Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a computational study on using finned heat pipes to cool photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model heat transfer from a solar panel through a heat pipe with attached fins. The CFD analysis shows that attaching fins to a heat pipe can reduce the temperature of a solar panel by up to 20°C compared to no cooling. This temperature reduction can increase the panel's efficiency and power output. The study aims to develop a passive cooling system for PV panels using a low-cost finned heat pipe design.
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector system in Bhopal, India. The maximum temperature of the hot water from the system was 47.5°C. The average thermal efficiency was over 50%, the electrical efficiency was around 6.39%, and the overall efficiency exceeded 56.49%. Exergy efficiency, a measure of the system's ability to convert solar radiation into usable energy, was found to exceed 9.48%. The study concluded that a PVT system can improve overall energy yield per unit area by capturing both thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology that analyzes the performance of an oscillatory flow heat exchanger design for a hybrid solar water system. The study compares the performance of a commercial PV module versus a hybrid PV/T system with an oscillatory flow heat exchanger attached. Key findings include the hybrid system achieving a combined PV/T efficiency of 53.7% at a solar irradiance of 918 W/m2 and water flow rate of 0.035 kg/sec, representing an improvement over the commercial PV module alone. The hybrid system also achieved a higher PV module efficiency of 11.7% under these conditions due to cooling from the heat exchanger.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar system for residential applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical and thermal energy have wider applications in the life of mankind. Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) system is a hybrid system to produce both thermal and electrical energy. Chennai has an approximate climate and is highly suitable for using PVT hybrid systems. This paper presents the mathematical analyze of the thermal, electrical and exergetic performance of a PVT system augmented by a Flat Plate Collector (FPC) for a typical domestic application. The system is found to have 11 % of average electrical efficiency, 15 % of overall exergy efficiency and 56% overall energy efficiency. Keywords: energy, exergy, photovoltaic, hybrid, flat plate collector, solar water heater.
This document provides a review of previous research on thermoelectric generators. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and thermoelectric generation technologies. It then discusses the basic components of a thermoelectric module, including the thermocouple. The document reviews three previous works: 1) fabrication and testing of flat plate solar thermoelectric generators for near-earth orbits, which achieved power outputs of 3-3.3 watts; 2) development of a high efficiency thermoelectric power generator using bismuth telluride that achieved a maximum efficiency of 1.85%; 3) parametric analysis and modeling of a solar heat pipe thermoelectric generator unit comprising a thermoelectric module, finned heat pipe,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a computational study on using finned heat pipes to cool photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model heat transfer from a solar panel through a heat pipe with attached fins. The CFD analysis shows that attaching fins to a heat pipe can reduce the temperature of a solar panel by up to 20°C compared to no cooling. This temperature reduction can increase the panel's efficiency and power output. The study aims to develop a passive cooling system for PV panels using a low-cost finned heat pipe design.
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector system in Bhopal, India. The maximum temperature of the hot water from the system was 47.5°C. The average thermal efficiency was over 50%, the electrical efficiency was around 6.39%, and the overall efficiency exceeded 56.49%. Exergy efficiency, a measure of the system's ability to convert solar radiation into usable energy, was found to exceed 9.48%. The study concluded that a PVT system can improve overall energy yield per unit area by capturing both thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology that analyzes the performance of an oscillatory flow heat exchanger design for a hybrid solar water system. The study compares the performance of a commercial PV module versus a hybrid PV/T system with an oscillatory flow heat exchanger attached. Key findings include the hybrid system achieving a combined PV/T efficiency of 53.7% at a solar irradiance of 918 W/m2 and water flow rate of 0.035 kg/sec, representing an improvement over the commercial PV module alone. The hybrid system also achieved a higher PV module efficiency of 11.7% under these conditions due to cooling from the heat exchanger.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar system for residential applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical and thermal energy have wider applications in the life of mankind. Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) system is a hybrid system to produce both thermal and electrical energy. Chennai has an approximate climate and is highly suitable for using PVT hybrid systems. This paper presents the mathematical analyze of the thermal, electrical and exergetic performance of a PVT system augmented by a Flat Plate Collector (FPC) for a typical domestic application. The system is found to have 11 % of average electrical efficiency, 15 % of overall exergy efficiency and 56% overall energy efficiency. Keywords: energy, exergy, photovoltaic, hybrid, flat plate collector, solar water heater.
This document provides a review of previous research on thermoelectric generators. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and thermoelectric generation technologies. It then discusses the basic components of a thermoelectric module, including the thermocouple. The document reviews three previous works: 1) fabrication and testing of flat plate solar thermoelectric generators for near-earth orbits, which achieved power outputs of 3-3.3 watts; 2) development of a high efficiency thermoelectric power generator using bismuth telluride that achieved a maximum efficiency of 1.85%; 3) parametric analysis and modeling of a solar heat pipe thermoelectric generator unit comprising a thermoelectric module, finned heat pipe,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a hybrid solar still system that uses both evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to generate electricity and heat water. Eight ETSCs collect solar energy and heat water in a storage tank. Eight TEG modules are mounted above the ETSCs, with their hot sides facing the heated storage tank and cold sides exposed to air. This creates a temperature difference across the TEGs to generate electricity via the Seebeck effect. The system provides both electric power and hot water from solar energy without emissions. Experimental results showed increasing voltage, current, and power output from the TEGs as the temperature difference increased over the course of a sunny day.
Integrated solar photovoltaic and thermal system for enhanced energy efficiencylenses
The document presents a study on developing an integrated solar photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) system to improve energy efficiency. The study aims to build a PV/T system, experimentally evaluate its thermal and electrical efficiencies, and determine if it can enhance overall energy efficiency. A PV/T prototype was constructed and tested over multiple days. Results showed the thermal efficiency was influenced by heat exchange conditions and peaked twice for electrical efficiency. Overall, the PV/T system improved electrical performance and increased total energy efficiency compared to independent PV and thermal systems.
Solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/t) parabolic trough collector systemManav Shah
This system consists of concentrating parabolic trough collector to magnify the solar radiation onto the focal point where absorber tube has been placed. Working fluid such as water is passed from the tube with the help of pump. In order to increase the overall efficiency of the system, photovoltaic cells are placed on the absorber tube so that hot water and electricity can be produced from one integrated system.
This document describes the design and performance evaluation of a solar space heating system using evacuated tube solar collectors in Baghdad, Iraq. The researchers designed a system to heat a 47.5m2 meeting hall for 6 hours per day using solar energy. They calculated the required heating load to be 2092.2W per day. The evacuated tube solar collectors were determined to provide 46332kJ of energy per day to meet this load. Temperature and solar radiation data were recorded every 10 minutes from November 2011 to March 2012. The study found the system could provide 9.6 kWh of heating per day instead of using electric power, demonstrating the feasibility of solar space heating in the local climate.
This document describes the performance evaluation of a hybrid modified micro-channel solar cell thermal tile through experimental validation. An indoor test setup and prototype tile were developed to study the tile's performance over different light intensities. The thermal and electrical efficiencies were found to be 35.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Overall energy and exergy analyses were also carried out based on the experimental results. Previous studies on hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems and their efficiency improvements are reviewed.
Enhancing the performance of pv cell systemIRJET Journal
This document discusses enhancing the performance of PV cell systems through cooling. It describes designing a setup that uses water as a cooling medium below the PV panel to control overheating. As the water flows below the heated panel, it absorbs heat, thereby maintaining the panel's temperature for optimal efficiency. This cooling phenomenon reduces the panel's surface heat. The heated water is then collected and can be used for domestic applications, helping to cool the panel and utilize excess heat. Experimental results showed that without cooling, efficiency decreased with temperature, but the proposed water-based cooling method helped improve and maintain the performance rate.
