This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics on fish purchasing preferences of consumers in Yola North Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that the majority of fish consumers were between 41-50 years old, married, had secondary or tertiary education, lived in households of 4-6 people, and had occupations as civil servants or traders. Most consumers purchased smoked and fresh fish from retailers. Higher-income consumers that ate fish 4-7 times per week comprised the majority. Regression analysis showed that age, education level, income, and household size significantly affected the amount spent on fish. The study recommends improving infrastructure and supporting fish farmers to increase production to meet demand.
Market Indices of Fish Products Sold in Makurdi Metropolis, NigeriaAI Publications
The market indices of fish products sold in Makurdi Metropolis was studied to ascertain the possible market variables that drive fish marketing in Makurdi. A total of 100 Structured and Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to fish retailers during the research period that lasted for three months (November 2016 - January 2017). 34 (49.30%) Respondents had been into fish marketing or <10 years of whom 54 (78.30%) had non-formal education and used family members (58%) in the business. It was observed that the rural/village markets (22, 31.90%) had the highest sale using wholesale bargain (40, 58.00%) as the unit of sale. The fish sold were mostly from fishermen (54%) and could earn for the retailers a mean net profit of N11,492.03. Spoilage was noted to be the major marketing challenge. It was concluded that adequate measures should be put in place to improve the preservation practice of the catch.
This research was conducted to find out the market demand of prawnandmilkfish in West Timor and East Timor/Timor-Leste. The West Timor market demand survey was organized by involving 28 fish merchants/seafood restaurant managers which were spread across 6 cities in West Timor. Furthermore, the demand in East Timor was based on fish trade flows data at the Indonesia
Fisheries and aquaculture are receiving increasing attention, not only because they represent an important source of livelihoods and food, but also because of our increasing understanding of aquatic ecosystems.
Many fish stocks are currently overexploited, and the international nature of the resources makes them difficult to manage. Is the current food supply in danger?
Market Indices of Fish Products Sold in Makurdi Metropolis, NigeriaAI Publications
The market indices of fish products sold in Makurdi Metropolis was studied to ascertain the possible market variables that drive fish marketing in Makurdi. A total of 100 Structured and Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to fish retailers during the research period that lasted for three months (November 2016 - January 2017). 34 (49.30%) Respondents had been into fish marketing or <10 years of whom 54 (78.30%) had non-formal education and used family members (58%) in the business. It was observed that the rural/village markets (22, 31.90%) had the highest sale using wholesale bargain (40, 58.00%) as the unit of sale. The fish sold were mostly from fishermen (54%) and could earn for the retailers a mean net profit of N11,492.03. Spoilage was noted to be the major marketing challenge. It was concluded that adequate measures should be put in place to improve the preservation practice of the catch.
This research was conducted to find out the market demand of prawnandmilkfish in West Timor and East Timor/Timor-Leste. The West Timor market demand survey was organized by involving 28 fish merchants/seafood restaurant managers which were spread across 6 cities in West Timor. Furthermore, the demand in East Timor was based on fish trade flows data at the Indonesia
Fisheries and aquaculture are receiving increasing attention, not only because they represent an important source of livelihoods and food, but also because of our increasing understanding of aquatic ecosystems.
Many fish stocks are currently overexploited, and the international nature of the resources makes them difficult to manage. Is the current food supply in danger?
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIOR...apaari
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIORATION COUNTRY STATUS REPORT: BHUTAN by Gopal Prasad Khanal Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
In terms of global ranking, in 2008, India was second to China in total fish production; sixth in marine and inland capture fisheries (after China, Peru, Indonesia, USA, Japan); third in inland capture fisheries (after China and Bangladesh) and second in aquaculture (after China).
SECURING THE FUTURE - Aquaculture growth and role in global food productionInternational Aquafeed
Aquaculture has been the world’s most rapidly growing food sector for over a quarter of century, with total global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in 1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 (Figure 1, FAO, 2014a).
