The present study was conducted to know the fish markets and marketing practices in Noakhali district for a period of 5 months; November 2014 to March, 2015. Five types of marketing channels were found in this study and most were similar in nature as marketing places were in same town and not far apart. The average cost by a retailer to trade fish was estimated at Tk. 171.6 /day. This cost included rent of trading spot, ice and local transportation. The average income of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. It was found that 21% of fish supplied in the markets were carps (Indian and Exotic), 17.3% marine fish, 15.7% hilsa, 12.7% catfish, 11.3% small fish, 11% Tilapia and pungus, 7% others mix species and 4% prawn. It was reported that availability fish species in three different markets round the year ranged from 55 to 72. However, during the study period, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were found in three markets. It was found that marine fish comprises average 33% and freshwater fish comprises average 67% in the three markets. The price of fish depends on market structure, species quality, size, weight and season. The price of galda and bagda were varied from 580±10 to 560±8 Tk. /kg, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and silver carp were varied from 390±10 to 360±8 Tk. /kg, 165±5 to 150±8 Tk. /kg, 900±10 to 860±5 Tk. /kg, 140±10 to 125±5 Tk. /kg, and 160±8 to 155±5 Tk./kg, respectively. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each market. It was found that the daily supply of fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13, 7-8 and 2.5-3ton, respectively. Inadequate infrastructure, transportation, shortage of ice in peak season, hygienic condition and packaging facilities were cited as main constraints. It was found that 80% of the fish retailers have improved their livelihood status through fish trading to a certain degree.
Lobster seed production and Aquaculture.pptxB. BHASKAR
Lobsters are high value shell fishes. have good export value.
P. homarus also has high protein (24.18%) and carbohydrate content (55.68%) and lowest lipid content (6.18%) compare with other species. Another overexploitation of wild stock leading absence/rarely availability of lobster in Market, hence it is very imp to diversify potential lobster species. Recently rock lobster found breeding success, had good scope for continuous seed production.
This document provides information on oyster and mussel culture techniques. It discusses the importance of shellfish aquaculture for food production and livelihoods. Oyster culture techniques are described in detail, including the biology and life cycle of oysters, breeding habits, larval development, setting behaviors, and environmental factors like food sources, predators, and fouling organisms that affect oyster farms. The objective is to understand different culture methods for farming oysters and mussels commercially.
This document presents information on organic aquaculture and aquaponics from a student presentation. It defines organic aquaculture according to IFOAM standards and discusses the differences between conventional and organic aquaculture systems. Specifically, it notes that organic aquaculture uses closed systems, avoids GMOs and antibiotics, relies on biological pest control, and aims to recycle nutrients and water. It then describes the components and functioning of a recirculating aquaculture system. Additional sections cover organic fish feeds, integrated organic aquaculture methods like aquaponics and fish-paddy culture, and case studies on the economic viability and costs of organic carp farming.
Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
Economics of major Open water fish farming systemsB. BHASKAR
This document discusses various types of open water aquaculture systems including cage culture, pen culture, seaweed farming, lobster farming, and more. It then provides details on specific open water aquaculture practices for different species like mussels, lobsters, fish, and seaweeds. Farming methods, enclosure structures, stocking densities, feed requirements, and economics are described for cage culture, pen culture, and lobster farming. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding open water aquaculture systems and farming techniques for different organisms.
Molluscan aquaculture is an important form of mariculture globally and in India. Major mollusks farmed include oysters, mussels, pearl oysters, clams, and scallops. India farms species like the green mussel, Indian backwater oyster, and blood clam. Farming methods include bottom culture, stake/pole culture, rack/raft culture, and longline culture. Site selection factors and proper farming techniques are important for successful molluscan aquaculture. Global production of mollusks from aquaculture was over 14 million tonnes in 2006.
This document discusses sustainable aquaculture and reducing the environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture. It notes that while aquaculture produces only 2% of the world's food from 70% of the planet that is water, a few species dominate global aquaculture. Intensive aquaculture can pollute if it discharges waste effluents and emissions into the environment. The document explores more sustainable aquaculture systems like recirculating aquaculture systems, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, and biomitcry-inspired designs to mimic natural ecosystems. The goal is to produce more aquaculture in an environmentally-friendly way.
Lobster seed production and Aquaculture.pptxB. BHASKAR
Lobsters are high value shell fishes. have good export value.
P. homarus also has high protein (24.18%) and carbohydrate content (55.68%) and lowest lipid content (6.18%) compare with other species. Another overexploitation of wild stock leading absence/rarely availability of lobster in Market, hence it is very imp to diversify potential lobster species. Recently rock lobster found breeding success, had good scope for continuous seed production.
This document provides information on oyster and mussel culture techniques. It discusses the importance of shellfish aquaculture for food production and livelihoods. Oyster culture techniques are described in detail, including the biology and life cycle of oysters, breeding habits, larval development, setting behaviors, and environmental factors like food sources, predators, and fouling organisms that affect oyster farms. The objective is to understand different culture methods for farming oysters and mussels commercially.
This document presents information on organic aquaculture and aquaponics from a student presentation. It defines organic aquaculture according to IFOAM standards and discusses the differences between conventional and organic aquaculture systems. Specifically, it notes that organic aquaculture uses closed systems, avoids GMOs and antibiotics, relies on biological pest control, and aims to recycle nutrients and water. It then describes the components and functioning of a recirculating aquaculture system. Additional sections cover organic fish feeds, integrated organic aquaculture methods like aquaponics and fish-paddy culture, and case studies on the economic viability and costs of organic carp farming.
Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
Economics of major Open water fish farming systemsB. BHASKAR
This document discusses various types of open water aquaculture systems including cage culture, pen culture, seaweed farming, lobster farming, and more. It then provides details on specific open water aquaculture practices for different species like mussels, lobsters, fish, and seaweeds. Farming methods, enclosure structures, stocking densities, feed requirements, and economics are described for cage culture, pen culture, and lobster farming. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding open water aquaculture systems and farming techniques for different organisms.
Molluscan aquaculture is an important form of mariculture globally and in India. Major mollusks farmed include oysters, mussels, pearl oysters, clams, and scallops. India farms species like the green mussel, Indian backwater oyster, and blood clam. Farming methods include bottom culture, stake/pole culture, rack/raft culture, and longline culture. Site selection factors and proper farming techniques are important for successful molluscan aquaculture. Global production of mollusks from aquaculture was over 14 million tonnes in 2006.
This document discusses sustainable aquaculture and reducing the environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture. It notes that while aquaculture produces only 2% of the world's food from 70% of the planet that is water, a few species dominate global aquaculture. Intensive aquaculture can pollute if it discharges waste effluents and emissions into the environment. The document explores more sustainable aquaculture systems like recirculating aquaculture systems, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, and biomitcry-inspired designs to mimic natural ecosystems. The goal is to produce more aquaculture in an environmentally-friendly way.
Soil is an important ecological factor for aquatic environments and ponds. It is the main source of nutrients through decomposition of detritus by microbes like algae and bacteria. This enhances pond productivity and supports bottom-dwelling organisms that fish prey on. Key soil properties that influence suitability for fish culture include pH, organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen levels, carbon to nitrogen ratio, texture and water holding capacity. Optimal ranges are pH of 6.5-7.5, over 1% organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen above 10 mg/100g and 6 mg/100g respectively, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 10-15.
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
The document discusses freshwater prawn breeding and culture. It describes the nursery and grow-out phases of farming giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). In the nursery phase, post-larvae are raised for 45-60 days until they reach 2-5g in size. In the grow-out phase, juveniles are stocked in larger ponds and cultured for 6-8 months until reaching final sizes of 45-50g. Proper site selection, pond construction, water quality management, and feeding are essential practices. Production of 800-1000kg/ha can be expected with survival rates of 65-70% and a cost of production of Rs.150
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish in a mesh enclosure in open water ecosystems like reservoirs. It uses simple, locally available materials for construction making it economically sustainable. There are different types of cages including fixed, floating, submersible and submerged cages which can be made from durable and nontoxic materials like wood, steel or plastic. Proper site selection, stocking, feeding and maintenance are required steps for successful cage culture operations.
The document summarizes research on the trawl fishery of juvenile fishes in Karnataka, India and its impact on fish stocks. It finds that trawling catches significant quantities of juvenile fish, especially Nemipterus mesoprion and threadfin breams. An estimated 27.8% of the total trawl catch at main landing centers in Karnataka consists of low-value fish and juveniles. Catches of juvenile groupers, seerfishes, and Epinephelus diacanthus were especially high. The study estimates that reducing juvenile fishing could increase fish yields by 7-20% and revenues by 23-29% for important commercial species. It recommends using spatial and temporal catch data
This document provides information on mussel breeding and aquaculture. It discusses the anatomy and life cycle of mussels, both marine and freshwater. It also describes different mussel farming techniques used around the world, including bottom culture, rack culture, and suspending ropes from floats. China and Spain are leading producers of farmed mussels globally. Aquaculture is the most common way mussels are cultivated for food.
