below the par.
Despite the Migori county government effort of
setting an ambitious target to provide access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation facilities to her
people in line with MDGs. However, the county still
faces considerable challenges in reaching the water
and sanitation Millennium Development Goals
(USAID/Kenya). According to report, access to safe
water supplies throughout Kenya is 59% with access
in rural areas remaining as low as 47%. Despite this
challenge July 3, 2014 Lake Victoria Water Service
Board (LVWSB) handed over a Sh1.2 billion water
project to the region’s water provider, (MIWASCO),
through the County Government. The project which
serves 200,000 residents draws water from river
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Oyani to a treatment plant at Magongo hill in Uriri
constituency. The plant has a capacity of producing
2 million liters of clean water daily, the project was
jointly funded by the African Development Bank
and the national government.
Statement of the Problem
Project managers are always looking forward to
seeing projects perform well. This involves finishing
the project on time, within budget, meeting end
product specifications, meeting customer needs and
meeting management objectives (Cooke-Davies,
2002). However, this has not been the case in
Kenyan water projects where there has been
continuous time overrun, budget overrun, unmet end
product specifications, unmet customer needs and
unmet management objectives (Auditor general’s
report, 2008) of which the high failure rate in
projects was suggested to be due to failure to involve
key stakeholders in project activities. Many
development projects Migori County incluaded have
not survived beyond the exit of donors despite huge
amounts of money spent on implementation of the
projects. Poor performance of water projects
therefore deprives beneficiaries returns expected
from these investments. In Kenya, investments in
water and sanitation projects are huge. For instance,
the total development expenditure on water supplies
and related services increased from KShs 20.5
billion in 2012/13 to KShs 44.5 billion in 2013/14
financial year (KNBS, 2014). Admassu et.al, (2002)
noted that genuine involvement of local people as
active participants and equal partners whose
concerns and experience are intrinsic to the project's
success. The level of community participation
determines whether a project becomes established,
how quickly and successfully it consolidates, and
how it responds and adapts to meet changing needs
(USAID, 2009). It is therefore important that
involving local communities, starts at the planning
stage, when decisions are being made about what
type of project is required. However, this has not
been the case in most water projects in Kenya and
specifically in Migori County where only the elite in
the community are involved in planning and
implementation and running of such projects.
Technologies have threatened survival of many
water projects. These include lack of essential
equipment like water pump to ensure that water is
pumped to reach all the community members. With
this problem, community members still have to walk
for long distances to look for water undermining the
reason for such water projects and thus threatens
performance of water projects. This research study
therefore sought to assess the extent to which
technology is a challenge in implementing water
projects in Migori County.
Research Objective
The main objective of this study was to the influence
of monitoring and evaluation on water project
performance in Migori County.
Research Hypothesis
H02 Monitoring and evaluation is no significant
relationship with water project
performance in Migori County.
Literature Review
Theory of Change
The theory popularized by Carol Weiss in 1995,
conjectures that a key motivation behind why
complex projects are so hard to assess is that the
presumptions that rouse them are ineffectively
enunciated. Hypothesis of Change clarifies the
procedure of progress by sketching out causal
linkages in an activity, i.e., its shorter-term, middle
of the road, and longer-term results. The
distinguished changes are mapped as the "outcomes
pathway" demonstrating every result in intelligent
relationship to all the others, and additionally
sequential stream. Monitoring and evaluation is
concerned with assessing how change occurs within
the components of the project and the surrounding
environment, which was considered as a result of the
interventions from the project. A theory of change is
a model that explains how an intervention is
expected to lead to intended or observed impacts and
utility.
Using the theory of change the M&E practices can
be regarded as inputs whose outcome will be visible
in more effective M&E system. The theory of
change can indicate which aspects of
implementation need to be checked for quality, to
help distinguish between implementation failure and
theory failure. It also provides a basis for identifying
where along the impact pathway (or causal chain) an
intervention may stop working. This type of
information is essential to draw a causal link
between any documented outcomes or impacts and
the intervention. It is also essential to explain and
interpret the meaning and implications of impact
evaluation findings. Further, if a participatory
approach is taken, the development of the theory of
change can help all participants think in outcome
terms facilitating surveillance. The process can help
develop ownership and a common understanding of
the program’s planning and coordination and what
is needed for it to be effective (Ika, 2009). Theory of
Change is integrated into the cycle project planning,
monitoring, and monitoring or applied at different
points. These include the pre-planning stages of
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scoping and strategic analysis, design and planning,
and throughout implementation. It can be used to
support different project cycle activities, such as
implementation decision-making and adaptation; to
clarify the drivers, internal and external, around an
existing initiative; monitor progress and assess the
impact projects. A theory of social change is one
small contribution to a larger body of theorizing, it
can be regarded as an observational map to help
practitioners, whether field practitioners or donor or
even beneficiaries to read and thus navigate
processes of social change. There is need to
recognize how change processes shape the situation
and adjust practice appropriately (Reeler, 2007).