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIOR...apaari
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIORATION COUNTRY STATUS REPORT: BHUTAN by Gopal Prasad Khanal Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
In terms of global ranking, in 2008, India was second to China in total fish production; sixth in marine and inland capture fisheries (after China, Peru, Indonesia, USA, Japan); third in inland capture fisheries (after China and Bangladesh) and second in aquaculture (after China).
SECURING THE FUTURE - Aquaculture growth and role in global food productionInternational Aquafeed
Aquaculture has been the world’s most rapidly growing food sector for over a quarter of century, with total global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in 1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 (Figure 1, FAO, 2014a).
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Asean Traning\Vietnam Paper Mar A
Similar to The Influence Of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Consumers’ Preference on Fish Purchase In Yola North Local Government Area, Adamawa State
This presentation was presented by Meryl Williams, based on the full written report: HLPE, 2014. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2014.(http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/en/).
This report addresses a frequently overlooked but extremely important part of world food and nutrition security: the role and importance of fish in seeking food and nutrition security for all. Fisheries and aquaculture have often been arbitrarily separated from other parts of the food and agricultural systems in food security studies, debates and policy-making.
The report presents a synthesis of existing evidence regarding the complex pathways between fisheries and aquaculture and food and nutrition security, including the environmental, economic and social dimensions, as well as issues related to governance. It provides insights on what needs to be done to achieve sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in order to strengthen their positive impact on food and nutrition security.
The ambition of this compact yet comprehensive report is to help the international community to share and understand the wide spectrum of issues that make fisheries and aquaculture such an important part of efforts to assure food security for all.
Ensuring Food Security by Reduction of Post-Harvest Fish Losses in Small-Scal...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— This paper focus on types, causes and how post-harvest fish losses can be reduced in the artisanal fisheries sector to ensure food security and provision of adequate protein for the increasing population. Post-harvest fish loss is a serious threat to the artisanal fisheries sector which occurs from the capture to the final stage of marketing the product to the consumers. When fish undergoes microbiological decay, it leads to quality loss which results to depreciation in the market value. Consumption of such fish has adverse effect on human health; as a result of these, method of assessing post-harvest fish loss and ways of reducing it should be discovered in order to have good quality fish in abundance for the ever growing population and also improved livelihood of fisher folks.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Pacific Small Island Countries (PICs) are unique in terms of geographical location, isolated and have limited diversity of food. Fish is the main source of protein. Although the amount and type of fish consumed varies based on factors such as geographical location and socio-economic status. Average national fish consumption ranges between 55 kg to 110 kg per person per year. This is almost 3–6 times the average global consumption of <20 kg per person per year. There are few challenges including limited data on fish consumption trend, poor cold chain management, depletion of fish resources and food safety.
The Roles of Women in Fish Processing Activities in Some Local Government Are...BRNSS Publication Hub
Fish processing activities in some communities of Rivers State were investigated to determine the
role of women in its development and sustainability. Fifty structured questionnaires were randomly
distributed in five communities (10 per community) across three local government areas of the state.