The document discusses solar refrigeration systems, including their theory, types (photovoltaic, solar mechanical, absorption), and applications. It describes how solar refrigeration works by using solar energy to power a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Three main types are described: photovoltaic systems use solar panels to power a compressor, solar mechanical uses solar heat to power a Rankine cycle and generate mechanical energy, and absorption replaces compression with heat-powered absorption into a liquid. Solar refrigeration can provide off-grid refrigeration for food storage, vaccines, and more to address energy access issues.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
This document provides information about a project report on refrigeration using a Peltier module. It includes an abstract, introduction, chapters on the basic theory of Peltier devices, materials used, construction and design, working and performance, advantages and disadvantages, cost analysis, and conclusion. The basic theory chapter describes the history of Peltiers, their structure, principles, specifications, applications, heat transport method, doping of semiconductors, and thermoelectric performance factors. It explains how a Peltier module uses the Peltier effect to absorb heat on one side and release it on the other side when a DC current is applied.
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
This document provides an overview of a course on electrical energy generation, utilization, and conservation. It discusses various topics that will be covered in the course, including different methods of power generation, economic aspects, illumination, industrial heating and welding, and electric traction. The first unit focuses on both conventional (thermal, hydro, nuclear) and non-conventional (fuel cells, tidal, wind, geothermal, solar, bio-mass, municipal waste) methods of power generation, as well as the effects of distributed generation.
This document summarizes a senior design project to develop a cooling system for solar panels. The system aims to improve solar panel efficiency by preventing overheating. It uses flowing water within an insulated chamber behind the panels to conduct heat away. Testing showed the cooling system reduced panel temperatures by 16.9°C compared to an uncooled panel, increasing power output by 4%. While heat transfer to the water was lower than expected, the design demonstrates proof of concept. Potential improvements include using molded thermoplastics, adding insulation, and including fins to further transfer heat.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
seminar on Magnetic Refrigeration - Solid refrigerantVishal Talape
This document discusses magnetic refrigeration, including its working principle, components, advantages, and current state of development. Magnetic refrigeration uses the magnetocaloric effect and works by applying and removing a magnetic field to materials to remove and release heat from target systems. Its potential advantages include higher efficiency and reliability compared to vapor compression refrigeration, without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. However, magnetic refrigeration remains under development due to challenges like initial costs and limited temperature ranges of magnetocaloric materials.
The document summarizes a project report on designing a thermoelectric powered car. It discusses using the Seebeck and Peltier effects to directly convert temperature differences into electricity using Peltier plates. The car would use heat from the environment to generate power for motors via a thermoelectric generator and heat sinks. The report outlines the concepts, principles, proposed design, requirements, applications and efficiency calculations for such a car. It aims to develop a practical model vehicle that can run solely on thermal energy without other fuel sources.
aseminar report on magnetic refrigerationhardik9343
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on magnetic refrigeration. It discusses the history of magnetic refrigeration dating back to 1881 when the magneto-caloric effect was discovered. It then provides an overview of how magnetic refrigeration works using the magneto-caloric effect found in solid state refrigerants. The objectives of magnetic refrigeration are to develop more efficient and cost effective small scale hydrogen liquefiers as an alternative to traditional vapor-compression cycles.
Exergy Assessment of Photovoltaic Thermal with V-groove Collector Using Theor...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The solution of the environmental problems because of fuel fossil is to use new and renewable
energy. There are many studies about energy analysis of solar collector with v-groove but exergy analysis
of photovoltaic thermal system with v-groove is still less especially by theoretical study. Photovoltaic
thermal with v-groove collector has been conducted the exergy analysis by theoretical assessment. The
matrix inversion methods were used to analyze the energy balance equation. The theoretical assessment
was conducted under the solar intensity of 385 W/m2, 575 W/m2, and 875 W/m2 and mass flow rate
between 0.01 and 0.05 kg/s. The maximum exergy efficiency and exergy of PVT system with v -groove
collector were 17.80% and 86.32 Watt at the solar intensity of 875 W/m2.
Phase Change Materials(PCM) based solar refrigerationVishvesh Shah
Topics to be Covered
Refrigeration Using solar Energy
Introduction
Solar PV Based Refrigeration
Solar Absorption Refrigeration
Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Phase Change Materials
Solar Refrigeration System Model Studies
Solar powered refrigerator with Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Direct Drive Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage
Design of The Cooling System for Optimizing the Performance of Solar PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of three solar panel cooling systems. The cooling systems included two passive systems, one using an acrylic tank and the other using copper heat pipes and an aluminum heat sink. The third was an active water cooling system that pumped water over the solar panel surface. Experimental results showed that the water cooling system maintained the lowest solar panel temperatures, with panel temperatures around 60°C compared to 70°C without cooling. Cooling the panels in this way improved their electrical output and efficiency by reducing thermal losses at high temperatures.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHN...IAEME Publication
Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such
technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a hybrid solar still system that uses both evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to generate electricity and heat water. Eight ETSCs collect solar energy and heat water in a storage tank. Eight TEG modules are mounted above the ETSCs, with their hot sides facing the heated storage tank and cold sides exposed to air. This creates a temperature difference across the TEGs to generate electricity via the Seebeck effect. The system provides both electric power and hot water from solar energy without emissions. Experimental results showed increasing voltage, current, and power output from the TEGs as the temperature difference increased over the course of a sunny day.
Integrated solar photovoltaic and thermal system for enhanced energy efficiencylenses
The document presents a study on developing an integrated solar photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) system to improve energy efficiency. The study aims to build a PV/T system, experimentally evaluate its thermal and electrical efficiencies, and determine if it can enhance overall energy efficiency. A PV/T prototype was constructed and tested over multiple days. Results showed the thermal efficiency was influenced by heat exchange conditions and peaked twice for electrical efficiency. Overall, the PV/T system improved electrical performance and increased total energy efficiency compared to independent PV and thermal systems.
Solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/t) parabolic trough collector systemManav Shah
This system consists of concentrating parabolic trough collector to magnify the solar radiation onto the focal point where absorber tube has been placed. Working fluid such as water is passed from the tube with the help of pump. In order to increase the overall efficiency of the system, photovoltaic cells are placed on the absorber tube so that hot water and electricity can be produced from one integrated system.
This document describes the design and performance evaluation of a solar space heating system using evacuated tube solar collectors in Baghdad, Iraq. The researchers designed a system to heat a 47.5m2 meeting hall for 6 hours per day using solar energy. They calculated the required heating load to be 2092.2W per day. The evacuated tube solar collectors were determined to provide 46332kJ of energy per day to meet this load. Temperature and solar radiation data were recorded every 10 minutes from November 2011 to March 2012. The study found the system could provide 9.6 kWh of heating per day instead of using electric power, demonstrating the feasibility of solar space heating in the local climate.
This document describes the performance evaluation of a hybrid modified micro-channel solar cell thermal tile through experimental validation. An indoor test setup and prototype tile were developed to study the tile's performance over different light intensities. The thermal and electrical efficiencies were found to be 35.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Overall energy and exergy analyses were also carried out based on the experimental results. Previous studies on hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems and their efficiency improvements are reviewed.