It is important that due diligence in a project set up
is adhered to regarding carrying out of M&E
practices, whether in planning and coordination,
capacity building, data demand and use or even in
research and surveillance and that this should be
done ethically with a view of mitigating likely
adversity that may accrue if is omitted. Further
M&E reports should meet the requisite ethical
standards to be accommodated. The theory of social
change and it advocated for combining theory and
action to create social change through the requisite
capacity building initiatives as well as engagement
in appropriate planning and coordination. It aims at
addressing the issue of how development projects
did not lead to sustainable changes and this is
particularly relevant to the agriculture sector
because of failure to meet targets a likely pointer to
capacity inadequacy, poor planning and
accountability and low incomes derived from the
production units (Campbell, 2014).
As to why economic growth should lead to rich
nations getting richer is an issue that requires to be
addressed and raises ethical questions since
implementation of projects is supposed to be an
empowering process and M&E application should
be able to identify loopholes in existence.
Involvement of communities in community projects
is not an arbitrary occurrence but is anchored on
anticipated gains for the target communities. In
Kenya currently there has been a propensity to
involve target groups in project work right from
initiation, formulation, implementation, M&E up to
project closure. This approach is in stark contrast to
what was hitherto practiced before 1980s when the
government was solely responsible for initiating and
implementing development to the people the unlike
the position taken by leading social change theorists
such as Paulo (1973) who advocated that it was
necessary to empower people to participate in their
own development.
Critics suggest Freire’s ideas have been used to rime
the agendas of power in international development
agencies rather than communities (Campbell, 2014).
As the theory of change process enhances the
understanding of stakes and stakeholders, this will
assist in thinking through the utilization of the M&E
data and lessons and increase the consequence
awareness. Monitoring involves tracking progress
against plans, milestones and expected results while
theory of change takes a broader perspective looking
at the problem the project is addressing, its wider
context and changes in the relationships between the
process indicators and outcomes that are unintended
to prove if they are valid, revisiting the assumptions
that have been made at the beginning during project
implementation is importance. Theory of change is
helpful to not only measure outcomes but also to
understand the role of your project and other factors
in contributing to performance. The main objective
of this theory is checking if project monitoring and
evaluation is contributing to the intended change as
per the underlying theory of change and if the theory
of change needs to be revised in order to align by
organizational techniques to achieve its performance
(Hinchcliffe et al., 1996).
Conceptual Framework
The study was based on a conceptual framework
showing the relationship between the dependent
variable and independent variable.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework
Monitoring and Evaluation in Water Project
Performance
Monitoring and evaluation have been in existence
since the ancient times (Kusek and Rist, 2004),
however today, the requirements for M&E as a
management tool to show performance has grown
with demand by stakeholders for accountability and
transparency through the application of the
monitoring and evaluation (Gorgens et al., 2010).
Development banks and bilateral aid agencies also
Project Performance
Time
Cost
Quality
Scope
Monitoring and evaluation
Progress reports
Change control
Evaluation of indicators
Documentation
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regularly apply M&E to measure development
effectiveness as well as demonstrate transparency
(Briceno, 2010). Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)
are important management tools used to track
progress of a project and facilitate decision making,
(Sera & Beaudry, 2007).
United Nations Development Programme (2002)
defines monitoring as a continuing function that
aims primarily to provide the management and
stakeholders of an ongoing intervention with early
indications of progress. Shapiro (2002) defines
monitoring as the systematic collection and analysis
of information as a project progresses. Monitoring
has also been described by International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2011) as
the routine collection and analysis of information to
track progress against set plans and check
compliance to established standards. Evaluation on
the other hand has been defined as the systematic
and objective assessment of an on-going or
completed project, program, or policy, and its
design, implementation and results, with the aim of
determining the relevance and fulfillment of
objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and
performance, (International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies, 2011).
A project that has evolved through participatory
processes of identification, planning and
implementation should of necessity be appraised in
the same spirit with the key stakeholders
maintaining a key role throughout the process,
(Barasa & Jelagat, 2013). Participatory M&E is a
process through which stakeholders at various levels
engage in monitoring or evaluating a particular
project, program or policy, share control over the
content, the process and the results of M&E activity
and engage in taking or identifying corrective
actions, (Philip et al., 2008). Conventionally, M&E
has involved outside experts coming in to measure
performance against pre-set indicators, using
standardized procedures and tools. In contrast,
participatory M&E focuses on the active
engagement of primary stakeholders, (World Bank,
2010). Stakeholders and community’s
representatives therefore participate jointly in
drawing up the terms of reference for M&E. The
process ensures local ownership and commitment
not only to the exercise and its outcome but more
importantly, to the future of the programme
evolution, (Barasa & Jelagat, 2013).