The results from the study indicated that most of the respondents are young and married women. They
are actively involved in fish processing activities in combination with fishing. The women had between
6 and 10 years of experience in fish processing. In the study area, women utilized smoking as major
processing methods, with mullets, sardine, and tilapia as major species processed by the women. Fish
processing in these communities is done mostly by smoking using a locally made kiln which can dry a
lot of fish at a time. Occupational hazards associated with fish processing include skin rashes, redness
of the eye, offensive body odor, and bruises. Moreover, insufficient capital, lack of modern processing
facilities, poor storage facilities, and scarcity in fish supply have been identified as major constraints
facing women involvement in processing activities in these communities. There is, therefore, the need
to empower the women fish processors in these areas through granting of loans and credit facilities,
capacity building, introduction of improved fish processing equipment, and storage facilities. These will
go a long way in enhancing fish production, improve their livelihood, and boost socioeconomic status of
these women processors in the study areas
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectGlobal Food SecurAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Global Food Security
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gfs
Not just for the wealthy: Rethinking farmed fish consumption in the Global
South
Ben Beltona,⁎, Simon R. Bushb, David C. Littlec
a Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, 446 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
b Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, The Netherlands
c Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Aquaculture
Domestic consumption
Diet transformation
Food security
Fish
A B S T R A C T
Aquaculture’s contributions to food security in the Global South are widely misunderstood. Dominant narratives
suggest that aquaculture contributes mainly to international trade benefiting richer Northern consumers, or
provides for wealthy urban consumers in Southern markets. On the supply side, the literature promotes an
idealized vision of ‘small-scale’, low input, semi-subsistence farming as the primary means by which aquaculture
can contribute to food security, or emphasizes the role of ‘industrial’ export oriented aquaculture in undermining
local food security. In fact, farmed fish is produced predominantly by a ‘missing middle’ segment of commercial
and increasingly intensive farms, and overwhelmingly remains in Southern domestic markets for consumption
by poor and middle income consumers in both urban and rural areas, making an important but underappreciated
contribution to global food security.
1. Introduction
Fish1 is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and high
quality protein, playing an essential role in the diets of billions of
consumers, many of them poor, malnourished and living in low and
middle income countries (Thilsted et al., 2016; HLPE, 2014;
Kawarazuka and Béné, 2011).
Fish utilized for human consumption is obtained from a continuum
of sources running from capture fisheries (the harvest of naturally re-
producing fish populations), to aquaculture (breeding and farming
under controlled conditions). Global capture fisheries output peaked in
the mid-1990s, and has plateaued or declined since (cf. FAO, 2016a;
Pauly and Zeller, 2016). In contrast, aquaculture has boomed, growing
at an average rate of 8.2% per annum over the past three decades. As a
result, farming now provides more than half of the fish destined for
direct human consumption (FAO, 2016b).
The growth trajectories of capture fisheries and aquaculture are
often juxtaposed to make the case that sustained and rapid aquaculture
development is vital to the future food security of fish dependent po-
pulations in Southern nations (e.g. Barange et al., 2014).
A counter-narrative (which we term ‘economic geography’), holds
that aquaculture largely fails to meet the needs of poor and
undernourished Southern consumers. The narrative asserts that most
farmed fish produced in Southern countries ...
Availability of fish species in fish markets and fish marketing in Noakhali d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the fish markets and marketing practices in Noakhali district for a period of 5 months; November 2014 to March, 2015. Five types of marketing channels were found in this study and most were similar in nature as marketing places were in same town and not far apart. The average cost by a retailer to trade fish was estimated at Tk. 171.6 /day. This cost included rent of trading spot, ice and local transportation. The average income of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. It was found that 21% of fish supplied in the markets were carps (Indian and Exotic), 17.3% marine fish, 15.7% hilsa, 12.7% catfish, 11.3% small fish, 11% Tilapia and pungus, 7% others mix species and 4% prawn. It was reported that availability fish species in three different markets round the year ranged from 55 to 72. However, during the study period, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were found in three markets. It was found that marine fish comprises average 33% and freshwater fish comprises average 67% in the three markets. The price of fish depends on market structure, species quality, size, weight and season. The price of galda and bagda were varied from 580±10 to 560±8 Tk. /kg, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and silver carp were varied from 390±10 to 360±8 Tk. /kg, 165±5 to 150±8 Tk. /kg, 900±10 to 860±5 Tk. /kg, 140±10 to 125±5 Tk. /kg, and 160±8 to 155±5 Tk./kg, respectively. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each market. It was found that the daily supply of fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13, 7-8 and 2.5-3ton, respectively. Inadequate infrastructure, transportation, shortage of ice in peak season, hygienic condition and packaging facilities were cited as main constraints. It was found that 80% of the fish retailers have improved their livelihood status through fish trading to a certain degree.