Enhancing the performance of pv cell systemIRJET Journal
This document discusses enhancing the performance of PV cell systems through cooling. It describes designing a setup that uses water as a cooling medium below the PV panel to control overheating. As the water flows below the heated panel, it absorbs heat, thereby maintaining the panel's temperature for optimal efficiency. This cooling phenomenon reduces the panel's surface heat. The heated water is then collected and can be used for domestic applications, helping to cool the panel and utilize excess heat. Experimental results showed that without cooling, efficiency decreased with temperature, but the proposed water-based cooling method helped improve and maintain the performance rate.
The document discusses solar refrigeration systems, including their theory, types (photovoltaic, solar mechanical, absorption), and applications. It describes how solar refrigeration works by using solar energy to power a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Three main types are described: photovoltaic systems use solar panels to power a compressor, solar mechanical uses solar heat to power a Rankine cycle and generate mechanical energy, and absorption replaces compression with heat-powered absorption into a liquid. Solar refrigeration can provide off-grid refrigeration for food storage, vaccines, and more to address energy access issues.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
This document provides information about a project report on refrigeration using a Peltier module. It includes an abstract, introduction, chapters on the basic theory of Peltier devices, materials used, construction and design, working and performance, advantages and disadvantages, cost analysis, and conclusion. The basic theory chapter describes the history of Peltiers, their structure, principles, specifications, applications, heat transport method, doping of semiconductors, and thermoelectric performance factors. It explains how a Peltier module uses the Peltier effect to absorb heat on one side and release it on the other side when a DC current is applied.
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
This document provides an overview of a course on electrical energy generation, utilization, and conservation. It discusses various topics that will be covered in the course, including different methods of power generation, economic aspects, illumination, industrial heating and welding, and electric traction. The first unit focuses on both conventional (thermal, hydro, nuclear) and non-conventional (fuel cells, tidal, wind, geothermal, solar, bio-mass, municipal waste) methods of power generation, as well as the effects of distributed generation.
This document summarizes a senior design project to develop a cooling system for solar panels. The system aims to improve solar panel efficiency by preventing overheating. It uses flowing water within an insulated chamber behind the panels to conduct heat away. Testing showed the cooling system reduced panel temperatures by 16.9°C compared to an uncooled panel, increasing power output by 4%. While heat transfer to the water was lower than expected, the design demonstrates proof of concept. Potential improvements include using molded thermoplastics, adding insulation, and including fins to further transfer heat.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
seminar on Magnetic Refrigeration - Solid refrigerantVishal Talape
This document discusses magnetic refrigeration, including its working principle, components, advantages, and current state of development. Magnetic refrigeration uses the magnetocaloric effect and works by applying and removing a magnetic field to materials to remove and release heat from target systems. Its potential advantages include higher efficiency and reliability compared to vapor compression refrigeration, without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. However, magnetic refrigeration remains under development due to challenges like initial costs and limited temperature ranges of magnetocaloric materials.
The document summarizes a project report on designing a thermoelectric powered car. It discusses using the Seebeck and Peltier effects to directly convert temperature differences into electricity using Peltier plates. The car would use heat from the environment to generate power for motors via a thermoelectric generator and heat sinks. The report outlines the concepts, principles, proposed design, requirements, applications and efficiency calculations for such a car. It aims to develop a practical model vehicle that can run solely on thermal energy without other fuel sources.
aseminar report on magnetic refrigerationhardik9343
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on magnetic refrigeration. It discusses the history of magnetic refrigeration dating back to 1881 when the magneto-caloric effect was discovered. It then provides an overview of how magnetic refrigeration works using the magneto-caloric effect found in solid state refrigerants. The objectives of magnetic refrigeration are to develop more efficient and cost effective small scale hydrogen liquefiers as an alternative to traditional vapor-compression cycles.
Exergy Assessment of Photovoltaic Thermal with V-groove Collector Using Theor...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The solution of the environmental problems because of fuel fossil is to use new and renewable
energy. There are many studies about energy analysis of solar collector with v-groove but exergy analysis
of photovoltaic thermal system with v-groove is still less especially by theoretical study. Photovoltaic
thermal with v-groove collector has been conducted the exergy analysis by theoretical assessment. The
matrix inversion methods were used to analyze the energy balance equation. The theoretical assessment
was conducted under the solar intensity of 385 W/m2, 575 W/m2, and 875 W/m2 and mass flow rate
between 0.01 and 0.05 kg/s. The maximum exergy efficiency and exergy of PVT system with v -groove
collector were 17.80% and 86.32 Watt at the solar intensity of 875 W/m2.
Phase Change Materials(PCM) based solar refrigerationVishvesh Shah
Topics to be Covered
Refrigeration Using solar Energy
Introduction
Solar PV Based Refrigeration
Solar Absorption Refrigeration
Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Phase Change Materials
Solar Refrigeration System Model Studies
Solar powered refrigerator with Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Direct Drive Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage
Design of The Cooling System for Optimizing the Performance of Solar PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of three solar panel cooling systems. The cooling systems included two passive systems, one using an acrylic tank and the other using copper heat pipes and an aluminum heat sink. The third was an active water cooling system that pumped water over the solar panel surface. Experimental results showed that the water cooling system maintained the lowest solar panel temperatures, with panel temperatures around 60°C compared to 70°C without cooling. Cooling the panels in this way improved their electrical output and efficiency by reducing thermal losses at high temperatures.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHN...IAEME Publication
Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such
technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum.
DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID-TYPE (PV/T) SOLAR AIR HEATER FOR ...ijiert bestjournal
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a H ybrid-Type (PV/T) Solar Air Heater and a study on t he effect of various design parameters that enhance th e performance of the system. The heat transfer improvement in general may be achieved by increasin g the heat transfer coefficient or by increasing th e surface area or by increasing both. The main object ive of the present work is to determine the optimum air mass flow rate at which PV/T systems are to be oper ated and to develop an optimal design of a hybrid t ype (PV/T) solar air heater that shows better performan ce at various heat fluxes due to solar radiation. T his study determines the set of design parameters which lead to the best annual yield of the system. In th is study of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater ICEM CFD (ANSYS) is used to obtain the optimum results,there by increasing the efficiency of the system.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
Self Sufficient Atmospheric Water Generator using Renewable EnergyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an atmospheric water generator (AWG) that uses renewable energy sources to operate independently. The proposed AWG design uses a peltier module powered by a solar panel and battery to cool air below its dew point and extract water. It discusses the construction of the system using various components like the solar panel, battery, heat pipe, exhaust fan and peltier module. The document also explains the working principle of how solar energy is used to power the peltier module and generate water from atmospheric moisture. Experimental results on water generation at different voltages are presented and factors affecting the system performance are discussed along with potential applications and scope for future improvement.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck EffectIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Financial Evaluation of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Computer ...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the financial feasibility of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer laboratory in Bharatpur, India. It finds that:
1. The system is technically feasible, achieving a solar fraction of 0.52-0.75 depending on the collector area. However,
2. Financially, the system is currently not feasible due to the high initial costs of absorption chillers and solar collectors. It provides only marginal annual savings, resulting in very high payback periods of 67-83 years.
3. A sensitivity analysis found that with reduced total investment costs (e.g. due to technology improvements) and increased electricity prices in the future, the payback period could decrease significantly
Design and Performance Analysis of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System fo...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer lab located in Bharatpur, India.
- The peak cooling load of the computer lab is calculated to be 34.94 kW, so a 10TR vapor absorption cooling system is adopted.
- Simulations are carried out using the TRANSOL program to analyze the performance of the solar cooling system using different solar collector types and areas. Parameters like solar fraction, primary energy savings, and electrical COP are evaluated.
- It is concluded that the solar thermal cooling system can achieve good solar fractions between 0.52-0.75 and primary energy savings up to 52% for the considered location and collector areas.