According to the World Bank (2010), community
participation in M&E is critical in project
performance given that it offers new ways of
assessing and learning from change that are more
inclusive and more responsive to the needs and
aspirations of those most directly affected; is geared
towards not only measuring the effectiveness of a
project, but also towards building ownership,
empowering beneficiaries, building accountability
and transparency and taking corrective actions to
improve performance and outcomes. Participation in
M&E has much less meaning if population members
and local stakeholders have not been involved much
earlier in the project cycle, (ALNAP, 2009).
In an evaluation of community development projects
funded by the Agha Khan Rural Support Programme
in Northern Pakistan, Khwaja (2003) found that
community managed projects were better
maintained than projects managed by the local
government. Khawaja’s (2003) study suggests that
since community managed projects are better
maintained, they are also more sustainable than
those managed by local governments. Narayan
(1993) analyzed lessons from 121 rural water-supply
projects funded by different agencies in 49
developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. He found that participation was the most
significant factor contributing to project
sustainability. Most of the projects referred to
community participation or made it a specific
project component. It was when people were
involved in decision-making during all stages of the
project, from design to maintenance that the best
results occurred. If they were just involved in
information sharing and consultations, then results
were much poorer.
Monitoring use separate tools and approaches, some
of which are either complementary or substitute to
each other while others are either broad or narrow
(World Bank, 2008). Monitoring system tools
include performance indicators, logical framework
approach, and theory-based monitoring, set surveys,
rapid appraisal methods, and participatory methods,
public expenditure tracking surveys, impact
monitoring, cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness
analysis. The selection of these tools, however,
depend on the information needed, stakeholders and
the cost involved (World Bank, 2012). There are
also two foremost methods of data collection which
are regular and less formal methods (Nabris, 2002).
Regular methods although costly, they have a high
degree of reliability and validity and include
surveys, participatory observations, and direct
measurements among others. Less regular methods
which are as well rich in information are subjective
and intuitive, hence less precise in conclusion. They
include, among others, field visits, and unstructured
interviews.
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To increase the effectiveness of a Monitoring
system, the monitoring plan and design need to be
prepared as a constituent part of the project (Nabris,
2002). Evaluation is the comparison of actual project
impacts against the agreed strategic plans. It looks at
what was set out to be done, what was accomplished,
and how it was accomplished. It can be formative;
taking place during the life of a project or
organization, with the intention of improving the
strategy or way of functioning of the project or
organization. It can also be summative; drawing
learning from a completed project or an organization
that is no longer functioning, (Shapiro, 2002).
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are essential
components of results based management (Rist,
Boily & Martin, 2011). Results-based management
involves deliberately gathering empirical evidence
in order to know the extent to which intended results
are being achieved so that modifications to the
design and delivery of activities can be made to
improve and account for performance in achieving
intended outcome.
Furthermore, organizations successfully adopting
RBM will need to have appropriate systems and
procedures in place that collectively constitute an
RBM regime (Mayne, 2007). There is a constant
demand for training in monitoring and evaluation for
both project staff and partners in projects (Gosling
& Edwards, 2003). Monitoring and evaluation
carried out by untrained and inexperienced people is
bound to be time consuming, costly and the results
generated could be impractical and irrelevant.
Therefore, this will definitely impact the projects
(Nabris, 2002) Skills for numeracy, literacy,
interviewing and monitoring in qualitative and
quantitative methods, for management information
systems are necessary for participatory monitoring
and evaluation (Adan, 2012).
Team members need to be trained not only on
collecting descriptive information about a project,
but also on using something called “values” to
determine what information and to draw explicitly
evaluation inferences from the data, that is
inferences that say something about the quality,
value or importance of something (Davidson, 2004).
Players in the field of project management like
project and program managers, M and E officers,
project staff and external evaluators will require
specialized training not just in project management
and M and E; but specifically in areas like
Participatory monitoring and evaluation and results
based monitoring and evaluation (Murunga, 2011).
The increased level of emphasis given to project
outcomes as opposed to activities and output, has
also brought some major changes in the focus,
approach and application of monitoring and
evaluation systems whereby as focus of
management changes from activities to results,
focus of M&E also changes from the traditional
M&E system, which focuses on assessing inputs and
implementation process (progress monitoring) to
results-based M&E system, which emphasizes
assessment of the contributions of interventions to
development outcomes (Gebremedhin et al., 2010).
Building and sustaining a result based monitoring
and evaluation system is admittedly not an easy task
for it requires continuous commitment, champions,
time, effort, and resources. In addition, it may take
several attempts before the system can be tailored to
suit a given governmental or organizational policy,
program, or project; but it is doable (Kusek, 2004).
According to an IFAD (2008) annual report on
results and impact, recurrent criticisms against M&E
systems include: limited scope, complexity, low data
quality, inadequate resources, weak institutional
capacity, lack of baseline surveys and lack of use.