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
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This study examined the level of adoption of aquaculture technology among fish farmers in Oluyole Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. To improve aquaculture practice in Nigeria, a technology package was developed and disseminated to fish farmers in the Local Government. This package included twelve practices that the fish farmers were supposed to adopt. One hundred and ten respondents were randomly selected from the registered fish farmers in the Local Government. Data were collected through use of well structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency distribution were used while Chi-square and PPMC were used to analysis the hypotheses. The results showed that level of adoption of the technology was low. Less than half of the respondents adopted the technology. After the liming of pond, which was fully adopted by 55.9%, pond outlet and inlet fully adopted by 50.0% and Feed technology fully adopted by 50.0% which were usually not to specification. The farmers found it difficult to adopt the other recommendations, (e.g., Use the chilled holding for preservation fully adopted by 16.6%, hatchery technique fully adopted by 40.4% Water quality test before fully adopted by 40.1%). It was discovered that the farmers did not have adequate funds to maintain their small ponds and to purchase the necessary feed and other necessities for aquaculture technology adoption. To increase the level of adoption of aquaculture technologies in the study area, it is necessary to change farmers’ perception from subsistence to commercial and sustainable farming practice; to assist the farmers with credit facilities and to intensify activities of the extension agents.
Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture IndiaSachin Sahu
very lack of data of Marine ornamental fish sector. it will help for fisheries student to know about Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture India.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Television Appearances
Nelson's char
The Influence Of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Consumers’ Preference on Fish Purchase In Yola North Local Government Area, Adamawa State
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-7, November- 2015]
Page | 1
The Influence Of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Consumers’
Preference on Fish Purchase In Yola North Local Government
Area, Adamawa State
Moses. J.D1
, Daniel. A.Dwana2
, Dr. Giroh.D.Y3
, Zalkuwi Jimjel4
, Akindele Oluwaseun5
1,2,5
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa State University Mubi, Nigeria
3
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola
4
Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural science, BHU, Varanasi-221005
Abstract— The study examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics on consumer’s preference on fish purchase
in Yola North local government area of Adamawa state. Data from the study were obtained using a well-structured
questionnaire administered randomly to 100 consumers out of which 99 were retrieved. Multiple Regressions was used as a
tool to examine the influence of socio-economic characteristics on consumer preference on fish purchase. The result of the
study revealed that majority of the consumers who prefer fish were between the ages of 41-50; 48.48% were males,
51.52%were females. Majority (78.79%) of consumers were married. The results further revealed that the consumers had
attended one form of formal education or the other. 21.2%had secondary education, 77.8% had tertiary education, while
1.0% had other form education. Analysis of the consumers’ household size revealed that 44.4% were found to be between 4-6
persons. An analysis of consumers’ preference for fish was found in the study. Results revealed that 16.2% purchased their
fish from wholesalers, 76.8% from retailers and 5% from importers. 2% purchase from other source. Most of the fish
purchased were both fresh and smoked fish (47.5%). Results also showed that the average monthly income of the consumers
were 58.6% (51,000>) and 67.7% of the consumers like at least very much to eat fish. The regression analysis gave an R2
of
88.01% and the independent variable X1 (Age), X3 (educational level), X4 (income) and X5 (household size) were positively
significant and affect the amount spent on fish. The study also revealed that income, availability of fish and good storage
facility were factors limiting consumers’ preference for fish in the study area. Recommendations on the study was that
infrastructural facilities should be made available, and fish farmers should be supported by providing them with some
incentives to encourage them to produce more to meet the increasing demand of the teeming population.
Keywords: consumer, preference, fish, socio-economic
I. INTRODUCTION
Fish is one of the world‟s most important source of meat; it is the chief source of meat supply to more than half of the world
population.
Fish is a key ingredient on the global menu, an important basis for livelihood worldwide. It needs to be placed where it
belongs: high on the global agenda and integrated into thinking, action and policies at the highest level of all nations (NAGA,
World Fish 2005).