The document experimentally and numerically investigates the performance of photovoltaic solar modules (PVSMs) using continuous water cooling techniques (CCT) and intermittent water cooling techniques (ICT). Two identical mono-crystalline PVSMs were tested - one connected to a closed-loop water cooling system and one without cooling. Mathematical models were developed and MATLAB was used to simulate performance. Results showed the average cooling rate for ICT and CCT were 3.4804°C/min and 3.1617°C/min, higher than without cooling. Output power, fill factor, and electrical efficiency were also enhanced more with ICT compared to CCT. Energy enhancement for ICT was 6.308% while CCT resulted in
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
This document reviews various cooling methods that can be used to improve the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells. It discusses both active cooling methods that require external power sources, such as fans, pumps or sprays, as well as passive cooling methods that do not require external power, such as using heat pipes, floating the PV panels, or attaching phase change materials. The document finds that cooling methods can lower the operating temperature of PV panels by 5-30 degrees Celsius, leading to efficiency improvements of up to 22% for active methods and up to 15% for passive methods. Maintaining lower temperatures through cooling also helps extend the lifetime of PV panels.
A solar PV array system is comprised of the following components - solar cells, panel modules, and an array system. Thus, overall optimal design of a solar PV system involves the optimal design of the components at three levels - solar cell, panel module, and array. In the present work, a comparison between different optimization methods is applied to design optimization of single channel Photovoltaic (SCPVT) system. The purpose of these methodologies is to obtain optimum values of the design parameters of SCPVT system, such that the overall economic profit is maximized throughout the PV system lifetime operational period which is not directly calculated in our work rather energy efficiency is calculated . Out of many design parameters available for this system, in the present work only few parameters are taken. The optimal design parameters chosen here are length of channel, depth of channel, velocity of fluid in the cell, and temperature of the cell. The objective function of the proposed optimization algorithm which is Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) implemented for design optimization of the system is the energy efficiency, which has to be maximized.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
This document summarizes an article that reports on developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with real-time energy monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system aims to improve solar panel efficiency by maintaining optimal operating temperature through active cooling. It consists of sensors to measure temperature, light intensity and energy output, a microcontroller to control the cooling system, and an IoT interface to monitor the system remotely. Experimental results show that active cooling increases the solar panel's average output voltage, current and power by lowering its surface temperature compared to passive cooling.
Enhancing the Power and Efficiency of Photovoltaic Panel Using Heat Sinks wit...ZaidHussein6
The document describes a study that designed and tested a passive cooling system for photovoltaic solar panels using heat sinks with fans. The system aimed to improve the solar panel's power efficiency by lowering its operating temperature. Testing showed that using the cooling system decreased the solar cell's average temperature by 5°C, and increased the average output current by 9.34%, voltage by 7.03%, power by 13.34%, and efficiency by 11%. The cooling system consisted of a temperature sensor, microcontroller, two identical heat sinks with four fans each attached to the back of the solar cell panel.
Solar photovoltaic/thermal air collector with mirrors for optimal tiltsIJECEIAES
This work is the result of a study of a photovoltaic/thermal air collector that concentrates solar radiation using two mobile mirrors to enhance electrical and thermal energy. The study is made for the site of Tetouan (Morocco) (longitude=-5°, latitude=35.25°) for a daily variation during typical days in May, June, September, and December, days considered as clear sky. To prove the effectiveness of the mirrors on the production of both electrical and thermal energy by the collector, we compared their electrical and thermal efficiency in two cases, without and with mirrors at the optimal positions. We validate the obtained simulation results by comparing them to the results from experimental studies published in the literature, for which a strong agreement was obtained. The model estimates the solar energy received by the hybrid collector during the day, to optimize the performance of the fixed collector, we have searched for the values of the optimal daily tilt angles of the two mirrors which allowed us to enhance the quantity of incoming solar radiation on the collector. The tilt angles depend on the sun’s elevation angle, the azimuth angle for typical days of the year.
Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase Changing Materialijtsrd
The main objective of this research is to fabricate a thermal energy storage system using the phase changing material. In recent days, renewable energy sources have played a main role due to the shortage of fossil energy and the enormous prices of the fuels. In this current experiment, heat energy is extracted from solar water system and stored in thermal energy storage devices, Paraffin wax is used as a thermal energy storage device is used when solar power is not present, The complete setup of this thermal energy system is controlled by a Arduino controller the miniature model of the system is fabricated. S. Chellappa "Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase-Changing Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59876.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/59876/fabrication-of-thermal-energy-storage-using-phasechanging-material/s-chellappa
1. The document describes the development of an inexpensive data logger using an Arduino board to collect and store data from solar water heating system regulators made by Resol.
2. The data logger collects measurements from multiple sensors connected to the regulator, including temperature, pump speed, and relay states, and stores the data on an SD card through the Arduino platform.
3. After testing the data logger on a solar water heating plant for a month, recording daily measurements, the data logger showed outstanding performance at an extremely low cost compared to industrial dataloggers.
Similar to Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal system (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
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Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 322
ENHANCEMENT OF THE OUTPUT POWER GENERATED FROM A
HYBRID SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM
Magdy M. Abdelhameed1
, M. A. Abdelaziz2
, A. Bayoumi3
1
Head of department, Professor, 2
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt
3
Teaching Assistant, Mechanical Engineering Department, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through
utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and
decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and
experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the
electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is
assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on
the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one
axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using
a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking
modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to
allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V,
power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and
the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are
calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output
water temperature.
Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1: Nomenclature
Symbol Description Units
h Planck’s constant 6.626*10−34
J
*s
C The speed of light 3*108
m/sec
P12 The transition of an electron
from E1 to E2
---------------
---------------
𝑔 𝑣(E1) The density of electrons in
the initial state
𝑚−3
𝑔𝑐(𝐸2) The density of available final
states
𝑚−3
KB Boltzmann constant 1.38*
10−23
𝑚2
*
𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑠−2
∗
𝐾−1
𝑞 The electron charge 1.6*10-19
C
T Temperature K
Ep The phonon energy Joules
vth The thermal velocity 105
m/sec
S The grid-shadowing factor -----------
r(λ) The reflectance -----------
α(λ) The absorption coefficient 𝑚−1
Г(λ) The incident photon flux ----------
I Current A
V Voltage V
𝐼01 Dark saturation Current A
𝜂 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 PV efficiency. %
Pout The maximum power output W
Pin The total optical input power W
Voc Open circuit voltage V
FF Fill Factor. %
𝜌 Fluid Density Kg/m3
T Time Sec
𝑢 Fluid velocity m/sec
P Electrical power out of PV
cell
W
µ Dynamic viscosity Pa*s
Cp Heat capacity at constant
pressure
J/ kg*K
∇T Temperature Gradient K*𝑚−1
𝑞𝑙𝑤 Long wave energy W
E Surface emissivity ----------
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 323
Σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67𝑒−8
W/𝑚2
*𝐾4
U Overall heat transfer
coefficient
W/𝑚2
*K
A Plate surface area and PV
area
𝑚2
𝑡ℎ Thickness of the plate M
A Pipe surface area 𝑚2
𝐾𝑠𝑖 Silicon thermal conductivity W/𝑚2
*K
𝐾𝐴𝑙 Aluminum thermal
conductivity
W/𝑚2
*K
𝐾𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 Pipe thermal conductivity W/𝑚2
*K
ℎ 𝑤 Water thermal conductivity W/𝑚2
*K
ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 Air thermal conductivity W/𝑚2
*K
𝑟𝑖𝑛 Pipe inner radius 𝑚
𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 Pipe outer radius 𝑚
L Plate length 𝑚
W Plate width 𝑚
L Total pipe length 𝑚
Q. The rate of heat transfer W
∆ T Temperature difference K
Qheat Heat flux going into PV cell W/𝑚2
qrad Solar Irradiant W/𝑚2
Vmp Maximum power point
voltage
V
Imp Maximum power point
current
A
Ein Solar irradiant energy W
Ewater Thermal Energy extracted by
water
W
mwater Mass of water Kg/s
Tout The output temperature K
Tin The input temperature K
Cpwater Specific heat of water 4.18kJ/kg*K
ηth Thermal efficiency. %
EPV Electrical energy W
ηtotal Total efficiency %
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is becoming one of the primary sources of energy
replacing fossil fuels. Its versatility, abundance and
environmental friendly have made it one of the most
promising renewable sources of energy. Egypt is a primer
location for solar energy production. The Sahara receives
some 2,400 hrs/year of sunshine, about 1.5 times the 1,000
hrs/year than Europe receives. Egypt is one of the Sun Belt
countries receiving between 1970 kWhr/m2
/year in the North
and 2600 kWhr/m2
/year in the South [1].