This document discusses biosecurity in aquaculture. It defines biosecurity as measures adopted to secure a disease-free environment in all phases of aquaculture. It identifies different levels of biosecurity including external and internal barriers to prevent the spread of disease. Components of biosecurity include quarantine, sanitation, and disinfection. Recommended protocols for sanitation and disinfection include being careful with live foods, proper storage and usage of manufactured feeds, and good overall system cleanliness. The document also discusses biosecurity strategies for shrimp production specifically.
Fishing is integral to Bangladesh's culture, economy, and food security. Bangladesh has diverse fishing crafts and gears for different regions and fishing needs. Emphasis on responsible fishing practices and sustainability. Growing emphasis on adopting sustainable fishing practices in the Bay of Bengal, including the use of eco-friendly gear and gear modifications to minimize the impact on the marine environment. This includes the promotion of responsible fishing practices, such as seasonal closures, size limits, and catch-and-release policies, to ensure the long-term viability of fish stocks.
Introduction of new fishing gear holds the potential for improving fishing efficiency and sustainability, it must be accompanied by effective fisheries management and regulations to prevent overexploitation and protect the marine ecosystem in the Bay of Bengal.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
This chapter discusses vannamei shrimp farming in India. It notes that shrimp farming is a fast growing and highly profitable sector in India, with over 50,000 hectares of area under culture and annual export production of over 350,000 tons. However, increased production is limited by availability of suitable farming areas. The chapter aims to provide information on modern culture techniques for vannamei shrimp farming to help readers better understand intensive farming systems and their capabilities as well as limitations.
This document provides an introduction to a dissertation submitted to fulfill the requirements for a Master's degree in Fisheries Science. The dissertation studies women's participation in fish markets in Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. It outlines the objectives to study fish species, price policies, and gender participation in local markets. The methodology section describes the study area and time frame, data collection methods including primary and secondary sources, and the dominant fish species found in local markets. Preliminary results show the average price of different fish species from September to January and women's income from various fish compared to men's income. The conclusion discusses the need to better organize the local fishing communities.
The document discusses the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It originated from calls at FAO meetings in the early 1990s for more responsible fishing practices and management. The CCRF was finalized after international consultations from 1992-1995. It sets out voluntary principles and international standards for sustainable fishing. The CCRF aims to ensure effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources while also recognizing the nutritional, economic and cultural importance of fisheries.
The document discusses the economics of cage culture for farming cobia fish. It provides details on the capital costs, operational costs, production estimates, and profit analysis for a single 6m diameter cage over 3 years. The analysis estimates a net profit of Rs. 1,48,280 after repaying capital costs and interest over the 3 year period.
Present status of Fish Hatchery in BangladeshDegonto Islam
In the past decades the rivers of Bangladesh were the mentor natural source of carp seed production. Due to the destruction of natural habitats and also increase demand the natural available of carp seed has largely declined and the aquaculture venture and gradually replaced by the hatchery produced fry since early 80’s when artificial fish breeding technique and low cost hatchery design have been successful adapted in Bangladesh.
This document provides information on green mussel culture methods in three paragraphs or less:
The document outlines different culture methods for green mussels including bottom culture, intertidal culture using racks, stakes, trays, and poles, as well as deep water culture using rafts and long-lines. It discusses considerations for site selection such as shelter, water quality, and bottom type. The biology of the green mussel is summarized, including its lifecycle, growth rates, and sexual maturity. Overall, the document introduces various techniques for farming green mussels from collection of spat to harvesting.
distribution,biology,seed collection,nursery rearing and culture techniques o...Kavitha Cingam
This document discusses culture techniques for groupers, including important species, distribution, biology, habitat, nursery rearing, and grow-out. It describes experiments conducted to develop grouper broodstock in sea cages off Visakhapatnam, India. Broodfish were stocked and grown in cages and tanks, achieving higher survival and maturity in cages. Induced spawning trials were conducted, leading to the conclusion that sea cages are better than tanks for broodstock development and domestication of greasy groupers. This represents progress toward commercial grouper seed production and farming in India.
This document provides information on lobster culture and its management. It discusses the important lobster species for culture, their habitat and feeding habits. It describes the breeding technology, seed collection methods, and hatchery and nursery management practices. Grow-out can be done using land-based tanks or sea cages. Key water quality parameters and stocking densities are outlined. Finally, common diseases affecting farmed lobsters are identified along with control measures.
Brood stock management and larval rearing of mud crab scylla serrata-Gayatri ...Gayatri R. Kachh
This document provides information about the mud crab Scylla serrata, including its natural range, classification, life stages, and aquaculture practices. Key points include:
- S. serrata is an economically important crab species found in mangroves and estuaries in Africa, Australia, and Asia.
- Its life stages include juvenile, subadult, and adult crabs that inhabit different zones, as well as larvae and megalopae.
- Aquaculture of S. serrata involves maintaining broodstock for breeding and larval rearing, then culturing megalopae through to market size in ponds. Proper water quality, feeding, and health management are
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Post-harvest handling and quality loss of Indian major carps in the distribut...AbdullaAlAsif1
1) The study examined post-harvest quality loss of four Indian major carp species (mrigal, catla, rohu, and kalibaush) through the distribution channel in Noakhali district, Bangladesh from January to April 2015.
2) Fish quality decreased at each level of the distribution channel, with 5%, 10%, 20%, and 22% quality loss observed from fisherman to beparies, aratder, retailer, and consumer, respectively.
3) Defect points (DP), a measure of quality, increased at higher levels and were higher in March-April than January-February due to increased temperatures, with most fish scoring above 3 DP (not acceptable quality) by the retailer
Soil is an important ecological factor for aquatic environments and ponds. It is the main source of nutrients through decomposition of detritus by microbes like algae and bacteria. This enhances pond productivity and supports bottom-dwelling organisms that fish prey on. Key soil properties that influence suitability for fish culture include pH, organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen levels, carbon to nitrogen ratio, texture and water holding capacity. Optimal ranges are pH of 6.5-7.5, over 1% organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen above 10 mg/100g and 6 mg/100g respectively, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 10-15.
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
The document discusses freshwater prawn breeding and culture. It describes the nursery and grow-out phases of farming giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). In the nursery phase, post-larvae are raised for 45-60 days until they reach 2-5g in size. In the grow-out phase, juveniles are stocked in larger ponds and cultured for 6-8 months until reaching final sizes of 45-50g. Proper site selection, pond construction, water quality management, and feeding are essential practices. Production of 800-1000kg/ha can be expected with survival rates of 65-70% and a cost of production of Rs.150
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish in a mesh enclosure in open water ecosystems like reservoirs. It uses simple, locally available materials for construction making it economically sustainable. There are different types of cages including fixed, floating, submersible and submerged cages which can be made from durable and nontoxic materials like wood, steel or plastic. Proper site selection, stocking, feeding and maintenance are required steps for successful cage culture operations.
The document summarizes research on the trawl fishery of juvenile fishes in Karnataka, India and its impact on fish stocks. It finds that trawling catches significant quantities of juvenile fish, especially Nemipterus mesoprion and threadfin breams. An estimated 27.8% of the total trawl catch at main landing centers in Karnataka consists of low-value fish and juveniles. Catches of juvenile groupers, seerfishes, and Epinephelus diacanthus were especially high. The study estimates that reducing juvenile fishing could increase fish yields by 7-20% and revenues by 23-29% for important commercial species. It recommends using spatial and temporal catch data
This document provides information on mussel breeding and aquaculture. It discusses the anatomy and life cycle of mussels, both marine and freshwater. It also describes different mussel farming techniques used around the world, including bottom culture, rack culture, and suspending ropes from floats. China and Spain are leading producers of farmed mussels globally. Aquaculture is the most common way mussels are cultivated for food.
This document discusses biosecurity in aquaculture. It defines biosecurity as measures adopted to secure a disease-free environment in all phases of aquaculture. It identifies different levels of biosecurity including external and internal barriers to prevent the spread of disease. Components of biosecurity include quarantine, sanitation, and disinfection. Recommended protocols for sanitation and disinfection include being careful with live foods, proper storage and usage of manufactured feeds, and good overall system cleanliness. The document also discusses biosecurity strategies for shrimp production specifically.