Nigeria‟s total domestic fish production for 1995, 1996 and 1997 were 371,053; 355,934; and 384,275 metric tons
respectively. For the 1997 figure, the contribution by sector indicated that lakes and rivers contributed 185,094 metric tons;
aquaculture contributed 18,537 metric tons; inshore coastal and brackish water contributed 179.74 metric tons , while the
Exclusive Economic Zone, EEZ (offshore) contributed 1,570 metric tons (Federal Ministry of Agriculture and National
Resource FMANR, 1998) Adamawa State, where the study area is located produced about 11,897, 11,494 and 11,105 metric
tons in 1995, 1996 and 1997 respectively (FMANR, 1998).
Demand for fish in Nigeria has doubled as other sources of animal protein have become expensive due to rising population
and high production cost of other animal protein sources (Akolisa and Okonji, 2005). The recent ban on the importation of
broiler table meat, other poultry products by the Federal Government of Nigeria has made fish and fish products even more
popular (Ojo and Fagbenro, 2004).
Fish is a major source of protein and essential food items in the diet of many Nigerians, because it is relatively cheaper than
beef, chicken, mutton and turkey. (Tabor, et al,
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1990). Most of the consumed species are very cheap such as sendinella, Bonga, Moonfish, illisha and Tilapia especially in
the coastal and inland rural areas where incomes are generally low. (Ladipo et al, 1998).
Fish provides 40% of the dietary intake of animal protein of the average Nigerian (Federal Department of Fisheries, 1995).
According to Adekoya, (1996), fish and fish products constitute more than 60% of the total protein intake in adults especially
in rural areas. Fish is highly nutritious, tasty and easily digested. It is much sought after by a broad cross-section of the
world's population, particularly in developing countries. It is estimated that around 60 percent of people in many developing
countries depend on fish for over 30 percent of their animal protein supplies, while almost 80 percent in most developed
countries obtain less than 20 percent of their animal protein from fish. However, with the increased awareness of the health
benefits of eating fish and the ensuing rise in fish prices, these figures are rapidly changing (www.fao.org.)
Fish provides a good source of high quality protein and contains many vitamins and minerals. It may be classed as either
whitefish, oily or shellfish. Whitefish, such as haddock and seer, contain very little fat (usually less than 1%) whereas oily
fish, such as sardines, contain between 10-25%. The latter, as a result of its high fat content, contain a range of fat-soluble
vitamins (A, D, E and K) and essential fatty acids, all of which are vital for the healthy functioning of the body. (Wikipedia,
2013). Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in fish, and particularly the omega 3
fatty acids found in pelagic fishes, are heart-friendly and can make improvements in brain development and reproduction.
This has highlighted the role for fish in the functionality of the human body. (Wikipedia, 2013). FAO estimates that fish
provides 22% of protein intake and exceed 50% in the poorest countries where animal is expensive and scarce (FAO, 2003).
In Nigeria, only a negligible proportion of the fish caught in rivers and lakes are marketed fresh, a greater proportion is
preserved by smoking and sun drying. (Ikeme and Bhandary, 2001)
Preferences and perceptions are important elements of demand theory but most of the economic analysis for market demand
is based on price and income. Traditionally, demand analysis assumes that preferences and perceptions never change.
However, it is obvious that consumer preferences will change and these changes are important element in the demand
analysis. Consumer behavior should then be based on experience, perception, preference and choice Fayyaz, et al (1995).
Despite considerable research, no integrated theoretical explanation exists that can give marketers a total understanding of
the relationship between consumer purchase behavior and its influence on the market demand for fish (Chaston, 1987).
Kinnucan et al. (1993) suggests that knowledge of diverse consumer preferences is one of the first steps in understanding the
demand for fish and the efficient distribution of market resources.
This study will therefore aims to
Describe the socio-economic characteristics of fish consumers in the study area;
- identify the common consumer preference in fish purchase;
- Examine the influence of socio-economic characteristics of the respondents on consumer preference on fish purchase and;
- Identify the factors affecting the consumer‟s preference for fish.