Bakker et al. [2] analyzed a PV/T panel array where heat was
extracted from the panels and stored underground in a heat
exchanger. In winter, the heat could be extracted from the
ground via a heat pump and used to heat potable water and
support a floor heating system while increasing the electrical
efficiency of the solar panel. Chen et al. [3] developed a
hybrid PV/T pump system using refrigerant fluid R134a as the
heat carrying fluid. The coefficient of performance (COP) of
the heat pump and electrical efficiency of the PV panel was
measured at different condensing fluid flow rates and
temperatures. Teo et al. [4] investigated a tracking PV panel
cooling system, in which the PV panels were cooled by forced
convection, with air being the heat carrying fluid, and resulted
in a 4-5% efficiency increase. Yang et al. [5] developed a
functionally graded material (FGM) is a PV layer, copper
water pipes cast into plastic lumber that was bonded with
thermal paste to the backside of a PV/T panel. Cooling water
was pumped at various flow rates through the cast copper
pipes to decrease the PV/T panel temperature thus increasing
PV/T panel electrical efficiency by up to 2%. This study also
analyzed the thermal efficiency of the closed system design,
and reported that a combined thermal and electrical efficiency
of 71% could be achieved, compared to 53-68% total
efficiency of other PV/T concepts.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
As the sun irradiance is varying across the day reaching its
maximum at the normal direction with PV module, the total
output power extracted is changing according to this variation.
To maximize such an output power, one axial sun- tracking
system is suggested. This tracking system provides the
orthogonal between the sun and the PV module across the
morning hours by controlling the modules using the zenith
angle. On the other hand, rising in climate temperature causing
a dramatically increase in the modules temperature. This
increase is from 10 0
C to 15 0
C higher than the rite
temperature which reflects on the PV performance by
decreasing its conversion efficiency. To solve such a problem,
a high heat capacity fluid is used to cool the modules by
passing through pipes in the backside face of the module. This
fluid will extract the heat from the panel causing its
temperature to decrease, in other words its efficiency will
increase. By using hybrid PV/T system another source of
energy is generated due to the thermal effect of the fluid
passing inside the copper pipers.
3. MODELLING AND SIMULATION
Herein, a simulation model for a fixed and tracking hybrid
PV/T system is presented. A backside water pipe is heated by
the influence of the photovoltaic modules results an
enhancement in the total conversion efficiency of the solar
system with increasing the output water temperature.
3.1. Mechanical Model
One axial sun tracking PV modules is presented. The type of
PV modules is a polycrystalline (Si) as shown in Figure (1).
The system has been simulated using Comsol Multiphysics,
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 324
Solid work and Mat lab programs. This hybrid system consists
of four connected PV modules with area 1.0396
m2andthickness is 0.04 m.The effects of cooling system by
passing water in the backside copper pipes of 0.012 m, 0.013
m for inner and outer diameters and 11.6 m length. A copper
pipe material is chosen due to its high thermal conductivity
[6], while water is selected as a cooling fluid for its
availability and high specific heat constant. For the tracking
system, the incident angle is set to be 30ofor winter season
and 15oin summer season for maximum irradiance. The sun
irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian with a peak of 1000
W/m2at noon while AM 1.5G is considered for the fixed
system [7].
Fig 1: A tracking Polycrystalline PV/T hybrid system used in
Comsol
3.2. PV Model
Modelling PV system is done through two main phases, the
first phase is modelling the optical behaviour of the module
and this is done by solving Maxwell’s equations using Comsol
Multiphysics in three dimensions and determines the
absorption coefficient of the material used in modelling the
PV (Silicon). The second phase in modelling device
characteristics by solving passion equation and getting the I-V
characteristics of the device and this is done using Mat lab.
All electromagnetic radiation, including sunlight, is composed
of particles called photons, which carry specific amounts of
energy determined by the spectral properties of their source.
Photons also exhibit a wavelike character with the wavelength,
λ, being related to the photon energy, Eλ, by [8].
Eλ =
hc
λ
(1)
Only photons with sufficient energy to create an electron–hole
pair, those with energy greater than the semiconductor band
gap (EG), will contribute to the energy conversion process.
Thus, the spectral nature of sunlight is an important
consideration in the design of efficient solar cells.
The creation of electron–hole pairs via the absorption of
sunlight is fundamental to the operation of solar cells. The
excitation of an electron directly from the valence band (which
leaves a hole behind) to the conduction band is called
fundamental absorption. Both the total energy and momentum
of all particles involved in the absorption process must be
conserved. Since the photon momentum, Pλ= h/λ, is very
small compared to the range of the crystal momentum, P = h/l,
the photon absorption process must, for practical purposes,
conserve the momentum of the electron. The absorption
coefficient (α) for a given photon energy, hν, is:
α hυ = P12 gv E1 gc(E2)(2)
Assuming that all the valence-band states are full and all the
conduction-band states are empty. Absorption results in
creation of an electron-hole pair since a free electron is excited
to the conduction band leaving a free hole in the valence band
[9].
The conservation of electron momentum of theindirect band
gap semiconductors like Si and Ge, where the valence-band
maximum occurs at a different crystal momentum than the
conduction-band minimum, necessitates that the photon
absorption process involve an additional particle. Phonons, the
particle representation of lattice vibrations in the
semiconductor, are suited to this process because they are low-
energy particles with relatively high momentum. Notice that
light absorption is facilitated by either phonon absorption
(αab ) or phonon emission (αem ). The absorption coefficient,
when there is phonon absorption and emission, are given by:
αab hυ =
hυ−EG +EP
2
e
EP
KB T −1
(3)
αem hυ =
hυ−EG −EP
2
1−e
−
EP
KB T
(4)
Ep =
h vth
λ
(5)
α λ = αab + αem (6)
Since both a phonon and an electron are needed to make the
indirect gap absorption process possible, the absorption
coefficient depends not only on the density of full initial
electron states and empty final electron states but also on the
availability of phonons (both emitted and absorbed) with the
required momentum. Thus, compared to direct transitions, the
absorption coefficient for indirect transitions is relatively
small. As a result, light penetrates more deeply into indirect
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 325
band gap semiconductors than direct band gap
semiconductors.