Fishing is integral to Bangladesh's culture, economy, and food security. Bangladesh has diverse fishing crafts and gears for different regions and fishing needs. Emphasis on responsible fishing practices and sustainability. Growing emphasis on adopting sustainable fishing practices in the Bay of Bengal, including the use of eco-friendly gear and gear modifications to minimize the impact on the marine environment. This includes the promotion of responsible fishing practices, such as seasonal closures, size limits, and catch-and-release policies, to ensure the long-term viability of fish stocks.
Introduction of new fishing gear holds the potential for improving fishing efficiency and sustainability, it must be accompanied by effective fisheries management and regulations to prevent overexploitation and protect the marine ecosystem in the Bay of Bengal.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
This chapter discusses vannamei shrimp farming in India. It notes that shrimp farming is a fast growing and highly profitable sector in India, with over 50,000 hectares of area under culture and annual export production of over 350,000 tons. However, increased production is limited by availability of suitable farming areas. The chapter aims to provide information on modern culture techniques for vannamei shrimp farming to help readers better understand intensive farming systems and their capabilities as well as limitations.
This document provides an introduction to a dissertation submitted to fulfill the requirements for a Master's degree in Fisheries Science. The dissertation studies women's participation in fish markets in Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. It outlines the objectives to study fish species, price policies, and gender participation in local markets. The methodology section describes the study area and time frame, data collection methods including primary and secondary sources, and the dominant fish species found in local markets. Preliminary results show the average price of different fish species from September to January and women's income from various fish compared to men's income. The conclusion discusses the need to better organize the local fishing communities.
The document discusses the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It originated from calls at FAO meetings in the early 1990s for more responsible fishing practices and management. The CCRF was finalized after international consultations from 1992-1995. It sets out voluntary principles and international standards for sustainable fishing. The CCRF aims to ensure effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources while also recognizing the nutritional, economic and cultural importance of fisheries.
The document discusses the economics of cage culture for farming cobia fish. It provides details on the capital costs, operational costs, production estimates, and profit analysis for a single 6m diameter cage over 3 years. The analysis estimates a net profit of Rs. 1,48,280 after repaying capital costs and interest over the 3 year period.
Present status of Fish Hatchery in BangladeshDegonto Islam
In the past decades the rivers of Bangladesh were the mentor natural source of carp seed production. Due to the destruction of natural habitats and also increase demand the natural available of carp seed has largely declined and the aquaculture venture and gradually replaced by the hatchery produced fry since early 80’s when artificial fish breeding technique and low cost hatchery design have been successful adapted in Bangladesh.
This document provides information on green mussel culture methods in three paragraphs or less:
The document outlines different culture methods for green mussels including bottom culture, intertidal culture using racks, stakes, trays, and poles, as well as deep water culture using rafts and long-lines. It discusses considerations for site selection such as shelter, water quality, and bottom type. The biology of the green mussel is summarized, including its lifecycle, growth rates, and sexual maturity. Overall, the document introduces various techniques for farming green mussels from collection of spat to harvesting.
distribution,biology,seed collection,nursery rearing and culture techniques o...Kavitha Cingam
This document discusses culture techniques for groupers, including important species, distribution, biology, habitat, nursery rearing, and grow-out. It describes experiments conducted to develop grouper broodstock in sea cages off Visakhapatnam, India. Broodfish were stocked and grown in cages and tanks, achieving higher survival and maturity in cages. Induced spawning trials were conducted, leading to the conclusion that sea cages are better than tanks for broodstock development and domestication of greasy groupers. This represents progress toward commercial grouper seed production and farming in India.
This document provides information on lobster culture and its management. It discusses the important lobster species for culture, their habitat and feeding habits. It describes the breeding technology, seed collection methods, and hatchery and nursery management practices. Grow-out can be done using land-based tanks or sea cages. Key water quality parameters and stocking densities are outlined. Finally, common diseases affecting farmed lobsters are identified along with control measures.
Brood stock management and larval rearing of mud crab scylla serrata-Gayatri ...Gayatri R. Kachh
This document provides information about the mud crab Scylla serrata, including its natural range, classification, life stages, and aquaculture practices. Key points include:
- S. serrata is an economically important crab species found in mangroves and estuaries in Africa, Australia, and Asia.
- Its life stages include juvenile, subadult, and adult crabs that inhabit different zones, as well as larvae and megalopae.
- Aquaculture of S. serrata involves maintaining broodstock for breeding and larval rearing, then culturing megalopae through to market size in ponds. Proper water quality, feeding, and health management are
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Post-harvest handling and quality loss of Indian major carps in the distribut...AbdullaAlAsif1
1) The study examined post-harvest quality loss of four Indian major carp species (mrigal, catla, rohu, and kalibaush) through the distribution channel in Noakhali district, Bangladesh from January to April 2015.
2) Fish quality decreased at each level of the distribution channel, with 5%, 10%, 20%, and 22% quality loss observed from fisherman to beparies, aratder, retailer, and consumer, respectively.
3) Defect points (DP), a measure of quality, increased at higher levels and were higher in March-April than January-February due to increased temperatures, with most fish scoring above 3 DP (not acceptable quality) by the retailer
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing system in greater Jessore region,...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study on the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing system in Jessore, Bangladesh. Key findings include:
1) Most harvested tilapia are sold to local agents or suppliers, with 60% transported to the Boro Bazaar wholesale market and 40% to local markets.
2) Farmgate prices for tilapia range from 55-85 Tk/kg depending on size, quality, and season.
3) Wholesalers operate with daily capital of 8,350-27,125 Tk, with 70% using their own money and 30% taking loans.
4) Tilapia moves from producer areas to Jessore wholesale markets
Fishery commodity chain trap vis à-vis global quality standardsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the commodity chain and value chain of marine fisheries in Kerala, India. It finds that the marketing chain is complex with many intermediaries, resulting in fishermen receiving only 15-55% of the consumer price. Export chains are particularly complex and countries impose many quality standards that trap fisheries in lower value segments. The value chain is also examined, finding value addition has increased but mainly benefits high-income groups rather than lower-income communities. Overall, the chains exhibit price volatility and profit uncertainty for fishermen.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Market Indices of Fish Products Sold in Makurdi Metropolis, NigeriaAI Publications
- The document analyzes the market indices of fish products sold in Makurdi, Nigeria to understand the variables that drive fish marketing.
- It finds that most fish retailers have little formal education and use family labor. Rural and village markets have the highest sales, using wholesale bargaining as the primary unit of sale.
- The major challenges are fish spoilage from inadequate preservation practices. Improving preservation methods through providing government facilities is suggested to address this key issue.
“VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR” 4. chapter (4)Aung Lwin
This document discusses the value chain analysis of rohu fish aquaculture development in Myanmar based on surveys of upstream, midstream, and downstream actors. It provides an overview of the survey methodology and profiles of actors interviewed. The upstream sector includes seed suppliers, hatcheries, feed suppliers, and other inputs. Government hatcheries produce some seeds but most commercial ponds purchase from private hatcheries, which have increased production over 10 years. Rohu is the top species produced. The document examines seed production and hatcheries in further detail.
Singapore has a small but strategically important aquaculture industry that produces about 5% of the country's fish consumption. Land-based farms produce freshwater fish like snakeheads and tilapia, while coastal farms in netcages along the Johor Straits produce marine fish like seabass, groupers, and snappers. The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore regulates aquaculture through farm licensing and quality control. While live seafood fetches high prices, vacuum-sealed chilled and frozen fish are also important economically. Constraints to sustainable aquaculture development include reliance on wild seed stock; the Marine Aquaculture Centre is working to close fish reproductive cycles and produce seeds commercially to
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Asean Traning\Vietnam Paper Mar ARidzaludin
Singapore has a small but strategically important aquaculture industry that produces about 5% of the country's fish consumption. Land-based farms produce freshwater species like snakehead and tilapia, while coastal farms in netcages along the Johor Straits produce high-value marine species like seabass, groupers, and snappers. The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore regulates aquaculture through farm licensing and guidelines. While live seafood fetches high prices, vacuum-sealed chilled and frozen products also contribute significantly to the economy. Constraints to sustainable development include reliance on wild seed stock; the Marine Aquaculture Centre is working to close reproductive cycles and produce seeds commercially.
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIOR...apaari
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIORATION COUNTRY STATUS REPORT – INDIA BY Kuldeep K. Lal & J K Jena Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) a...apaari
Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) and their Amelioration, Country Status Report: The Philippines by Rachel Ravago-Gotanco, Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Colombo, Sri Lanka
This dissertation examines the fish availability and marketing system of a fish market in Deoghar, Jharkhand. It finds that the dominant fish species available are rohu and katla, comprising 70% of the market. Fish come from local ponds, rivers, and farms in Deoghar as well as imports from Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. The most common marketing channel involves fish farmers and fishermen selling directly to retailers and then to consumers. While the fish market plays an important role, it faces constraints like lack of cold storage and proper handling techniques. The study recommends modernizing facilities and training workers to improve the sustainability of the local fish market.