II. METHODOLOGY
This research was carried out in Yola North Local Government Area of Adamawa State. Yola lies between latitude 9
0
141
and
9
0
211
North and between longitude 12
0
181
and 12
0
281
East of the Greenwich Meridian, it is 185.9 meters above sea level
(Adebayo, 1999). Yola North Local Government Area has a population of over 199,647 inhabitants (NPC, 2006), it covers an
estimated area of 8,068 km2. It is situated in the sudan savannah vegetation zone of the country. The climate of the study
area is typically marked by wet and dry seasons. The wet seasons starts in April and ends in October; while the dry season
commences in November and ends in late March. The average minimum temperature is 15.2oC; the hottest months are
March and April, with maximum temperature of 42.78oC (Adebayo and Tukur, 1999). Adebayo, (1999) reported that the
maximum temperature can reach 40oC particularly in March-April which is the hottest period while minimum temperature
can be as low as 18oC between December and January, relative humidity between January and march is extremely low (20-
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30%), it starts increasing as from April and reaches its peak (80%) in August and October. The annual rainfall is about
958.99mm with August and October as the wettest months.
The predominant tribes in the area are the Fulani‟s, Hausa‟s, Laka and others (Fakuade, 1999). The major occupation of the
people in the study area is farming and cattle rearing. There are also a good number of civil servants and business men
(traders).
A total of one hundred respondents were selected using multistage random sampling technique.
Data for this study was basically from primary source. The data were collected using structured questionnaire.
III. ANALYTICAL TOOLS
Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis of the data obtained from the field. The descriptive statistic
involved the use of frequency distribution and percentages. Inferential statistics involved the use of multiple regression
model .
The model is specified below
Y = b0
+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3+b4x4+b5x5+ui
Where:
Y = Amount spent on fish (Naira)
Bo = Constant term
B1 to b5 = Coefficient of independent variable
X1 = Age of respondent
X2 = Sex of respondent
X3 = Education
X4 = Income
X5 = Household size
Ui = Error term
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The socio-economic characteristics of consumers which may affect consumption were examined. This are depicted in table 1
including; Gender, Age, Marital status, Educational background, Household size and Primary occupation
The gender distribution shows that 51.2% of the respondents were female while 48.48 were male indicating that majority of
the respondents are female whose main responsibility in the house is to take care of the family.
TABLE 4.1
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO GENDER
Sex Frequency Percentage(%)
Male 48 48.48
Female 51 51.52
Total 99 100
Source: field survey, 2013
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The age distribution shows that majority (90%) of the consumers fall within the age bracket of 20-50 years. And only 5% are
above 50 years old. This could indicate that most of the respondents are married with children who love to consume fish and
have one responsibility or the other. According to Amao et al, (2006) people in this category will require more protein that
matches their body composition.
TABLE 4.2
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO AGE
Age Frequency Percentage(%)
20-30 25 25.25
31-40 27 27.27
41-50 42 42.42
Above 50 5 5.1
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
Marital Status of Consumers
The majorities (78.79%) of the fish consumers were married; about 19.19% were singles, while 2.02% were divorced.
TABLE 4.3
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO MARITAL STATUS
Marital Status Frequency Percentage(%)
Married 78 78.79
Single 19 19.19
Divorced 2 2.02
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
TABLE 4.4
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
Educational Level Frequency Percentage (%)
Primary 0 0
Secondary 21 21.2
Post-Secondary 77 77.8
Others 1 1.0
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
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The household of the consumers revealed that majority (44.44%) of the respondents have between 4-6 persons in their
household. Large family size implies increase in family expenses since almost all members depends on the family.
Ogwumike, (2002) reported that the number of persons living in a household is in close relation with consumption.
Emphasizing that the total expenditure and household size are positively and directly related.