Moreover, the most frequent criticism of M&E
systems in IFAD projects relates to the type of
information included in the system. Most of the
IFAD projects collect and process information on
the project activities. However, the average IFAD
project did not provide information on results
achieved at the purpose or impact level. AUSAID
(2000) report, indicates that feedback during project
implementation from local project staff and the
opportunity for beneficiaries to influence
appropriate revisions to project activities
contributed to the quality of monitoring information
in projects. Additionally, to improve performance
information good baseline data combined with
ongoing consultation with beneficiaries provides a
firm basis upon which to make judgments about
appropriate and timely interventions, and later about
the achievement of major development objectives.
Baseline data and needs assessments provide the
information you need against which to assess
improvements caused by project implementation
over time thus in order to evaluate the impact your
project has on the lives of beneficiaries, you have to
be familiar with the situation of the beneficiaries
before project implementation (Hunter, 2009).
Monitoring and evaluation when carried out
correctly and at the right time and place are two of
the most important aspects of ensuring the success
of many projects. Unfortunately, these two although
known to many project developers tend to be given
little priority and as a result they are done simply for
the sake of fulfilling the requirements of most
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funding agencies without the intention of using them
as a mechanism of ensuring the success of the
projects.
Research Methodology
Research Design
The study adopted descriptive survey design.
According to Mugenda (2009), descriptive survey
design involves process of describing the situation
the way it is with the aim of collecting data to answer
questions concerning the current status of the
subjects in the study. The study was also cross-
sectional in that data was collected across several
projects at one point in time in order to determine
the relationship among the study variables.
Study Population
A population is a group of individuals, objects or
items from which samples are taken for
measurement (Cooper, Robinson & Patall, 2006).
Schindler (2008) observe that a population is the
total collection of elements about which one wants
to make inferences. The study targeted a population
of 228 respondents who constituted of stakeholders
that is the community that benefit from water service
and the water service company staffs in Migori
County.
Sampling Frame
The sampling frame describes the list of all
population units from which the sample will selected
(Cooper & Schindler, 2003). It is a physical
representation of the target population and
comprises all the units that are potential members of
a sample (Kothari, 2008). For this study, the sample
frame working on water service projects in Migori
County. The sample frame of the present study
included directors, managers, administrators,
accountants, supervisors, junior staffs and
stakeholders as illustrated in table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Target population
Categories Target
Director 2
Manager 2
Administrators 4
Accountants 6
Supervisors 10
Subordinates 37
Stakeholder 167
Total 228
Source (Migori County, 2018)
Sample and Sampling Technique
A sample is the representative part of the total
population chosen for analysis during a research
(Bryman & Bell, 2007). The importance of the
sampling process is crucial. The characteristic of the
interest sample of the population are Migori County
employees and stakeholder involved in the water
projects. Hence the sample size is purposively and
conveniently distributed among the sample frame as
shown in table 3.1, based upon those who are
directly or indirectly involved in projects and have
expertise in that field. From the sample frame,
stratified random sampling method was used to
collect the data from 145 respondents who formed
the sample Size. The sample from each category was
then chosen using the formula explained in 3.4.1.
Sample Size Determination
(Yamane, 1967) provides a simplified formula to
calculate sample sizes. This formula will be used to
calculate the sample sizes. A 95% confidence level
and P =0.5 are assumed for the equation. Where n is
the sample size, N is the population size, and e is the
level of precision. The sample size was calculate.ed
at 95% confidence level, an alpha level of 0.05
which is margin of error of ±5% and 0.5 as the
standard deviation which shows how much variance
the research expects in as responses.
n= ……. Equation 3.1
frame.
n= the sample size.
e= the error of 5%
N=population
n= 228
1+ (288*0.05)2
145 sample size
Data collection Instruments
Data was collected from both primary and secondary
sources. The main primary source was from
questionnaires which was administered to the
respondents. The questionnaire in the study was
designed to include both structured and unstructured
questions. This ease analysis of data collected as
well as permitting a greater response (Mugenda
2009).
Data Collection Procedure
Primary data was collected through administration
of questionnaires to project managers and project
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team members that were involved in each of the
identified projects. For each project, project team
members comprised of consultants, contractors and
WSP representatives. Data collection instruments
were administered through a drop and pick later
approach. For each questionnaire, there was an
introduction letter explaining the purpose of the
study and assuring the respondent about
confidentiality of data collected.
Pilot Test
A pilot study was conducted a questionnaire was
given to just a few people with an intention of pre-
testing the questions. Pilot test is an activity that
assists the research in determining if there are flaws,
limitations, or other weaknesses, challenges that the
respondent will face. The study will use 29
questionnaires for the pre-test for this study which
represents 10% of target population.