This dissertation examines the fish availability and marketing system of a fish market in Deoghar, Jharkhand. It finds that the dominant fish species available are rohu and katla, comprising 70% of the market. Fish come from local ponds, rivers, and farms in Deoghar as well as imports from Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. The most common marketing channel involves fish farmers and fishermen selling directly to retailers and then to consumers. While the fish market plays an important role, it faces constraints like lack of cold storage and proper handling techniques. The study recommends modernizing facilities and training workers to improve the sustainability of the local fish market.
The fisheries sector in Bangladesh includes inland capture fisheries, inland culture fisheries, and marine fisheries. Inland capture fisheries encompass rivers, estuaries, floodplains, and lakes, totaling over 3 million hectares. Inland culture fisheries include over 371,000 hectares of ponds, canals, and shrimp/prawn farms. The marine fisheries have potential for contributing to Bangladesh's economy due to the rich biodiversity of the Bay of Bengal. Over 17 million people rely on fisheries for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, and processing. Aquaculture in particular has grown rapidly and now provides over half of Bangladesh's fish. However, the fisheries
This document analyzes the fish value chain in Kebbi State, Nigeria. It finds that the main actors are input suppliers, fish farmers, processors, and traders who are involved in production, supplying inputs, distribution, marketing, and processing of fish. The study surveyed 40 fish farmers, 30 traders, and 20 processors. It found that fish farmers, processors, and traders all realized profits, with farmers making the most at ₦52,261. The major constraints faced by actors were high costs of inputs, processing equipment, transportation, and unstable electricity and water supplies. The study recommends providing actors with affordable inputs and investing in local feed and fingerling production.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Bangladesh is endowed by three principal river systems: the rivers Brahmaputra (Jamuna), Ganges (Padma), and Meghna. In the agro-based economy of Bangladesh,fisheries play an important role in nutrition, employment and foreign exchange earnings, contributing 4.37% to GDP, 2.01% to export earning, 60% to animal protein intake, in addition to providing 1.4 million people full time and 11 million part time employment. In 2012-2013 the total production of fish in Bangladesh was 3.41 million tons. About 82.73% of the fish production (2.82 million tons) comes from the inland fresh water resources and 17.27% from marine resources (0.58 million tons). Inland fisheries resources are broadly classified into inland open waters and inland closed waters which comprises the area of 3.91 million ha and 0.78 million ha contributing fish production over 1.85 million tons (54.54%) and 0.96 million tons (28.19%) respectively. Among the
4.69 million ha of inland open water resources, the major proportion consists of floodplains with an area of 2.8 million ha contributing 0.77 million tons of fish in 20012-13.
Seasonal floodplains are water bodies that retain water for 5-6 months during which they are suitable to grow fish and other aquatic animals. Recent studies have revealed that, if
25% of the 2.8 million ha can be brought under community management, calculating 50% to be accessible, then 6.7 million people would be benefited including 2.7 million
landless people. Out of 2.8 million ha of medium and deep-flooded areas, about 1.5 million ha are estimated to be suitable for community based fish culture. If 50% of accessible water of these areas is taken under aquaculture and management practices, then annual fish production will be increased 4 to 5 times over the existing production .
Similar to Availability of fish species in fish markets and fish marketing in Noakhali district, Bangladesh (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
Successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus♂ and Clarias gariepinus♀AbdullaAlAsif1
Hybridization is a significant approach to breeding that enables the creation of new varieties that enhance genetic diversity. Through fish inter-species hybridization, it is possible to produce hybrids that can be utilized in aquaculture and stocking programs to enhance growth rate, transfer desirable traits between species, and combine the favourable attributes of two parents into a single progeny. The present study revealed the successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus (Ng, 2001) ♂ and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) ♀ for the first time in the aquaculture industry. C. microstomus is a species of Clariid catfish endemic to the island of Borneo and C. gariepinus is an introduced species widely aquacultured throughout the southeast Asian region. The embryonic development of the hybrid offspring is described with the hatching percentage of 58.63% and the early survival rate for the first 72 hours for the larvae of 85.76%. The hybrids showed no signs of deformities and developed normally. The findings of the study provide a new high yield variety of catfish for farmers and aquaculture industry for increasing production and profit margin.
Freshwater gastropod diversity in the selected lotic environment, Betong, Sar...AbdullaAlAsif1
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Macrofaunal diversity on the surface sediment of mangrove habitat adjacent to...AbdullaAlAsif1
Macrofaunal diversity and composition are essential to understanding the ecosystem structures and functions of mangroves in any dynamic estuarine coast. To understand the temporal distribution of macrofaunal community structures and diversity on the surface sediment in the intertidal mangrove forest next to the seagrass beds, this study was conducted at Punang-Sari-River estuary, Lawas, Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), South China Sea. Sampling was done during post-monsoon, intermediate-September, premonsoon, and monsoon from July 2019 to February 2020. The mean macrofauna abundance was higher pre-monsoon, while Gastropoda Optediceros breviculum (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) was the most abundant (RA = 0.704). Important species index (ISI = 70.36) and percentage of contribution (64.97%) were also higher of this species than any other records from the site. The ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarity), Jaccard index and SIMPER (Similarity Percentage Analysis) analysis suggested that the highest species abundance similarity was observed between pre-monsoon and monsoon, while the highest dissimilarity was observed between intermediate-September and pre-monsoon (74.67%). Seasonal PCA, nMDS, and cluster analysis revealed that pre-monsoon and monsoon were comparable in species and individual abundance. The dominance (0.85) was found significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in intermediate-September, while Simpson (0.734), Shannon (1.56) and Evenness indices (0.528) were found higher in monsoon, followed by the higher Margalef richness indices (3.21) in post-monsoon. It was observed that the seasonal ecological parameters were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different, including the temperature, salinity, rainfall, pore water nitrogenous compounds (NO2, NO3 and NH3-N), phosphorus compound (PO4) and micro minerals. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results suggested that ecological factors influenced several species. Considering the few studies on mangrove macrofauna in Malaysian Borneo, further research on their trophic structures and food web interactions is very important to disclose their overall characteristics and ecosystem functions.
Population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonic...AbdullaAlAsif1
The document summarizes a study on the population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) off the coast of Bintulu, Sarawak, South China Sea. Samples were collected from April 2013 to March 2014 and analyzed using FiSAT II software. Key findings include: the asymptotic length was 26.78 cm, growth coefficient was 0.85 per year, total mortality was 2.97 per year, fishing mortality was 1.34 per year, and exploitation rate was 0.45, indicating sustainable fishing. Recruitment was stable year-round with one peak. The study contributes to knowledge of the population dynamics and sustainable management of fishing resources in Sarawak.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Trends in seagrass research and conservation in Malaysian watersAbdullaAlAsif1
The seagrass ecosystems found in the marine and coastal areas, with substantial economic and ecological services and span all over the globe excluding the Antarctic region. The Coral Triangle and Southeast Asia are recognized as a worldwide hotspot of seagrass species and habitats, encompassing 10-21 species of seagrass in every nation , although the study, understanding, and quantity of publications on seagrass ecosystems are rather limited in the region, including Malaysia. Malaysia contains 18 seagrass species from three families, which occupy 16.8 km 2 of coastal area, where the study and discovery of seagrass species and meadows began in 1904 with the report of Beccari. All of the published papers reviewed reported on Malaysian seagrass-related research, which was divided into nine topic groups: biology and distribution, carbon sequestration, fauna, remote sensing, impact and pollution genetic study, restoration , microbiological investigation, and others. The extensive study of the seagrass ecosystem began in 1993, and we have identified 183 published papers from Scopus, 141 publications from Web of Science, and 42 from Google Scholar. However, the average trend of the number of publications from 1993 to 1999 was 0.71 ± 0.36, while from 2000 to 2022 was 7.70 ± 1.16 followed by the average trend of the yearly number of publications was 6.78 ± 1.08. The highest number of publications was found on faunal categories (43.17%), followed by biology and distribution (21.85%). The number of articles that were published on Malaysian seagrass meadows each year has been discovered to be rising, which indicates that the trends in seagrass study and publishing were progressively garnering the attention of researchers, academics, and the government. However, to better understand the sustainable ecology and ecosystem services provided by seagrass habitats, an emphasis on certain research niches, such as the genetic study of flora and fauna in seagrass meadows, microbial ecology, and restoration as well as conservation of seagrass species might be helpful.