TABLE 4.5
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO HOUSEHOLD SIZE
Household Size Frequency Percentage (%)
1-3 19 19.19
4-6 44 44.44
7-9 29 29.3
10-12 7 7.07
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
The majority(57.6%) of the respondents are civil servants. 31.3% of them are traders, 1% are farmers and 10.1% goes for
other forms of occupation like driver, house wife, student etc.
TABLE 4.6
DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO OCCUPATION
Occupation Frequency Percentage (%)
Civil Servant 57 57.6
Trader 31 31.3
Farmer 1 1.0
Others 10 10.1
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
Table 2 shows the Consumer Preference in Fish Purchase
It was found that most(76.8%) of the consumers purchased their fish from retailers , while 16.2% of the consumers in the
study area purchase their fish from wholesalers.
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TABLE 4.7
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO SOURCES OF FISH
Source Frequency Percentage(%)
Importers 5 5.0
Wholesalers 16 16.2
Retailers 76 76.8
Others 2 2.0
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
The study revealed that most of the consumers prefer purchasing both fresh fish and smoked fish (47.5%). 32.3% of
consumers preferred purchasing smoked fish while 19.2% of the consumers purchasing fresh fish.
TABLE 4.8
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF FISH PURCHASE
Types Frequency Percentage
Smoked Fish 32 32.3
Fresh Fish 19 19.2
Both 47 47.5
Others 1 1
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
The respondents that consume fish 0-3 times per week constituted 27.3% while the majority( 72.7%) constituted for
respondents consuming fish 4-7 times per week.
TABLE 4.9
FREQUENCY OF FISH CONSUMPTION PER WEEK
Frequency Number Percentage(%)
0-3 27 27.3
4-7 72 72.7
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
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Result indicates that most(58.6%) of the consumers of fish are high income earners. The preference for fish may be
associated with level of income since fish is generally cheaper compared to meat, its closer substitute in the study area. This
result agrees with Ballenger, et al (2003) which says that as U.S. incomes rise, consumers spend more on expensive fresh
foods, prepared foods, and dining out.
TABLE 4.10
AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME OF CONSUMERS
Monthly Income Frequency Percentage (%)
1000-10,000 4 4.04
11,000-20,000 2 2.0
21,000-30,000 4 4.0
31,000-40,000 16 16.16
41,000-50,000 15 15.2
51,000 and > 58 58.6
Total 99 10
Source: Field Survey, 2013
The study revealed that 23.2% of the consumers like exceptionally to eat fish. 67.7% of the consumers like very much to eat
fish, while 9.1% like at least slightly to eat fish. None of the respondents very much dislike eating fish or extremely dislikes
eating fish. This means that fish is a nutritious meal liked and appreciated by most people.
TABLE 4.11
DEGREE OF PREFERENCE FOR FISH CONSUMPTION
Degree of Preference Frequency Percentage(%)
Like exceptionally to eat fish 23 23.2
Like at least very much to eat fish 67 67.7
Like at least slightly to eat fish 9 9.1
Total 99 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
The Result of the Regression Analysis is presented in table 3
Linear function gave the best fit and is used in the analysis. The entire coefficients are positively signed and have various
probability levels. The standard error of Y estimate = 0.18. The co-efficient of multiple regressions (R2
) was given to be
(0.88), this implies that about 88% of the variation in Y in consumers preference is explained by the inputs captured in the
regression. The regression result shows that four of the five explanatory variables have significant effect on the consumer
preference for fish. These variables are X1(Age), X3 (Education), X4 (Income), X5 (Household size).
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-7, November- 2015]
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The coefficient for X1 (Age) is statistically significant at 1% probability level. This implies that age is a critical factor in
consumers‟ preference for fish. An increase in age will bring about a corresponding increase in the preference for fish. This is
because as people advances in age, consumption of beef in high quantity is discouraged. Fish consumption is highly
encouraged due to its nutritive value. The coefficient for X3 (Education) is statistically significant at 1% probability level.