In practice, measured absorption coefficients or empirical
expressions for the absorption coefficient are used in analysis
and modelling. The rate of creation of electron–hole pairs
(number of electron–hole pairs per cm3 per second) as a
function of position within a solar cell is:
G x = 1 − s 1 − r λ Г λ α(λ)e−αx
dλ(7)
Here, the absorption coefficient has been casted in terms of the
light’s wavelength through the relationshiphv = hc/λ. The
photon flux, Г(λ), is obtained by dividing the incident power
density at each wavelength by the photon energy. Regarding
the semiconductor behaviour of the device equation (8),
repeated here, is a general expression for the current produced
by a solar cell [8].
I = Isc − I01 eq
V
KT
− 1 − I02 eq
V
2KT
− 1 (8)
The short circuit current and dark saturation currents are given
by rather complex expressions that depend on the solar cell
structure, material properties, and the operating conditions. A
full understanding of solar cell operation requires detailed
examination of these terms. However, much can be learned
about solar cell operation by examining the basic form of
equation (8).
From a circuit perspective, it is apparent that a solar cell can
be modelled by an ideal current source (ISC) in parallel with
two diodes – one with an idealist factor of “1” and the other
with an idealist factor of “2”. Note that the direction of the
current source is opposed to the current flow of the diodes –
that is, it serves to forward-bias the diodes.
Solar cell efficiency, η, is defined as the ratio of electrical
power out (at an operating condition of maximum power
output), Pout, divided by total optical power in, Pin, typically
under AM1.5G.AM1.5G stands for Air Mass 1.5 [7], Global
illumination. “Air Mass 1.5” indicates that the sunlight has
been attenuated by passage through the Earth’s atmosphere a
distance equal to 1.5 times the shortest path (when the sun is
directly overhead). “Global” indicates that both direct and
diffuse components of sunlight are included:
ηelectric =
P(out )
P(in)
=
Voc ∗Jsc ∗FF
P(in)
(9)
3.3. Thermal Model
In this study, forced convection does not only occur on the top
surface of the PV panel, but also through the pipe mounted to
the backside of the panel. Therefore, the total convective heat
transfer is a combination of the heat transfer at the surface of
the panel and the heat transfer from the flowing water in the
pipe. The finite element analysis software being used in this
study, Comsol Multiphysics contains an open system laminar
flow and conjugate heat transfer physics package, which is
being used to model the convective heat transfer in the water
pipe on the backside of the PV panel. This package is
appropriate for this study, because of the inhomogeneous
temperature field that is created as water flows from the inlet
to the outlet of the pipe. Comsol numerically solves the fully
compressible continuity and momentum equations, which are
the governing equations for the fluid flow, and are shown
below in equations (10 and 11), shown in [6].
dρ
dt
= ∇ . ρu = 0(10)
ρ
du
dt
+ ρu . ∇u = −∇p + ∇ . μ ∇u + ∇u T
−
23 μ ∇ . u I (11)
The heat equation is also solved, which is shown in equation
(12).
ρCpu . ∇ T = ∇ . K ∇ T (12)
The long wave radiation heat loss can be calculated from
equation (13).
qlw = ε . ς . ( TPV
4
− Tamp
4
)(13)
A numerical model based on Comsol Multiphysics simulation
tool [10] for a hybrid PV/T is introduced as shown in Figure
(2). The silicon PV modules are heated by the electromagnetic
waves produces by the sun through radiation heat transfer.
This heated body (PV modules) transfers its heat to the
aluminium plate and the copper pipe surface (outer and inner)
by conduction. Finally the cooling liquid (water) is heated by
convection where the heat loses and the surrounding radiations
are ignored. The overall heat transfer coefficient is given by
equation (14, 15 and 16) and the rate of heat transfer
calculated by equation (17) for an open thermodynamic
system [6].
1
U A
=
th
KSi A
+
th
KAl A
+
ln(
rin
rout
)2
2 πKPipe L
+
1
hw a
+
1
hair a
(14)
A = l x w (15)
a = 2π r L 16
Q.
= A U ∆ T (17)
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 326
Fig (2): Front and back view for a PV/T system used in
Comsol.
The thermal model modelled in this study is identical to that
modelled by Jones and Underwood [11], although the amount
of energy applied to the PV cell that is converted to heat
energy is calculated using the same method Kerzmann and
Schaefer [12] utilize. The heat energy going into the PV cell is
a function of the PV cell efficiency, ηPV , as shown below in
equation (19) Using this calculated value for the PV cell
efficiency, the amount of solar irradiance, qrad that is
converted to heat energy, Qheat isthen calculated at each time
step from equation (18). The steady state solution is finally
reached as the Comsol solver converges.
Qheat = qrad ( 1 − ηpv
)(18)
The PV cell electrical output efficiency can also be expressed
as a function of PV cell power output, solar irradiance, and the
PV cell surface area as shown in equation (19).
ηPV
=
Vmp Imp
qrad A
(19)
Post processing of the data recorded in the simulations is
required to calculate the thermal efficiency,ηth, of the PV/T
panel [9]. First, the total amount of energy (solar irradiance)
into the cell must be calculated, which is given by equation
(20).
Ein = qrad A(20)
Next, the thermal energy of the extracted by the water per
second must be calculated from equation (21).
Ewater = mwater Cpwater Tout − Tin (21)
The mass of the water passing through the reservoir per
second can be calculated from the density and flow rate of the
water, assuming unit depth of the reservoir. The thermal
efficiency is simply given by equation (22).
ηth
=
Ewater
Ein
(22)
Similarly, the quantity of the total input energy converted to
electrical energy can be approximated from the solution data
by obtaining the average electrical efficiency of the PV/T
panel, a COMSOL derived value taken across the top layer of
the model, and multiplying it by the total energy into the
panel, Ein. This is shown by equation (23).
EPV = ηPV
Ein (23)
The total efficiency of the PV/T panel is then computed from
equation (24).
ηtotal
=
Ewater +EPV
Ein
(24)
Using equations (22 and 24) the thermal and the total
efficiency are simulated.
4. THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUES FOR
ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY
Two techniques are used to enhance the efficiency of the PV
thermal system. First enhancing the tracking of the hybrid
PV/T system by zenith angle and second decreasing the
temperature of back surface for PV modules.
4.1. Tracking System
A closed loop control system of the hybrid PV thermal system
has been designed to track the zenith angle [13]. Figure (3)
shows the designed control system where a PID controller has
been done. The block diagram of closed loop control contains
DAQ, potentiometer and simple circuit assisted the motor to
rotate shaft for facing the Sun irradiance. Figure (4) shows the
place of the potentiometer used to feedback the angle of PV
thermal system.
The mathematical description of PID control is given by
equation (25):
u t = Kp e t + Ti e(τ
t
0
d+Td
de(t)
d(t)
](25)
4.2. Decreasing the Temperature of Back Surface for
PV Modules
To decrease the temperature of back surface of PV modules
used four temperature sensors (LM 35) are used and placed on
the surface of four PV modules to control solenoid valve by
PWM (Pulse Width Modulator) as shown in Figure (5). Figure
(6) shows the place of electrical valve in the PV thermal
system. Beside that two thermistors are located in inlet and
outlet copper pipes to calculate the heat generated from PV
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modules. The mathematical description of Qheat is given by
equation (26):
Qheat = m.
Cp ∆T(26)
And then calculate the thermal power generated from PV
panels by equation (27):
Pthermal =
Qheat
time(27)
Fig (3): Closed loop block diagram for controlling the motor.
Fig (4): Place of Potentiometer to control the PV thermal system.