Instruments Reliability Test
The researcher took the following steps to ensure
reliability: the questionnaire items were developed
following the objectives of the study, the
questionnaire items were written in simple language
to facilitate respondents’ understanding
(comprehension), the items in the questionnaire
were worded clearly, a pre-test was carried out on
respondents with the same attributes, but who are
not included in the main research. This was done to
identify ambiguity in the wording, sensitive
questions, or as well as wrongly placed questions
with the aim of revising the questionnaire.
Cronbach's alpha reliability statistics was also used
to test the response rate as follows;
Instruments Validity
Validity of the research and research instrument was
ensured by means of the following: a literature
review conducted to find relevant questions for the
questionnaire items, the sample size being large
enough to be representative of the phenomenon
under study and finally, a special attempt was made
to ensure similarity between research questions,
objectives, investigation, findings and
recommendations. Further validity test was done
using SPSS version 21.0. All the variables were
keyed into the variable view of the SPSS software.
Then the Likert scale helped to key the data in the
data view. After which analysis was done using the
bivariate tool. In interpreting the data, every
questionnaire item that had significance level (Sig.
2-tailed) of 0.000<0.05 was considered valid and
thus all the questionnaire items were tested and
interpreted as valid.
Data Processing and Analysis
This study used descriptive statistics to analyze
quantitative data. Descriptive statistics involves the
collection, organization and analysis of all data
relating to some population or sample under study.
Data was checked for completeness, accuracy, errors
in responses, omissions and other inconsistencies.
The data was then coded using numerals in order to
put them in limited number of categories. The data
was analyzed using the SPSS (version 21.0) as it was
more user friendly and most appropriate for analysis
of Management related attitudinal responses (Martin
& Acuna, 2002) and then presented in the report in
the form of tables and graphical presentations.
Tables and other graphical presentations as
appropriate were used to present the data collected
for ease of understanding and analysis. Tables were
used to summarize responses for further analysis and
facilitate comparison. This generated quantitative
reports through tabulations, percentages, and
measure of central tendency.
Research Findings and Discussions
Response Rate
Response rate is the quantity of individuals with
whom semi-structured questionnaires were
appropriately finished partitioned by the aggregate
number of individuals in the whole sample (Reddy
& Nekkanti, 2016). Out of 167 research instruments
issued to respondents, 145 were returned for analysis
when completely filled and this accounted for a
response rate of 86.8%. According to Mugenda &
Mugenda (2003) a response rate of 70% and above
is acceptable and therefore, a response rate of 86.8%
was satisfactory for data analysis as shown in Table
4.1.
Table 4.1 Response Rate
Category Frequency Percentage
Administered 167 100.0
Returned 145 86.8
Reliability Test Results
Reliability is the ability of a research instrument to
consistently measure characteristics of interest over
time (Beery, 2013). It is concerned with consistency,
dependability or stability of a test. Reliability
analysis was done using Cronbach’s Alpha
coefficient to measure the internal consistency of the
research questionnaire. The results are shown in
Table 4.2 which revealed that all variables had
Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients greater than 0.7. This
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implies that the research instrument used for data
collection was reliable. The rule of George and
Mallery (2003) has been used in interpreting the
results, that is, > .9 (Excellent), > .8 (Good), > .7
(Acceptable), > .6 (Questionable), > .5(Poor), and <
.5 (Unacceptable). As per table 2, Cronbach’s Alpha
is 0.667≈ 0.7 thus interpreted as Acceptable. It is
therefore true to conclude that the data collection
instruments were reliable and thus enabled
achievement of the study objectives.
Table 4.2 Reliability Test of the Research Questionnaire
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
Monitoring and evaluation .988 4
Project Performance .966 4
Demographic characteristics of the Respondents
The background information outlined in this part
relates to the respondents’ gender, level of
education, age bracket, and number of years the
respondents had operated in the current farm, farm
ownership and position of respondents in the
irrigation project.
Distribution of Respondents by Gender
The study examined on the distribution of
respondents by their gender and analysis results are
as shown in Table 4.3. The study findings indicated
that majority of respondents who participated in the
study were male 85(58.6%) while female were 60
(41.4%). This gives implication that the study
considered both genders in obtaining information
concerning the influence of community participation
on water project performance in Migori County to
ensure that there was no biasness. The study also
gives an implication that majority of male
participated in this study.
Table 4.3 Distribution of Respondents by Gender
Frequency Percent
Male 85 58.6
Female 60 41.4
Total 145 100
Distribution of Respondents by Level of
Education
The study examined the distribution of respondents
by their level of education and the results of analysis
are shown in Table 4.4. The study also considered
education level of the respondents where majority of
them had certificate 89(61.4%). It was followed by
those with high school certificate representing
38(26.2%), those with bachelor’s degree were
10(6.9%), those with master’s degree were only
5(2.1%) and lastly those with diploma certificate at
2.1%. This gives an implication that the study
obtained information from respondents across all
education levels. It also revealed that respondents
who participated in the study had formal education
and they were able to give accurate information
concerning the influence of community participation
on water project performance in Migori County.