First record of saucer scallop Ylistrum balloti (Bernardi, 1861) from equator...AbdullaAlAsif1
Ylistrum balloti is one of the Pectinidae species distributed within the Indo-Pacific region. Recently, 15 live specimens of Y. balloti were recorded from the continental shelf of Sarawak, Malaysia. The main morphological characteristics were displayed on the outer valve, these being a brown-red colour and a clear concentric pattern of thin brown lines. The prominent internal ribbing numbers on both valves also helped species identification. The preliminary report of Y. balloti revealed that the species is present in Sarawak waters and can be further explored in the future.
Culture and production of Lucilia sericata Meigen (1826) larvae for rearing s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The fly larvae (Lucilia sericata) are being used as an alternative protein source in any kind of animal feed as it reduces the cost of preparation of feed. This current study focused on the physico-chemical and proximate properties of raw poultry waste, while this study also revealed the production process of fly larvae and the proximate composition of it. The poultry waste was collected from Suvro poultry farm, Sutiakhali, Mymensingh, then the physic-chemical properties of the raw poultry waste were determined using different procedures. Three treatments were considered for production of fly larvae, T 1 (3 kg), T 2 (6 kg) and T 3 (9 kg) in a 15 kg capacity tray with three replications. After production, the proximate composition were also measured of fly larvae. Physico-chemical properties such as, color, odor, texture, temperature, pH, total solids (TSS+TDS), chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, available N, available P, and fiber in raw poultry waste were determined and presented. Proximate composition such as, moisture, total N, total P, available N, total Ca, ash and crude fiber were found in significant amount in the poultry waste. It was found that T 3 (1350±68g) produced highest volume of live maggot compared to the other treatments, but T 2 (17.50±1.10%) produced highest percentage volume. The proximate compositions of fly larvae were assessed and found 56.60±0.25% protein value in it, suggesting that fly larvae could be the protein replacer in fish feed. The result of this study revealed cheap protein source in aquaculture production, such as production and rearing of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, and the findings might be helpful for cost reduction in aquaculture operation.
Replacement of fish meal by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) live larvae and p...AbdullaAlAsif1
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
The molecular approach reveals the relationship among Venus clams (Meretrix s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Molecular study is important to detect variations and similarities among species from the same genus, in case if they do not encompass any morphological or physiological differences. The study was conducted to differentiate among species of Meretrix spp. (Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria) obtained from two locations in Malaysia through the phylogenetic tree. The adductor muscle tissues were used to extract DNA and to perform other procedures; the samples were subjected to analyses using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The multiple sequence comparison was conducted by MUSCLE and the phylogenetic relationships were established using Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical methods with MEGA 6.0 statistical software. M. lyrata samples showed 99% similarity to the three accessions sequence, where M. lyrata indicated 87% similarities, and M. meretrix showed not more than 89% similarities from the deposited sequence. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 37.9%, Cytosine (C) 15.4%, Adenine (A) 27.4%, and Guanine (G) 19.4%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using the Tamura 3-parameter model to establish five major clades on Meretrix spp. and two out-groups clades significantly different from the Meretrix spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 50% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Meretrix. The present study on Meretrix spp. from the Sarawak locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between M. lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria. M. lusoria was close related to M. meretrix with strong bootstrap supporting evidence at 96% scoring. Moreover, M. lyrata was inferred as the ancestor to M. meretrix, and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia.
Disappearance or overlooked or untouched? - A brief history of aquatic gastro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aquatic gastropods (marine and freshwater) in Malaysian Borneo (MYB) have an ancient history of 255 years, while the first record was observed in 1767 by the pioneer Carl Linnaeus. Over time, many European, native taxonomists and conservationists have worked on the diverse group of gastropods in the Malaysian part of Borneo (states of Sabah and Sarawak). No previous work has been conducted to assess the historical status of this particular class of Mollusca. The study objective was to reveal the types of aquatic gastropods and the number of published research and expeditions conducted in MYB. The bibliometric analysis found 145 research publications mentioning the names of the region and reporting at least one gastropod species from this geographic region. Over the history of 255 years, a total of 559 gastropod species were reported by different research groups. Between 1767 and 1900, a total of 150 gastropod species were reported, followed by 79 species from 1900 to 2000 and 330 species from 2001 to 2022. The Grubbs test (p<0.05) identified outlier years for the reporting of gastropod species from MYB with 54 new species each in 2011 and 2020 and 39 species in 2001. Over the history of aquatic gastropod research in MYB, the taxonomists making the greatest contribution were Han Raven and his colleagues from Naturalis who reported 111 new species from the region, followed by Nur Leena Wong from Universiti Putra Malaysia (54 new species). The results suggested that reporting of new species from MYB is increasing, which may reflect the many unexplored sites and suggests the existence of as yet unrecorded species in this ecoregion. In this regard further expeditions and research should improve estimates of the true number of aquatic gastropod species in this area. These results can help the regional governments in making a regional biodiversity database as well as in taking decisions regarding aquatic gastropod research and management.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Diversity of fisheries in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo: Present status and conse...AbdullaAlAsif1
Information on fisheries resources in East Malaysia is scarce and poorly known. The current review aims to compile a checklist of fisheries resources in the Northwest Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia) from available published literature, address the resources' present status, and suggest future monitoring needs for selected critical species. The study also aims to determine several Sarawak land-use issues that are in flux and responsible for habitat degradation. Five hundred sixty-four species belonging to 123 families and 32 orders were recorded from Sarawak waters. Freshwater fish species comprised 48.0% of the total, followed by a marine (36.6%), marine-euryhaline (12.9%), and brackish water (2.5%) species. Of this, Cyprinidae was the most dominant group accounting for the greatest number of species (82 species), followed by Balitoridae (34 species), Bagridae (21 species) and Penaeidae (21 species). Therefore, available fisheries resources should be managed carefully as 48 species (9.0%) are currently vulnerable to extinction. Furthermore, the presence of 20 alien species in Sarawak water bodies also requires attention from the authorities due to the potential disruption of aquatic ecological balance. Changing land use issues in Sarawak such as forest degradation, agricultural expansion, peatland deforestation and conversion, logging, destruction of mangrove forests, and construction of hydroelectric power dams and flood mitigation channels pose significant challenges to fishery management in Sarawak. Our study documents the priority of fishery monitoring and conservation in Sarawak water bodies to ensure sustainable management of fisheries resources.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
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Bangladesh is rich in both of water and fishery resources. It
has about 40, 24,934 ha of closed water bodies (capture
based), 10, 31,563 ha open water bodies (rivers and estuaries),
28, 10,410 ha floodplains and beels are 1, 14,161 ha. She has
2640 sq. nautical miles of territorial water, 41,040 sq. nautical
miles of exclusive economic zone including territorial water
and 2680 sq. nautical miles of continental shelf excluding
internal and territorial water. The length of coastline is 710
km [11]
. The physical features, climate and natural resource
constraints have made the country predominantly rural, which
accounts for 85% of the total population. About a half (44%)
of the population is considered to be below the poverty line.
The share of agriculture to GDP is 25% and that of industries
sector contribution to GDP is 17%. Agriculture still employs
63.2% of the total population. With the annual growth rate
(1.48%) of population in Bangladesh, the per capita cultivated
land is only 0.25 acres which is not a good size when
economies of scale are taken into account. The intensity of
cropping is only 185% and rice economy still dominates the
crop sector [32]
. As the middlemen have established a
marketing chain based on extreme exploitation of the fish
farming communities by setting up an artificial pricing policy
through intermediaries at different levels, therefore, in order
to make fish available to consumers at the right time and in
the right place, an effective marketing system shall have to
the evolved to safeguard the fish producers from exploitation
by the network of intermediaries The marketing system and
structure is one of the main circumstances of socio economic
condition of the local people and production system of any
area. With intra-linkage and inter-linkage from production
sector to consumer sector, it is a chain of various systems
involved in marketing. As fish and fishery products are highly
traded commodities, fish production is a necessary part of the
marketing process to make a whole complete. The total fish
production in Bangladesh was estimated to near about 2.56
million tons in 2007-08, of which near about 2.07 (80.59%)
and 0.5 (19.41%) million tons came from inland and marine
waters respectively [9, 10]
. The marketing system comprises a
market, marketing channel along with packaging,
transportation and storage facilities. The highest quality loss
of 35% occurs due to longer exposure of fish at high
temperature followed by 25% rough handling and excessive
pressure [31]
. Though fish farming is regarded as an industry
and fish marketing system is well practiced in many countries
of the world, the fish farmers in Bangladesh hardly get any
chance to communicate directly with the consumers. Fish is
highly perishable with unpredictable supply; analysis of fish
marketing is essential considering the fact that fish is the main
protein source in the diet of Bangladeshi people, which
supplements 60% of total animal protein [12]
. According to [4]
almost all fish trades internally move through the private
sector where a large number of people are dealing with fish
distribution and marketing system. However, The main
concern of the present study is to know availability of
different fish species in some selected market places in
Noakhali district; the supply chain, prices and marketing
procedure and to know the socio-economic conditions of
retailers and fish traders.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study area and periods
The study was carried out in three markets, namely Municipal
market, Datter hat and Sonapur bazar under Noakhali district
(Figure 1). The study was guided for a period of 5 months
from November, 2014 to March 2015.
3. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
~ 1334 ~
A. B. C.
Fig 1: Map of Noakhali district and aerial view of three market places (a) Municipal (b) Datter hat (c) Sonapur.
2.2 Methodology
The study was based on market survey obtaining information
through a sample survey among fish traders, fish farmers,
operators (middlemen), consumers. In order to study the
variety of fishes of the studied area, the research functions
were based on fish market visit, capture photograph, interview
of spot people, sample collection, and secondary data
collection.
2.3 Target groups
2.3.1 Fish retailers
All activities of fish retailers are involved in selling goods or
services directly to final consumers. The function of retailers
is to instigate supplies and exhibit them in forms and at times
compatible for consumers. Generally retailers buy fishes
through open market.
2.3.2 Intermediaries
Intermediaries are also fish retailers but they do not sell fishes
directly to consumers and the intermediaries are fishermen,
aratdar, wholesaler/ paiker, local agent (dalal) and bepari.
2.4 Sample number
A total of 15 fish retailers and wholesalers were selected for
questionnaire interviews in three different markets from
Noakhali districts and (Table 1). It is noted that about 180
retailers are involved in Municipal market, 50 in Datter hat,
and 115 in Sonapur market. Among them a total of 15
retailers (5 from each market) were interviewed in different
fish markets.
Table 1: Sample sizes in different markets in Noakhali district.
Study Area Market No. of retailers Data collection methods
Noakhali district
Municipal market 5
Questionnaire interview method
Datter hat 5
Sonapur market 5
Total number of interviewed retailers 15
2.5 Data collection method
The data were collected by using questionnaire-based
interviews, Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) and cross-
check interviews with key informants. Cross-check interviews
were conducted with key informants such as Upazila
Fisheries Officer (UFO), District Fisheries Officers (DFO)
and relevant GO and NGO officers and staffs.
2.6 Questionnaire interviews
The questionnaire interviews were carried at the market place
during trading time. For questionnaire survey, fish retailers
and wholesalers were selected through simple random
sampling method. Fish retailers attend in interview together
with their fish selling actions result there was a chance to
inspect the marketing functions. The questionnaire was
normal and focusing only marketing information.
2.7 Data processing and analysis
The collected data were anatomized and summarized
cautiously before the actual tabulation. Data from different
relevant sources were coded and recorded into a database
system with the help of Microsoft Excel 10 software.
3. Results
3.1 Fish marketing systems
The supply chain from landing center to market from
fishermen to consumers passes through a number of
intermediaries; local fish traders, agents, wholesalers and
retailers (Figure 2). Five types of supply chain for marketing
were found in this study. The first one was fishermen -
aratdars - bepary - Paiker - retailer - consumer, second one
was fisherman-aratdars - Paiker - retailer - consumer, third
one was aratdar - Paiker - retailer - consumer, fourth one was
bepary- aratdar - Paiker - retailer - consumer and fifth one
was aratdar - retailer - consumer. The all five supply chain is
almost similar except number of intermediaries (Figure 2).
4. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
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Fig 2: Fish distribution chain from fisherman to consumers in Noakhali district
3.1.1 Sources of fish
The wholesalers of Noakhali usually bought fish from the
aratdar of Chairman Ghat, Hatiya, Boiar Char, Char
Langanya, Char Jabbar, Ziar Char, Sandwip, Chandpur and
Barisal. These fish are carried by boats, buses trucks or
trawlers and were sold them to wholesalers with the help of
commission agents. Wholesalers sold their fish to the retailers
through open auction. Retailers sold their fish to the local
consumers. Local retailers usually sold the fish to consumers
in village markets and also wholesale markets. Agents or
suppliers also carried fish from remote villages to the
wholesalers in market center. It was learned that suppliers
occasionally take small amounts of dadon (credit) from
wholesalers to ensure the supply of fish. The mode of
transport commonly used by supplier to wholesale market
mentioned earlier for locals and transport time varies from 35
minutes to 2 hours depending on distances and mode of
transport. Most of the traded fish (80%) were brought from
different areas of the district and the remaining part (20%)
from Chittagong, Baroyaarhat, Cox’ bazaar, Comilla,
Dawdkaandi, Mymensingh, Satkhira, Barisal and Chandpur
region and some also from India.
3.1.2 Capital in operation
Retailers typically operate with capital of around Tk. 12,000
to 20,000 per day. The wholesalers possess more capital
(around Tk. 22,000 to 100,000 per day) than suppliers and
have certain degree of control on retailers, especially when
retailers purchase fish on credit. It was also found that some
small wholesalers (10%) also act as retailers and have stall in
retail fish markets. It was found that 80% of retailers used
their own money for fish trading while the rest 20% received
loans. By survey, it was found that the demand for following
fishes; Indian major carps, small indigenous fishes (SIS),
local catfishes and some marine Lotia, Tulardandi, Poamach,
Churi Shrimp, Hilsha are very high in Noakhali fish markets
among the natural fishes. Prawns are low availability in
markets. It was observed that a strong network has developed
with brokers and traders intervening between suppliers at one
end and the consumer at the other end.
3.1.3 Human resources involved in market
In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers are related in each of the
markets. A number of people also found to work with the
retailers as day labors. It was also observed that the children
were massively involved in fish markets. No women
involvements were observed in wholesale or retail marketing
in Noakhali fish market. They also reported that price differs
according to daily demand, incidental festivals, particular
events and there are usually seasonal variations in prices with
the highest in summer (March to May) and the lowest in
winter (November to January).
3.2 Supply of fish in markets
As shown in carp (Indian and Exotic) dominated the list at
roughly 21%, followed by Tilapia and pungus 11%
contributed of the total fish marketed on the day of
observation. In study area the market shares of main group of
fishes varied according to the demand and availability in that
area. From the survey, it was observe that consumers still
prefer indigenous fish. In the three markets, catfish 12.66%,
small fish 11.33%, marine fish 17.33%, hilsha 15.66%, prawn
4%, others 7%, and carps ( Indian and Exotic) comprises
average 21% and pungus and tilapia 11%.
Small fish (mixed) dominated the list at roughly11.33%,
followed by local catfish 12.66% comprising 6 species,
Marine fish (diverse species) 17.33%, others 7%. However, as
single species hilsha contributed 15.66% and prawn
contributed 4% (Figure 3, 4 and 5).
5. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
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Fig 3: Market share of fish market in Municipal market.
Fig 4: Market share of fish market in Datter hat.
6. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
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Fig 5: Market share of fish market in Sonapur market
3.3 Comparative market shares of freshwater and marine
fish
According to the present study, it was found that marine fish
comprises average 33% in the three markets. In the markets,
freshwater fish comprises average 67% (Figure 6). Large
number of marine fish was found in the markets of the district
due to the vicinity of the area to the Bay of Bengal.
Fig 6: Market shares of available fishes in markets.
3.4 Number of fish retailers
In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each
market. Around 50 retailers were involved in Datter hat, 115
in Sonapur, and 180 in Municipal market (Figure 7).
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Fig 7: Average Number of fish retailers in different markets of Noakhali district.
3.5 Amount of fish landing
According to the survey, it was found that the daily supply of
fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about
12-13 mt, 7-8 mt and 2.5-3 mt respectively.
3.6 Amount of fish sold
According to the present survey, it was found that a fish
retailer of Municipal market, Datter hat, Sonapur bazar, sold
an average 75 kg, 57 kg and 44kg fish daily respectively
(Figure 8).
Fig 8: Amount of fish sold in different markets of Noakhali district
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3.7 Price of some important fish species
There are different groups of fishes such as carps, catfish,
small indigenous species (SIS), tilapia, prawn and shrimp,
hilsa and some limited secondary data; it has not been
possible to do any proper price analysis. The prices of fish
mostly depend on the supply and demand of fish. The price of
fishes was comparatively higher in the Municipal market than
other markets (Table 2).
Table 2: Average Price of Different group of Fishes in three markets.