Implying that the more educated an individual is, the more he will prefer to go for highly nutritive food considering its
importance to the body. Such individuals may not opt for low quality food except when faced with financial constraints or
lack of availability of such quality. This agrees with Armah and Kennedy (2000 ) as cited by Parker ( 2001), that Individuals
with greater than a high school education were 37 percent more likely to pay more for pasture-raised pork. X4 (Income) is
statistically significant at 1% probability level, implying that income is a critical factor in consumers‟ preference for fish. An
increase in income will bring about increase in consumers‟ preference for fish. This is in conformity with Armah and
Kennedy (2000) findings as cited by Parker, (2001) that families with incomes greater than $50,000 were 27 percent more
likely to pay more for pasture-raised pork. The coefficient for X5 (Household size) is statistically significant at 1%
probability level. This also implies that increase in the number of household size will bring about an increase in the
consumers‟ preference for fish.
TABLE 4.12
REGRESSION RESULT
Functional
forms
Output Constant X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 R2
Std Error F-ratio
Linear Y 2.1755
(30.7978)***
0.4627
(3.3113)***
0.0065
(0.2481)*
0.4953
(6.1693)***
0.0729
(8.0292)***
0.0553
(2.7738)***
88.01 0.18 20.9739***
Exponential Ln Y 3.2541
(27.5961)***
0.0036
(1.4803)*
0.0227
(0.5431)*
0.0130
(1.5685)*
2.93
(6.7868)***
0.0118
(1.3764)*
51.24 3890.508 21.5942***
Double Log Ln Y 0.9665
(2.7405)***
0.1183
(0.5555)*
0.0042
(0.0668)*
0.1489
(0.8485)*
0.0732
(8.1033)***
0.2406
(2.0791)**
49.38 0.18 20.1168***
Semi Log Y -63081.9
(-
18.0672)***
19998.21
(19.4649)***
-4703.56
(-
2.30745)**
-751.0889
(-1.1666)*
-2521.861
(-1.4129)*
950.3303
(0.9842)*
50.47 1914.113 144.888***
*** indicates significance at 1% probability level, ** indicates significance at 5% probability level, * Indicates
significance at 10% probability level. Note: all figures in parenthesis are t-values
Factors Affecting the Consumers’ Preference for Fish
The factors affecting consumers‟ preference are numerous ranging from production to consumption. The major problems
include income, availability of the product, cheapness compared to close substitute, nutritive value etc.
The table 4.12 below shows the distribution of farmers according to the various problems faced.
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TABLE 4.13
DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMERS ACCORDING TO THE PROBLEM FACED.
Factors Frequency Percentage (%)
Income 83 18.91
Availability 79 17.96
Storage Facility 72 16.40
Cheapness compared to
Close substitute 80 18.22
Transportation 43 9.79
Price 33 7.52
Taste 49 11.2
Total 439* 100
Source: Field Survey, 2013
*Multiple responses
Table 4 show the identified major problems affecting consumers‟ preference for fish were availability of fish (17.96%),
income of consumers (18.91%), storage facilities (16.40%) and cheapness to close substitute (18.22%).
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study revealed that consumers‟ preference for fish in Yola North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria is
determined by income, age, educational qualification and household size. Gender was found to be less significant in the
consumers‟ preference for fish. The study further revealed that fish consumption is economical compared to its closed
substitutes because it is cheap, nutritious and also available. The major problem confronting consumers‟ preference for fish
in the study area includes income of consumers, availability of fish, storage facility and cheapness compared to close
substitute.
Based on the findings in this study, the following recommendations are made:
i. The private sub-sector and individuals should be encouraged to establish fish ponds to reduce expenditure and improved
consumption.
ii. Incentives and credit facilities should be given to fish farmers and fish sellers to enable them expand production
capacity to earn higher income.
iii. To reduce fish spoilage, preserve fish quality, remove unpleasant odour and cost of processing, good storage facility
should be provided.
iv. Thorough inspection and standardization should be enforced for the safety of the consumers.
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