Table 4.4 Distribution of Respondents by Level of Education
Frequency Percent
High School 38 26.2
Certificate 89 61.4
Diploma 3 2.1
Bachelor’s degree 10 6.9
Master’s degree 5 3.4
Total 145 100
Distribution of Respondents by Age
The study examined the distribution of respondents
in regards to their age bracket. The results of
analysis are shown in Table 4.5.The study findings
on age bracket indicated that respondents who had
below 25 years were 15(10.3%), those with 25-34
years were 67(46.2), respondents with 35-44 years
were 46(31.7%) and those with 45 years and above
were 17(11.7%). Therefore, the study considered all
age brackets that are associated with water project
performance in Migori County. . It shows that most
farmers are in the youth age bracket that majorly
influences community participation on water project
performance in Migori County.
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Table 4.5 Distribution of Respondents by Age
Frequency Percent
Below 25 years 15 10.3
25-34 years 67 46.2
35-44 years 46 31.7
45 and Above years 17 11.7
Total 145 100
Distribution of Respondents by Number of
Years in Operation on the Current Farm
The study also examined how respondents were
distributed according to the number of years in
operation on the current farm. The results are shown
in Table 4.6 and the study findings revealed that
those operated on the farm below 3 years 51(35.2%),
26(17.9%) of respondents had operated in the farm
between 3-5 years, those operated between 6-10
years were 56(38.6%) only 12(8.3%) of respondents
had operated in the farm for over 10 years. The
findings implied the majority of respondents who
have operated their farms between 6-10 years thus
they had enough experience concerning water
projects performance in Migori County. However,
they were able to give a reliable information
concerning influence of community participation on
water project performance in Migori County.
Table 4.6 Distribution of Respondents by Number of Years on Current Farm
Frequency Percent
Below 3 years 51 35.2
3-5 years 26 17.9
6-10 years 56 38.6
Over 10 years 12 8.3
Total 145 100
Descriptive Findings and Discussions
The study examined views of sampled stakeholders
of water projects performance in Migori County, on
issues that influence community participation on
water project performance in Migori County. The
study determined the respondents’ level of
agreement on a five point Likert scale which ranged
from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5).
Monitoring and Evaluation and Water Project
Performance
The study sought to examine the influence of
monitoring and evaluation on water project
performance in Migori County. The study results
were presented in Table 4.10 and the findings
revealed that majority of the participants agreed that
project resources are properly allocated during the
project life cycle. (M=4.21, SD=1.119).
Furthermore the respondents agreed that all the
staffs working on the projects are involved in
monitoring and evaluation stages. (M=4.06,
SD=1.1.271). In addition, the respondents agreed
that projects have clear documentation (M=3.95,
SD=1.180). The study findings further indicated that
the company has project progress reports (M=3.86,
SD=1.307).
The research finding implies that influence of
monitoring and evaluation on water project
performance in Migori County. The project
resources are properly allocated during the project
life cycle. All the staffs working on the projects are
involved in monitoring and evaluation stages.
Projects have clear documentation and the company
has project progress reports. The study findings
agreed with results of According to the World Bank
(2010), community participation in M&E is critical
in project performance given that it offers new ways
of assessing and learning from change that are more
inclusive and more responsive to the needs and
aspirations of those most directly affected; is geared
towards not only measuring the effectiveness of a
project, but also towards building ownership,
empowering beneficiaries, building accountability
and transparency and taking corrective actions to
improve performance and outcomes. Participation in
M&E has much less meaning if population members
and local stakeholders have not been involved much
earlier in the project cycle, (ALNAP, 2009).
In an evaluation of community development projects
funded by the Agha Khan Rural Support Programme
in Northern Pakistan, Khwaja (2003) found that
community managed projects were better
maintained than projects managed by the local
government. Khawaja’s (2003) study suggests that
since community managed projects are better
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maintained, they are also more sustainable than
those managed by local governments. Narayan
(1993) analyzed lessons from 121 rural water-supply
projects funded by different agencies in 49
developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. He found that participation was the most
significant factor contributing to project
sustainability. Most of the projects referred to
community participation or made it a specific
project component. It was when people were
involved in decision-making during all stages of the
project, from design to maintenance that the best
results occurred. If they were just involved in
information sharing and consultations, then results
were much poorer.
Table 4.10 Descriptive Statistics on Monitoring and evaluation
N Mean Std. Dev Min Max
Project resources are properly
allocated during the project life cycle.
145 4.21 1.119 1 5
All the staffs working on the projects
are involved in monitoring and
evaluation stages.