Major fishes Municipal Market Datter Hat Sonapur Market Average
Cat fish 286.5 290.5 305 294
Small fish 190.5 186.7 183.1 186.76
Hilsa 410 376 380 388.66
Prawn 690 680 675 681.66
Tilapia 150 140 160 150
carps 135.6 136.76 133.87 135.41
Others: Mixed; Fresh water and marine fish 165.4 163 160.66 163.02
3.8 Availability of fish and their sources in the markets
The number of species landed in the three different markets
was ranged from 55 to 72 (Table 3).
Table 3: Number of fish species in three different markets of
Noakhali district
Name of the markets
Species number
Natural Farmed Marine
Municipal market 37 24 11
Datter hat 32 23 -
Sonapur market 31 25 10
By the survey it was found that Lotya, Tengra, Taki, Shol,
Koral, Cuchia, Chewa, Prawn and Shrimp and some other
commercial fishes like Rui, Catla, Thai pangus, Silver carp,
Ilish, Bata, Tilapia, has the highest demand in these markets.
It was found that some species such as Baim, Titputi, Pabda,
Baspata, Aor, Shing, Magur, Gajar, Rita, Koi, Chitol, Surma,
Meni, Surputi, Koral, Chanda, Lalchanda, and Khalisa were
very uncommon and not available in these markets.
3.9 Marketing cost of fish traders at market
The average marketing cost of retailers was estimated at
Municipal market Tk. 215/day, Datter hat Tk. 120/day and
Sonapur market at 180/day (Figure 9). The average marketing
cost of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 171.6
/day/retailer.
Fig 9: Average marketing cost of retailers in three different markets of Noakhali district
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3.10 Income of fish retailers
In the present study, it was found that the average gross profit
of fish retailers was estimated at Tk. 720 /day in Municipal
market, Tk. 550/day in Datter hat, and Tk.650/day in Sonapur
market. The average income of retailers in three markets was
estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer (Figure 10).
Fig 10: Average daily income (Tk. /day) of retailers in three markets
of Noakhali district
3.11 Constraints of fish marketing
There are some constraints which were found in the three fish
markets in Noakhali District namely Municipal market,
Datter hat, and Sonapur market. These constraints created
some imbalance in marketing system and hampered real
situation of the market (Table 4).
Table 4: Number and level of constraints found in the market.
Facilities
Fish market
Municipal Datter hat Sonapur
Infrastructure Not very well Not well Not well
Poor sanitary conditions present present present
Long marketing channel Existing Existing Existing
Higher transport cost More More More
Drainage system Not well Absent Not well
Packaging facilities Not well Not well Not well
Ice mill Insufficient Absent
Insuffici
ent
Toilet facility Not well Absent Absent
Unstable Supply and
price
Present Present Present
These numbers of constraints for fish marketing were reported
by retailers during survey. The highest proportion of
respondents i.e. 60% identified lack of capital, and 17% of
respondents identified as higher transport cost as the single
most constraints of fish marketing. About 9% respondents
identified getting lower price as a result of exploitation by
middlemen, 6% mentioned poor supply of ice and 8%
respondents identified unhygienic market place (Figure 11).
Fig 11: Constraints faced by fish market at Noakhali district
3.12 Hygienic condition of market
Hygienic condition of studied market is so poor. At the
market time these place become so muddy and walking
become very difficult. There is no source of hygienic water
for ice making and cleaning of fish. There is no good drainage
system and Sanitation receives a low priority at all stages of
marketing.
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3.13 Ice supply
In Municipal market, there are two ice plants in the market
and ice storage facilities exist. There are 4 ice plants in
Sonapur market. In Datter hat there are no ice plants. In this
study area, especially at peak season, there is clearly a
deficiency of ice and this is reflected in the prices charged for
the same.
3.14 Handling and transport of fish
The transportation system of fish determines the demand and
purity or hygienic condition of it, because with the change of
time, fish will perish rapidly. Also its value decreases, if it
requires too much time to transport this fish from the
collection point to the market. Two types of fishes are found
here as dead fish and live fish. Normally Shol, Taki, Pangus,
Koi, Shing, Magur are transported here as live form. Dead
fish carried to the market in box or cages but live fish by
drum or tray. Mainly small Pangus are carried by tray. Each
drum contains 35-40 kg of fish with water. Mainly this type of
fish is transported by truck. Fishes from other districts like
Barisal, Khulna, Chittagong, Shatkhira, Feni, Bagerhat,
Comilla, Mymensingh, Luxmipur, and Hatiya comes by truck.
In Municipal market, come 20-25 trucks of fishes, 5-6 trucks
in Sonapur market and 1-2 trucks in Datter hat fish market.
Fish has carried into and out of the market by head-load;
baskets involve unnecessary handling as there is no
unnecessary vehicles.
3.15 Improved socio-economic conditions
Although fish retailers were comparatively poor, but the
survey result showed that they have improved their socio-
economic conditions through fish trading, as confirmed by
80% of fish retailers (Figure 12). Some retailers (20%) have
not obtained any specific benefits due to taking loan from
moneylenders or banks and large family size, poor education
and lack of capital for this business.
Fig 12: Status of socio-economic condition of fish retailers.
3.16 Availability of fish species of three different markets
in Noakhali district
It was observed that Rui, Catla, Thai pangus, Silver carp,
Ilish, Bata, Tilapia, Tengra, Taki, Shol, Koral, Chewa, Prawn
and Shrimp has the highest demand in these markets
Abundance of fish also varies from season to season
depending on demand and production (Table 5). Abundance
of natural fish in winter was comparatively higher than the
rest of the year as the water level in freshwater bodies’
decreases in this season. All the species were not readily
available in the markets of Noakhali district.
Table 5: Availability of fish species of three different markets in
Noakhali district
Species
Availability
Year round Seasonally Partial
Tilapia mossambicas √
Tenualosa ilisha √ √
Labeo calbasu √
Macrobrachium rosenbergii √ √
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix √
Wallago attu √ √
Anabas testudineus √
Labeo gonius √ √
Gudusia chapra √ √
Puntius chola √
Amblypharyngodon mola √ √
Channa punctatus √ √
Channa striatus √ √
Labeo rohita √
Catla catla √
Cirrhinus cirrhossus √
Pangasius pangasius √
Lates calcarifer √ √
Clarias batrachus √ √
Mystus tengara √ √
Silliaginopsis panijus √ √
Chitala chitala √ √
Corica subarna √ √
Harpadon nehereus √ √
Jhonius coiter √ √
Parapocryptes batoides √ √
Heteropneustes fossilis √ √
Macrognathus aculeatus √ √
Penaeus monodon √
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis √
Cyprinus carpio √
Ctenopharyngodon idella √
Systomus sarana √ √
Sperata aor √ √
Ompok pabda √ √
Nandus nandus √ √
Liza parsia √ √
Chanda nama √ √ √
Colisa faciata √ √
4. Discussions
The supply chain from landing center to market from
fishermen to consumers passes through a number of
intermediaries; local fish traders, agents, wholesalers and
retailers. Five types of supply chain for marketing were found
in Noakhali district. [24]
Found similar findings in
Mymensingh district. The existence of four types of marketing
channels in Jessore district [23, 25]
Identified three marketing
channels in Mymensingh district, all of which involved
aratders and beparies like intermediaries [5, 7, 14, 15, 21, 29, 36]
found the similar marketing channel in different part of
Bangladesh. However their findings are more or less similar
with the present study. Retailers typically operate with capital
of around Tk. 12,000 to 20,000 per day. The wholesalers
possess more capital (around Tk. 22,000 to 100,000 per day)
than suppliers and have certain degree of control on retailers,
11. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
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especially when retailers purchase fish on credit This finding
is similar to the investigation in Gazipur district where traders
typically operated with capital of about Tk. 10,000 to 25,000
per day [32]
. The daily income and profit margin are more or
less similar with the study of [7, 8, 15, 29, 30, 40, 41]
. According to
the survey, it was found that the daily supply of fish in
Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13
mt, 7-8 mt and 2.5-3 mt respectively. The daily supply of fish
in municipal market and Maijdee bazar were estimated at 3-
3.2 mt and 1-1.1 mt respectively [33]
. The daily supply of fish
in Gazipur Sadar and Sripur markets was estimated at 2-3 mt
and 1-2 mt respectively [32]
. More than 1000 kg of fishes are
landed and sold every day in respective districts [15, 29]
. Present
study reveals, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were
found. Among them 7 species are found on marine
environment, and others are freshwater. Most of the species
were available in rivers, streams, canals. All fish species were
not available in all the seasons. Seasonal fluctuation in the
fish species is a normal phenomenon [2]
. More than 50 fish
species are available year round in the respective research
area [15, 19, 35]
. In the three markets, catfish 12.66%, small fish
11.33%, marine fish 17.33%, hilsha 15.66%, prawn 4%,
others 7%, and carps ( Indian and Exotic) comprises average
21% and pungus and tilapia 11%. During the survey, it was
observed that Rui, Catla, Thai pangus, Silver carp, Ilish, Bata,
Tilapia, Tengra, Taki, Shol, Koral, Chewa, Prawn and Shrimp
has the highest demand in these markets. [2]
found that about
half of the fish supplied in the two markets of Gazipur were
Indian and exotic carps and also found that the main fish
species available for consumption was supplied from rural
carp culture of indigenous (Rui, Mrigal, Catla) and exotic
carp species (silver carp, grass carp, common carp). The
average number of species landed in the three different
markets was 64. [27, 42]
found that 143 species of small
indigenous fish in which Mola, Puti, Tengra, Chapila, Batasi,
Kholisha, Kakila, Golchanda, Bela, cuchia Gutum, Gochi
baim were common in fish market. On the other hand, the
average number of species that occurred in Mechua bazar,
Natun bazar and Railway market of Mymensingh town was
about 30 [1]
. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were
involved in each market. Around 50 retailers were involved in
Datter hat, 115 in Sonapur, and 180 in Municipal market.