5. HYBRID PV/T EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Figure (7) shows the experimental set-up designed to
investigate how the temperatureaffects the efficiency and
power output of PV panel during operation and takes
advantage of these heat losses. The system mounted on a roof
of a building in a sub-urban area near Cairo. A PV/T system
designed as one axial active tracking [14]. During the
operation, a mechanical tracking system was used to modulate
the power output from solar panel by regulating the position of
the photovoltaic module facing the sun. In other words this
mechanical system makes the zenith angleapproaches to zero
from sun rise to sun set to ensure that the maximum electrical
power is extracted depends on solar irradiance as arrange from
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 328
400 W/m2
to 980 W/m2
.A hybrid system combined between
PV and cooling systems was designed to cool the modules.
The experiment was conducted from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. A
solar power meter was used to capture the daily global solar
irradiance. Temperature measurements are important in these
experiments and therefore calibrated K-type thermocouples
were utilized. In the experiments, PV current, PV voltage,
water input and output temperatures, PV surface temperatures
and solar irradiance were collected. All the experimental test
rig components that used have been calibrated. Readings were
collected from June 2013 to January 2014.
In order to provide one axial rotation tracker, a closed loop
control system is used. A 5 volt potentiometer is fixed inside
the spindle perpendicularly to detect the angle of rotation. The
potentiometer voltage is acquired to a NI DAQ 6008 and
calibrated into the corresponding angle. Then a PID controller
is chosen to control the system using a previously calculated
reference angle as shown in Figure (8).
In order to maximize the electrical power extracted from the
PV modules, a solenoid valve is used to control the water flow
by acquiring the PV surface temperatures using a 5 volt (LM
35). The temperature sensorsignal (from LM 35) acquired to
the Lab view through the NI DAQ to be calibrated. Pulse
width modulation (PWM) is used to control the opening
duration of the valve by varying the duty cycle of a square
wave generated by Lab view. The frequency of the PWM is
chosen to be 50 Hz as required by the solenoid valve. The Lab
view block diagram shown in Figures (9). The input and
output water temperatures is measured through a 5 volt
thermistor and acquired to the lab view throw the NI DAQ to
be used in calculating the total amount of energy losses from
the PV modules to the water.
Fig (5): Closed loop block diagram for decreasing the temperature of back surface of PV modules
Fig (6): Place of electrical valve used to decrease the temperature of PV surface modules.
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Fig (7): General view of the experimental system used.
Fig (8): Closed loop block diagram for decreasing the temperature of back surface of PV modules.
Fig (9): Closed loop block diagram for decreasing the temperature of back surface of PV modules.
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6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1. Tracking Response
Figure (10) shows the response of the tracking control system
where Kp = 3, Ki= 0.63 and Kd = 0.0086. The PID controller
shows a zero steady-state error as response to step input. The
maximum over shot 93 degree and occurred at Tm.o.s= 3.1 sec.
The Kp responsible for increases the responses speed of the
motor, the overshoot of the closed loop system increases [15].
Fig (10): Acquired voltage vs. duration time response for PID
control.
To examine the utility of the PV tracker based on a
potentiometer, the reference angle is plotted verse the actual
angle as shown in Figures (11) and the error is calculated
shown in Figure (12). As expected the error various from 0 to
9% as we go toward extremes either to left or to right. A
minimum error is recorded at noon angle where the efficiency
can be observed from the graph that the error doesn’t exceed
10% which indicated that the used technique is an efficient
one to track the sun across the day.
Fig (11): Rotation angle verses 12 hours mourning.
Fig (12): Absolute error verses 12 hours mourning.
6.2. I-V AND P-V Characteristics Curves for
Theoretical and Experimental Results
The I-V and P-V measured experimentally under difference
irradiance are compared with the corresponding simulation
results as shown Figure (13). This comparison shows an
acceptable response between the experimental and theoretical
results. It can be observed from the graph that the impact of
the Sun irradiance is reflected on the short circuit current with
low effect on the opencircuit voltage. The higher Sun
irradiance is the higher short circuit current. It has to be
mentioned here that the differencebetween the experimental
and simulation results is due to the limited number of
measured data that is taken in the experimentalresults as the
high power resistors are of fixed tendered values.
Fig 13: Comparison between I-V & P-V curves for fixed and
tracking PV/T hybrid system
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time (Hr)
Absoluteerror(degree)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
V(volt)
I(A)
I-Vcurves for 4 PVmodules
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
20
40
60
V(volt)
Power(Watt)
P-Vcurves for 4 PVmodules
Simulation Results
Expremintal Results
q rad =450 w/m2
q rad =640 w/m2
q rad =850 w/m2
q rad =714 w/m2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
50
100
150
200
Time (Hr)
Rotationangle(degree)
Reference angle
Actual Angle
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6.3. Theoretical and Experimental Results for Output
Powers and Related Efficiencies
6.3.1. Without Cooling
Figure (14) provide a comparison between theoretical and
experimental work of fixed and tracking systems without
cooling. This comparison shows an acceptable response
between the experimental and theoretical results. The tracking
system shows an improvement of about 20% in the output
electrical power with respect to the fixed system. This
enhancement in the Pout is reflected on electrical efficiency of
the PV modules as shown in Figure (15).
Fig 14: Comparison between simulation & experimental
results for Pout with 12 hour’s mourning for Fixed & tracking
PV/T system without cooling on31st
December &1st
January.
Fig15: Comparison between simulation & experimental
results for electrical efficiencies with 12 hour’s mourning for
Fixed & tracking PV/T system without cooling
on31st
December &1st
January.
6.3.2. With the Enhanced Hybrid System
Figure (16) provide a comparison between theoretical and
experimental work of fixed and tracking systems with cooling
but without controlling on the flow rate inside the copper
pipes. This comparison shows a great accordance between this
case and previous one (without cooling). This comparison
shows an acceptable response between the experimental and
theoretical results. The tracking system shows an
improvement of about 30% in the output electrical power with
respect to the fixed system. This enhancement in the Pout is
reflected on electrical efficiency of the PV modules as shown
in Figure (17). By comparing both with (without using
controlling system) and without cooling systems, it can be
observed that a cooling system records a higher system
enhancement of 7% compared to without cooling case.
Fig16: Comparison between the power outputs with 12 hour’s
morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules without
controlling the flow rate in the pipes cooling on
14th
January &15th
January
Fig 17: Comparison between the electrical efficiencies with
12 hour’s morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules without
controlling the flow rate in the pipes cooling on
14th
January &15th
January.
For thermal analysis, the output temperatures are measured
under both fixed and tracking systems and compared with the
corresponding simulation results as shown in Figure (18). This
comparison shows an acceptable response between the
experimental and theoretical results 15% increase in the output
temperature is observed due to tracking. The thermal power
generated from PV panels calculated from Qheat as shown in
Figure (19). This achievement in thermal power due to the
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (Hrs)
OutputPower(Watt)
Power Output vs time
Fixed Experimental Results
Tracking Experimental Results
Fixed Simulation Results
Tracking Simulation Results
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
time (Hrs)
ElectricalEfficiency(%)
Electrical Efficency vs time
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation Tracking Results
Exp. Fixed Results
Exp. Tracking Results
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
time (Hrs)
PowerOutput(Watts)
Power Output vs time
Simulation Fixed results
Simulation Tracking Results
Exp. Fixed Results
Exp. Tracking Results
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (Hrs)
ElectricalEffeciency(%)
Electrical Efficency vs time
Exp Fixed Results
Exp Tracking Resulta
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation Tracking Results
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 332
water passing throws the pipes cooling continuously. It
reached to 11% in case of fixed system while it observed to
18% in tracking system. This improvement causes a 20%
increased in the thermal efficiency so that a 62% thermal
efficiency is detected as shown in Figure (20) for the tracking
system while that of the fixed system is only 48%. Finally the
total efficiency is calculated in Figure (21) as the sum of the
electrical and thermal efficiencies. A 20% enhancement in the
total efficiency is observed, which is considered a big
improvement of PV/T system.