145 4.06 1.271 1 5
Projects have clear documentation 145 3.95 1.180 1 5
The company has project progress
reports
145 3.86 1.307 1 5
Water Project Performance
The study sought to determine water project
performance. The study results were presented in
table 4.11. From study findings, majority of the
participants agreed that the company takes part at all
stages and levels in quality policies on
implementation (M=3.60, SD=1.483), the
respondents also agreed that the company project
manager are well placed to make contribution
towards project performance (M=3.77, SD=1.437).
The respondents also agreed that the company has a
framework for considering sustainable development
of project management (M=4.21, SD=1.132) and
lastly is that the project meets general satisfaction of
project performance (M=3.92, SD=1.477).
The study was not in agreement with study findings
of Thematic Group (2005) Kenya’s water projects
leaves no doubt that performance is a challenge.
This is evident in most of the water projects that
have been undertaken over time with little impact
despite the resources used. For example, Thematic
Group (2005) finds out that, among 24 million rural
dwellers in Kenya about 10 million have access to
an improved water supply. The study further reveals
that most of them are inactive yet the Government
has continued to establish numerous new water
projects, while giving little regard to rehabilitating
existing non-functional ones. From the study by
Thematic Group (2005), it is true to drive that most
of the project implementers does not consult or
conduct public participation where the citizens
would mention the need of reviving already existing
but inactive water projects.
Table 4.11 Descriptive Statistics on Project Performance
N Mean Std. Dev Min Max
i The company takes part at all stages and
levels in quality policies on
implementation.
145 3.60 1.483 1 5
ii The company project manager are well
placed to make contribution towards
project performance
145 3.77 1.437 1 5
iii The company has a framework for
considering sustainable development of
project management
145 4.21 1.132 1 5
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iv The project meet general satisfaction of
project performance
145 3.92 1.477 1 5
Inferential Analysis Results
This section describes the results of the relationship
between independent variables and the dependent
variables and shows the influence of the independent
variables on the dependent variable.
Correlation Findings
Correlation analysis was performed to examine the
association between communication, management
skills, technology, monitoring and evaluation and
performance of community participation on water
project performance in Migori County, Kenya.
Pearson’s product –moment correlation (r) was used
to explore the relationship between the independent
variables and dependent variable to assess both the
direction and strength. Each of independent
variables and dependent variable where correlation
coefficient (r=between +1 and -1) measures the
strength and direction of a linear relationship
between each of independent variables and
dependent variable.
According to Thanoon, Adnan & Saffari (2015)
when Pearson Correlation r=+0.7 and above it
indicates a very strong relationship; r=+0.5 to below
0.7 is a strong relationship; r=+0.3 to +0.49 is a
moderate relationship while r=.029 and below
indicates a weak relationship. Where r= 0 it indicates
that there is no relationship. However the closer the
value of r is to +1, the stronger the linear
relationship. In this case, the correlation coefficient
values are closer to +1, implying linear relationship
between independent variables and dependent
variable (Thanoon, Adnan, & Saffari, 2015). The
established relationship between dependent
variables and independent variable is described in
Table 4.19.
The study established the relationship between
monitoring and evaluation and performance of water
project. From study findings, it was noted that there
existed a strong, positive and statistically significant
(r = 0. 367; p < 0.01) relationship between
monitoring and evaluation and performance of water
project. Monitoring and evaluation enhanced
performance of community participation on water
project performance in Migori County. According to
the World Bank (2010), community participation in
M&E is critical in project performance given that it
offers new ways of assessing and learning from
change that are more inclusive and more responsive
to the needs and aspirations of those most directly
affected; is geared towards not only measuring the
effectiveness of a project, but also towards building
ownership, empowering beneficiaries, building
accountability and transparency and taking
corrective actions to improve performance and
outcomes. Participation in M&E has much less
meaning if population members and local
stakeholders have not been involved much earlier in
the project cycle.
Table 4.19 Correlation Coefficient Matrix
Project Performance Monitoring
Project_Perfomance Pearson Correlation 1
Monitoring Pearson Correlation .367**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
Key **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-
tailed).
Multiple Regression Analysis
The research used multiple regression analysis to determine the linear statistical relationship between
communication, management skills, technology and monitoring and evaluation and project performance.
Table 4.24 reveals the value of coefficient of correlation (R) which is 0.590 indicating a positive linear
relationship between dependent and independent variables. The coefficient of determination R2
value was
0.349 and it shows how much of the total variation in the dependent variable, water project performance, was
explained by the independent variables; communication, management skills, technology and monitoring and
evaluation. Therefore, the study results revealed that 34.9% can be explained by independent variables in
relation to dependent variable. The adjusted R2
value is 0.330 which is slightly lower than R2
value; it is an
indicator of relationship between the independent and dependent variables since it are sensitive when
irrelevant variables are added. However, the typical error when the model is used to predict project
performance is 0.39031.
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Table 4.20 Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
Durbin-Watson
1 .590a
.349 .330 .39031 1.320
Assessing the Fit of Multiple Regression Model
The study conducted Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to examine whether the multiple
regression model was fit for the data. This helped to
find out if project performance can be predicted
without relying on communication, management
skills, technology and monitoring and evaluation.