According to the survey more retailers were involved in
Municipal market than Sonapur and Datter hat fish market.
Around 80 retailers were involved in Maijdee bazar, 90 in
Chaumuhani bazar, 40 in Khaser hat and 30 retailers in
chairman ghat under Noakhali district [3]
. It was also observed
that the children were massively involved in fish markets.
This statement is goes to [15]
. No women involvements were
observed in wholesale or retail marketing in Noakhali fish
market but [39]
revealed the opposite position in which women
used to do different farm and marketing work to develop their
family condition. According to the present survey, it was
found that a fish retailer of Municipal market, Datter hat,
Sonapur bazar, sold an average 75 kg, 57 kg and 44 kg fish
daily respectively. Amount of fish sold was higher in
Municipal market than Sonapur and Datter hat fish market.
The price of fish was comparatively higher in the Municipal
market than others market. Rui, catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai
pangus and silver carp was identified as six important fish
species in the markets. It was found that the price of same fish
was almost similar in all the markets. The price of rui in
Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was varied from
340±10 to 330±5 Tk. /kg. The price of galda and bagda were
varied from 580±10 to 560±8, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg
respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and
silver carp were varied from390±10 to 360±8, 165±5 to
150±8, 900±10 to 860±5, 140±10 to 125±5, and 160±8 to
155±5 Tk. /kg respectively. [28]
also found similar seasonality
for the price of fish market in Mymensingh. [32]
found rohu as
the most valuable among the Indian major carps and Grass
carp among exotic carps in Gazipur district. [13]
mentioned that
Rohu was found to be the most expensive followed by Catla,
Mrigal, Grass carp, Common carp and Silver carp in
southwest Bangladesh. But in the present study, the price
catla was found higher than rohu. [15]
stated, price of fish
depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply
demand of fish and size of fishes. [29]
revealed the price rate of
tilapia in Jessore district and the result is similar with the
present study. [13]
also mentioned that the price of per kg of
carp increases with size for both Indian major carps and
exotic carps. According to [1]
, the demand of fish became
higher during Ramadan that leads the price of fish to be
higher than other months. The demand of hilsha becomes
higher than other month during Pahela Boishakh in April. The
average marketing cost of retailers was estimated at
Municipal market Tk. 215/day, Datter hat Tk. 120/day and
Sonapur market at 180/day. The average marketing cost of
retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 171.6
/day/retailer. [26]
found that the marketing cost per quintal of
fish for aratdar, beparies and retailers was as BDT 12.45,
BDT 61.32 and BDT 26.32 respectively. According to [25]
, the
average marketing cost per quintal of fish incurred by these
intermediaries in Muktagachha, Fulpur and Mymensingh
were 555.14, 209.91, and 660.53 Tk. /kg, respectively. From
the survey, it was found that the average gross profit of fish
retailers was estimated at Tk. 720 /day in Municipal market,
Tk. 550/day in Datter hat, and Tk.650/day in Sonapur market.
The average income of retailers in three markets was
estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. Similar income were also
observed by [7, 8, 15, 29, 30, 40, 41, 33]
mentioned that the average
income retailers in two markets were estimated at Tk. 300 per
day. Number of constraints for fish marketing was reported by
retailers during survey. The highest proportion of respondents
i.e. 60% identified lack of capital, and 17% of respondents
identified as higher transport cost as the single most
constraints of fish marketing. About 9%Respondents
identified getting lower price as a result of exploitation by
middlemen, 6% mentioned poor supply of ice and 8%
respondents identified unhygienic market place. [6, 15, 29, 40, 41]
revealed similar constrain in their study as, poor road and
transport facilities, higher transport costs, insufficient supply
of ice, unhygienic conditions, lack of credit facilities and poor
infrastructure of markets as well as political disturbances such
as strikes and road blocks also affect fish marketing. Similar
fish marketing problems were found by [25, 34]
. [23]
described
several problems of fishermen and intermediaries in
Mymensingh, such as poor transportation, lower price of fish,
lack of storage facilities, lack of weighing system, assessment
of market tolls, lack of marketing facilities as well as political
instability. Hygienic condition of studied market is so poor.
Municipal market is more unhygienic than Sonapur and
Datter hat fish market. There are 2 ice plants in Municipal
market and 4 ice plants in Sonapur market. Because the
supply of amount of river fish is more in Sonapur than
Municipal market. Amount of cultured fish is more in
Municipal market than Sonapur. In Datter hat there are no ice
plants. Marketing organizations should have fish freezing and
12. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
~ 1343 ~
storage facilities as well as ice plants to ensure effective fish
marketing systems [32]
. In Municipal market, come 20-25
trucks of fishes, 5-6 trucks in Sonapur market and 1-2 trucks
in Datter hat fish market every day. [38]
who noted that the
intermediaries in Mymensingh district used rickshaw, van,
train, pushcart etc. who stated that trucks, which carry
consignments, mostly handle fish distribution in Rajshahi [34]
.
Fish retailers were comparatively poor, but the survey result
showed that they have improved their socio-economic
conditions, through fish trading, as confirmed by 80% of fish
retailers in three different markets under Noakhali district.
Some retailers (20%) have not obtained any specific benefits
due to taking loan from moneylenders or banks and large
family size, poor education and lack of capital for this
business. Socio-economical uplifting and continuous
development occurred in their respective study area [5, 6, 8, 15, 16,
17, 18, 20, 37, 40, 41, 22]
reported that, in spite of socio-economic
constraints, most of the households of the traders (80%) have
improved their status through fish marketing activities in
Gopalpur upazila of Tangail district.
5. Recommendations
After completion of successful research on fish market and
marketing system in Noakhali district the team would like to
suggest some recommendation for further development of
markets and marketing channel through establishment of
modern wholesaling facilities through government or NGO’s;
improvement of existing fish market structure; improvement
of fish transport, handling facilities by proper consciousness
and training; improvement of sanitation, hygienic condition,
drainage, and washing facilities; establishment of more ice-
plants, cold-storage and preservation facilities; to initiate a
team approach to research among the scientists of research
institutes and universities concerned on the breeding and
culture of threatened natural fish; provision of governmental,
institutional and banking assistance including insurance
facilities; introduction of fish quality control measure through
HECCAP achievement; to ensure our protein demand which
are almost being replaced by cultured fish now a day and also
for their conservation and rehabilitation aspects too; and
training of natural fish market operators in areas of fish
preservation, handling, icing and curing.
6. Conclusion
Fish marketing plays an important role in the economy of
Bangladesh, contributing to increased food production,
diversification of the economy, increased employment
opportunities, and maintained rural communities. All the
species were not readily available in the markets of Noakhali
district. In marketing terms, there were a number of
middlemen involved. The middlemen usually buy the fish
from the fishermen but do not seem to have formal
agreements with particular producers. In contrast, hygienic
condition of studied market is so poor and with regard to
hygiene and fish quality aspects, the present facilities could be
considerably improved. Markets in Noakhali district often
lack basic infrastructure such as clean water supply, adequate
drainage system, flooring etc. as well as availability of good
quality of ice on the premises will facilitate the enhancement
of appropriate fish handling. A positive policy at government
level should be considered for sustainable natural fish
marketing systems. This situation has created awareness
among fishery biologists, ecologists and politicians of the
need for better conservation of diversity of valuable fish and
the need to protect such fish from being extinction in this
country. It is now crucial time to initiate a team approach to
research among the scientists of research institutes and
universities concerned on the breeding and culture of
threatened small indigenous species of fish to ensure their
conservation and exoneration.
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