Fig 18: Comparison between the output water temperatures
with 12 hour’s morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules
without controlling the flow rate in the pipes cooling on
14th
January &15th
January.
Fig19: Comparison between the thermal powers generated
from PV panels with 12 hour’s morning for fixed and tracking
PV-modules without controlling the flow rate in the pipes
cooling on 14th
January &15th
January
Fig 20: Comparison between the thermal efficiencies with 12
hour’s morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules without
controlling the flow rate in the pipes cooling on
14th
January &15th
January.
6.3.3 Decreasing The Temperature of Back Surface
for PV Modules Results
Figure (21) provide a comparison between theoretical and
experimental work of fixed and tracking systems with cooling
but with controlling on the flow rate inside the copper pipes by
means with using the electrical valve and the sensors on the
surface of PV panels. The controller assists the electrical valve
to open and closed by PWM. The flow rate of water got inside
the copper pipes by different flow. This comparison shows a
great accordance between this case and previous one (without
controller). This comparison shows an acceptable response
between the experimental and theoretical results. The tracking
system shows an improvement of about 30% in the output
electrical power with respect to the fixed system. This
enhancement in the Pout is reflected on electrical efficiency of
the PV modules as shown in Figure (22). By comparing both
with (with controller) and without cooling systems, it can be
observed that a cooling system records a higher system
enhancement of 17% compared in case of without cooling
Fig21: Comparison between simulation & experimental
results for Pout with 12 hour’s mourning for Fixed & tracking
PV/T system with cooling on31st
December &1st
January.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
time (Hrs)
ThermalPower(Watt)
Thermal Power vs time
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation Tracking Results
Exp. Fixed Results
Exp. Tracking Results
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
time (Hrs)
ThermalEfficiency(%)
Thermal Efficiency vs time
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation Tracking Results
Exp Fixed Results
Exp Tracking Results
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
time (Hrs)
TotalEfficiency(%)
Total Efficiency vs time
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation tracking Results
Exp. Fixed Results
Exp. Tracking Results
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (Hrs)
ElectricalEfficiency(%)
Electrical Efficency vs time
Exp Fixed Results
Exp Tracking Results
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation Tracking Results
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 333
Fig 22: Comparison between simulation & experimental
results for electrical efficiencies with 12 hour’s mourning for
Fixed & tracking PV/T system with cooling
on31st
December &1st
January.
For thermal analysis, the output temperatures are measured
under both fixed and tracking systems and compared with the
corresponding simulation results as shown in Figure (23). This
comparison shows an acceptable response between the
experimental and theoretical results 30% increased in the
output temperature is observed due to tracking. The thermal
power generated from PV panels calculated from Qheat as
shown in Figure (24). This achievement in thermal power due
to the water passing throws the pipes cooling by PWM. It
reached to 6% in case of fixed system while it observed to 9%
in tracking system. This improvement causes a 30% increase
in the thermal efficiency so that a 78% thermal efficiency is
detected as shown in Figure (25) for the tracking system while
that of the fixed system is only 61%. Finally the total
efficiency is calculated in Figure (26) as the sum of the
electrical and thermal efficiencies. A 30% enhancement in the
total efficiency is observed, this improvement is considered
the main achievement in this work.
Fig 23: Comparison between the output temperatures with 12
hour’s morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules with pipes
cooling on31st
December &1st
January.
Fig 24: Comparison between the thermal powers generated
from PV panels with 12 hour’s morning for fixed and tracking
PV-modules with controlling the flow rate in the pipes cooling
on 14th
January &15th
January.
Fig 25: Comparison between the thermal efficiencies with 12
hour’s morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules with pipes
cooling on 31st
December &1st
January.
Fig 26: Comparison between the total efficiencies with 12
hour’s morning for fixed and tracking PV-modules with pipes
cooling on 31st
December &1st
January.
CONCLUSIONS
The present work introduces a PV/Thermal hybrid system
where the efficiency of the PV modules is calculated without
cooling and with cooling water system in two cases with and
without controlling the flow rate of water inside thermal
system. The following major conclusions are derived from the
discussion of the experimental results:The cooling system
reduce the PV modules temperature up to 10 and 20 °C in
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
20
40
60
80
Time (Hrs)
Outputpower(Watt)
Power Output vs time
Exp Fixed Results
Exp Tracking Results
Simulation Fixed Results
Simulation Tracking Results 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (hrs)
Outputtemprature(C)
Output Temprature vs time
Exp. tracking system
Exp. fixed system
Simulation fixed system
Simulation tracking system
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
20
40
60
80
time (Hrs)
ThermalEfficiency(%)
Thermal Efficency vs time
Simulation fixed system
Simulation tracking system
Exp fixed system
Exp tracking system
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
time (Hrs)
ThermalPower(Watt)
Thermal Power vs time
Simulation Tracking System
Simulation Fixed System
Exp Fixed System
Exp Tracking System
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
time (Hrs)
TotalEfficiency(%)
Simulation fixed system
Simulation tracking system
Exp fixed system
Exp tracking system
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without controlling but with controlling between 10 to
30°Crespectively for fixed and tracking systems compared to
the non-cooling module due to the back pipes cooling. The
thermal power in case of controlling reached to 10 Watt but
without controlling obtained to 18Watt. This is due to the
inability of water inside the copper pipes to suspense and takes
the enough time to decrease the temperature of PV panels. As
the modules temperature increases the output current increases
through limited range In contrast, the output voltage decreases
where the band gab energy for semiconductor decreases with
increases the surface temperature this cause an increase in fill
factor for the module with cooling rather than without cooling
and without controlling for the flow rate.As The fill factor is
inversely proportional to the module surface temperature.The
reduce in module surface temperatures due to cooling system
causing an increase in the module daily output power obtained
to 10% for fixed system while in the tracking system without
controlling reached to 20 % respectively compared to with
controlling obtained to 30% due to back cooling.
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[1] “Solar Thermal Energy.” New and Renewable Energy
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BIOGRAPHIES
Magdy M. Abdelhameed: received his
B.S.c., M.S.c. and PhD degrees from Ain
Shams University, faculty of
Engineering, MechanicalEngineering
Department in 1983, 1989 and 1994
respectively. Currently He is enrolled as
a head of the mechatronicsDepartment atAinShams
University, faculty of Engineering. His research interests lie in
the field of renewable energy especially PVs
Mohamed A. Abdelaziz: received his
B.S.c., degrees from Ain Shams University,
faculty of Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering department in 2001. He then
received his M.S.c and PhD. degrees from
University of Illinois . Chicago, USA,
faculty of Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering Department in 2007. Currently He is enrolled as
an associate professor in the Automotive Engineering
Department atAin Shams University, faculty of
Engineering.His research interests lie in the field of
automotive systems.
Abdelaziz B. Hussien :received the B.Sc.
degree in Mechatronics Engineering,
Mechanical Department from The Higher
Technological Institute, Tenth of Ramadan
City, Egypt, in 2007 and the M.Sc. student
in Mechatronics Engineering Department at
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Currently He is enrolled as an demonstrator in the Mechanical
Engineering Department in the British University in Egypt
(BUE) His research interests lie in the field of renewable
energy especially PVs.