The results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are
shown in Table 4.21. The study findings provides F
test which shows an overall test of significance of
the fitted regression model. The F value indicates
that all the variables in the equation were significant
hence the overall regression model is significant.
The F-statistics produced (F = 18.733) was
significant at p<0.05 thus confirming the fitness of
the model and therefore, there is statistically
significant relationship between community
participation and project performance. This
indicates that regression model predicts the
dependent variable significantly and was good fit for
the data.
Table 4.21 ANOVA for Testing Multiple Regression Model
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 11.415 4 2.854 18.733 .000b
Residual 21.328 140 .152
Total 32.743 144
Regression Analysis Coefficients
The study conducted t-test of statistical significance
of each individual regression coefficient and results
are presented in Table 4.22.The findings indicate
that all the t values were significant implying that
independent variable is a predictor of the dependent
variable; monitoring and evaluation (t=2.458 p<
0.05). However, the βcoefficients were all
significant to be used for multiple regression as
follows monitoring and evaluation (β4= 0.152,
p<0.05). This implies that a unit increase in
monitoring and evaluation caused a 0.152 decrease
in project performance.
Therefore the multiple regression model equation
was developed from the coefficient as shown in
equation 4.1;
Y= 1.652 - 0.152 X4………………….Equation 4.1
This can be translated to;
Project Performance = 0.847 + -0.286 (monitoring
and evaluation) ..............................…..Equation 4.2
Table 4.22 Regression Analysis Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 1.652 .309 5.352 .000
Monitoring .152 .062 .182 2.458 .015
Hypotheses Testing
In this study, all the four hypotheses were tried
utilizing the multiple regression model. For every
hypothesis, the relapse condition was first acquired
using the β coefficients on hold of best fit. The
choice decide was that if the p esteem is not as much
as regular 0.05, the invalid theory was rejected and
when it’s over 0.05 investigation neglected to
dismiss the invalid hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis H01 indicated that there is no
significance relationship monitoring and evaluation
and water project performance in Migori County.
But, the study findings indicated that monitoring and
evaluation is statistically significant influence on
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water project performance (β4=0.152, p<0.05). Thus
the study rejected the null Hypothesis.
The research finding implies that influence of
monitoring and evaluation on water project
performance in Migori County. The project
resources are properly allocated during the project
life cycle. All the staffs working on the projects are
involved in monitoring and evaluation stages.
Projects have clear documentation and the company
has project progress reports. The study findings
agreed with results of According to the World Bank
(2010), community participation in M&E is critical
in project performance given that it offers new ways
of assessing and learning from change that are more
inclusive and more responsive to the needs and
aspirations of those most directly affected; is geared
towards not only measuring the effectiveness of a
project, but also towards building ownership,
empowering beneficiaries, building accountability
and transparency and taking corrective actions to
improve performance and outcomes. Participation in
M&E has much less meaning if population members
and local stakeholders have not been involved much
earlier in the project cycle.
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary of the Study Findings
This section summarizes the findings based on the
data and information analyzed in chapter four.
Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation on
Water Project Performance in Migori County.
The study findings indicated that the research
finding implies that influence of monitoring and
evaluation on water project performance in Migori
County. The project resources are properly allocated
during the project life cycle. All the staffs working
on the projects are involved in monitoring and
evaluation stages. Projects have clear documentation
and the company has project progress reports.
Community participation in M&E is critical in
project performance given that it offers new ways of
assessing and learning from change that are more
inclusive and more responsive to the needs and
aspirations of those most directly affected; is geared
towards not only measuring the effectiveness of a
project, but also towards building ownership,
empowering beneficiaries, building accountability
and transparency and taking corrective actions to
improve performance and outcomes. Participation in
M&E has much less meaning if population members
and local stakeholders have not been involved much
earlier in the project cycle.
5.3 Conclusion of the Study
These conclusions are evidence from the specific
objectives that there is a significant relationship
between monitoring and evaluation water project
performance. The project resources are properly
allocated during the project life cycle. All the staffs
working on the projects are involved in monitoring
and evaluation stages. Projects have clear
documentation and the company has project
progress reports.
Recommendation of the Study
The study recommended county government to
empower project managers at County levels to
improve planning and implementation towards the
goal of sustaining water projects benefits. The study
recommends policy makers to come up with policies
that ensure that the county government and
companies to incorporate community in water
projects. They should come up with policies which
ensured public participation in water projects should
result in increased quantities of clean water being
consumed and used for hygienic purposes. They also
strengthen local organizations as the community
therefore can be organized into units with the ability
to identify various development needs and forward
them to the concerned government institutions for
implementation.
Suggestions for Further Studies
A research should further be carried on influence of
monitoring and evaluation on water project
performance in other counties.
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