The document summarizes the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries when European monarchies and the Roman Catholic Church were increasing in power. The Crusades began after the Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem in 1071, making Christian pilgrimages difficult. In response, the Pope launched the First Crusade in 1096 to retake the Holy Land. The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and established Crusader states, though Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin in 1187, leading to subsequent Crusades. The Crusades increased European contact with other cultures and trade but also increased hostility towards Jews. Spanish kingdoms also drove out Muslim rulers from the Iberian Peninsula during this time period.

1. 11th
-13th
Centuries
Enduring Understanding: Warfare can spread new ideas
that have a lasting impact on the way people live.

3.  11-15th
Centuries - Monarchies and The Roman
Catholic Church increasing in power
 Politically –
 Ties to nobility
 Supported one another
 Helped run kingdoms
 Very wealthy – earned income from property
 The pope was more wealthy than monarchs
 Authority often greater than monarchs

4.  Caused by the power of the Church
 11th
Century – King Henry IV questioned the
authority of Pope Gregory VII
 Henry appointed church officials – wanted control
over church officials
 Pope Gregory – “only the Pope can appoint officials”
 Henry tried to gain support and reduce the power of
Pope – Henry didn’t have much support
 Henry had to beg forgiveness from the Pope
 Example of how powerful the church was

5.  The Crusades were a series of military
expeditions between Europe and Palestine in
the 11th
– 13th
Centuries

6.  Jerusalem was and still is sacred to the
Jews, Christians, and the Muslims
 In 1071, the Seljuk Turks captured
Jerusalem and made Christian pilgrimages
nearly impossible
 European princes used success in warfare
as one way to gain power and merchants
were willing to finance their crusades for
profit
 Finally, the Turks advanced onto the
Byzantine capital of Constantinople and
the emperor asked the Pope for help

7.  1096 the Pope responded and the 1st
Crusade
began
 Several European armies started out for the
Byzantine capital of Constantinople with the
plan of attacking Palestine
 Many Crusaders will ill equipped and died
along the way, or captured and enslaved
 However, the Crusader force was stills Strong
enough to attack Palestine

8.  Christian forces captured the cities of Nicaea
and Antioch and by 1099 they captured
Jerusalem
 The Christians divided the conquered land into
4 Crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and
Jerusalem

10.  Cause: Began after Muslim Turks recaptured
the Crusader state of Edessa in 1144
 Effect: French and German forces traveled to
Palestine, but were weakened along the way.
Muslim forces defeated the European armies in
Damascus
 Christians kept control over the other Crusader
kingdoms because Muslim leadership in the
region was conflicted

11.  In the late 1100’s the
disagreements came to an end
with the rise of Salah-al-din
 As a child Saladin (as the
Europeans called him) was
more interested in studying
Islam than learning about war
 He eventually joined his uncle
in Egypt where he defended
the area against the Crusaders
 After the battle he became the
leader of Egyptian government
 Saladin unified Muslims in
the region and then he turned
his attention towards the
Crusaders posted in Jerusalem
 In 1187, Saladin gathered an
army and recaptured Jerusalem

12.  After the fall of
Jerusalem some of
Europe’s most powerful
leaders went on a third
Crusade- including
Richard the Lion-
Hearted of England
 The Crusaders were
successful at first, but
they did not achieve
their goal of recapturing
Jerusalem

13.  1192 Richard and Saladin reached a truce:
 Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control.
However, in return, Saladin agreed to allow
Christians pilgrims to visit the Holy City

14.  The truce did not last and the 4th
Crusade was launched in 1202
 To pay Italian traders for transporting troops, the Crusaders
agreed to attack the Byzantine city of Zora
 The Crusaders sacked (destroyed) Constantinople to put a
political ally back in charge of the Byzantine Empire
 THE POPE WAS FURIOUS
 The Crusaders did not continue their crusade and the Byzantine
empire was weakened

15.  Europe began more Crusades, but by 1270, the
Muslims had driven the Crusaders out of
Palestine, and the wars ended
 The Crusades did not have a permanent effect
on the Muslims in Palestine
 Christian traders remained in Palestine and
European pilgrims continued to visit their
religions Holy Land

16.  European contact with other cultures grew and
Crusaders brought back Asian goods resulting
in increased trade
 Increased trade resulted in increased wealth
and the growth of cities – Urban merchants
became increasingly important in Europe

17.  Hostility towards Jews increased –
 On their way to the battles Crusaders attacked and
massacred European Jews and continued to kill Jews
once they reached Palestine
 1290 – Jews were expelled from England
 1306- Jews were expelled from France and again in
1394
 Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to live in
peace in most cases

19.  In Spain, Christian armies drove out Muslim rulers
 In the early 700’s Muslims conquered the Iberian
Peninsula
 By the 1000’s, however, Muslim unity on the Peninsula
broke down and Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms
rose to defeat the Muslim forces

20.  King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella unified Spain through
military and religious authority
 Their armies captured cities and their church officials used a
court to punish the people opposed to Church teachings – the
court was called the Inquisition
 Many Jews and Christians were tortured and executed by the
Inquisition. They forced out the last Muslim and Jewish leaders
in 1492.