The challenges to achieving SDGs 1 and 2
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Poverty is one of the biggest obstacles to human development and economic growth. Although progress has been made in reducing the global number of the poor, about 767 million people continue to live in extreme poverty and inequalities are still pervasive. Most of them live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. With the adoption of the Agenda 2030, countries have renewed their commitment to fight against poverty and hunger. As part of its mandate, FAO supports countries to reduce rural poverty by ensuring that processes of structural and rural transformation are pro-poor and inclusive, to make sure that no one is left behind. In helping countries in their efforts to eradicate poverty and hunger FAO’s multi-sectoral approach aims to address the social, economic and daily challenges that poor rural people face. This includes increasing access to natural resources and other assets for the rural poor, creating decent employment in agriculture and the rural economy, building strong social protection systems, strengthening rural institutions and empowering the rural poor to benefit from the development process.
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The challenges to achieving SDGs 1 and 2
- 1. The challenges to achieving SDGs 1 and 2 Benjamin Davis Strategic ProgrammeLeader Rural Poverty Reduction 28 April 2017 Seminar - Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction
- 2. Since 1993, great success in reducing poverty— though lower income countries still far behind Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 2
- 3. Lower income countries are lagging even farther behind in terms of extreme poverty Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 3
- 4. Since 1993, extreme poverty has shifted from East Asia and Pacific to South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 4
- 5. Most of extreme poor now live in lower middle income countries Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 5
- 6. Greater success in reducing extreme poverty then in reducing hunger Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 6
- 7. Hunger is more evenly distributed across regions then poverty Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 7 Eliminating all formsof malnourishment is morecomplex, including micronutrient deficiency and obesity Beyond poverty, determinantsinclude sanitation, quality of diets, hygieneand inability to managerisks
- 8. What has not changed: the face of extreme poverty and hunger Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 8 • Predominately rural • Most depend–at least partly- on agriculture, fishing or forest resourcesfor their livelihoods • Lessaccessto productiveresources, servicesand technologies basic services(health, education, social protection) basic infrastructure(roads, water and electricity) off farm employment • Morelikely to bemalnourished in all forms • High dependency ratio • Difficulty managing risk—and increasingly vulnerablewith climatechange • Remotenessand geographical isolation • Morelikely to suffer from conflict and livein fragilestates
- 9. SDGs 1 and 2 are interdependent Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 9 • Poverty isadeterminant of hunger and malnutrition Access • Malnutrition isadeterminant of poverty Thefirst 1000 days Reduced productivity • Central roleof sustainableagriculturefor reducing hunger and assuring food security and nutrition
- 10. Agriculture and food systems are key to achieving SDGs 1 and 2 Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 10 Numerouscrosscountry studiesand country experienceshighlight larger impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction - particularly for the poorest • Larger for staplefoodsthen for export crops • Example: agricultureaccounted for bulk of poverty reduction in Ethiopia over past 15 years • Example: Chinaand the household responsibility system Important safety net for food security Meeting futureneeds
- 11. Four entry points for poverty reduction programs Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 11 Includes resilience technologies Includes productivity growth in SHF
- 12. What is necessary to reduce rural poverty and hunger Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 12 • Foster inclusive structural transformation and growth enabling poor to actively participatein, and benefit from, economic activity • Address structural constraints faced by poor agricultural households • Create decent off-farm employment forthe poor • Build and scale-up social protection systems • Build rural infrastructure(energy, transport, water, sanitation) • Build human capital (health, education) • Strengthen governance Capacitiesof local government, institutions, and organizations • Empowerment of the poor Participation and voice; knowledgeand protection of their rights
- 13. Partnerships for poverty reduction 1) IFAD Joint initiativeon focusing agricultural and rural development research and investment on achieving SDGs1 and 2 Joint analytical work on migration and youth employment, climatechangeand poverty, agricultural/rural transformations, transformational investments 2) China – IPRCC Innovation Lab on creating sustainablefood systemsto reducepoverty and build resilience 3) Italian cooperation Migration and youth employment in Kenya, Ethiopiaand Tunisia Public Food Procurement mechanisms: increasefarmer incomeand beneficiary food security at beneficiary level (social protection, school feeding) Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 13
- 14. Thank you Contact us SPL3@fao.org 14Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017
- 15. The Five Strategic Programmes of FAO 2014-2017 2018-2021 15Seminar – Global Partnerships for Poverty Reduction28 April 2017 SP1 Help eliminatehunger, food insecurity and malnutrition SP2 Makeagriculture, forestry and fisheriesmoreproductiveand sustainable SP3 Reduce rural poverty SP4 Enableinclusiveand efficient agricultural and food systems SP5 Increasetheresilienceof livelihoodsto disasters
Editor's Notes
- In 1993, 47 percent of extreme por lived in EAP, mostly China. In 2013, most lived in SA (33 percent) anad SSA (51%).
- Shift of the extreme poor from lower income countries (93%) in 1990 to lower middle income (57%) in 2013 (eg, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Indonesia)
- Since early 90s, number of extreme por declined by 58 percent, while number of malnourished only declined by 21 percent
- Becomes clear why FAO is focusing on rural poverty reduction-- FAO plays a strategic role in linking SDG1 and SDG2 the lack of Access is a key determinant of Food insecurity The first thousand days, in utero and the first two years after birth, are critical for a child’s physical and neurological development. During this period, children’s nutritional status is affected by the quantity and quality of food they consume. Exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months conveys critical benefits and it is vitally important that complementary foods introduced after this contain the right quantities of macronutrients – calories and protein – as well as micronutrients
- a. Resilience programs Reduce vulnerability for non-poor with contributory programs. High growth/poverty cost of shock coping and risk management through self-insurance. Progress with index insurance, incentives to precautionary savings, emergency loans, and resilient technology. Key to avoid falling into poverty (contributory insurance programs) and poverty traps (non-contributory programs and social safety nets) b. Transfer programs Non-contributory programs, CT and evidence of multipliers, food transfers when markets fail. School feeding programs, right-to-food approaches. Health (Seguro Popular) and pensions (South Africa, Bolivia). Enthusiasm for Give Directly against presumptions of leisure and luxury consumption. Opportunity programs Income opportunities for the poor. Need confirm priority attention to SHF for poverty reduction and food security. Assets (land, human capital)-context (employment, youth apprenticeships, financial services, smart input subsidies)-behavior (default options, nudges, time consistency)-empowerment framework. Key role of productivity growth in SHF and Rural Transformation with inclusion d. Twin-track programs CCT, CDD, LIWP, PSNP. CT/CCT*RD. Smart subsidies e. Empowerment programs: Need endogenize pro-poor policy. Political economy of SDG1&2. Administrative (lobbying, collective action) and electoral routes (political parties, median voter). Every policy reform program needs a corresponding new political economy equilibrium.
- 1) IFAD: joint analytical work Migration and youth employment Climate change and poverty Agricultural/rural transformations Economic mobility/rural poverty reduction, transformational investments Nutrition and agriculture Poverty/targeting analytics 2)China – IPRCC - Innovation Lab on Creating Sustainable food systems to reduce poverty and build resilience New technologies for sustainable agriculture (ex : effective microorganisms, organic pesticides or soil analysis techniques) New forms of exchange and trade in markets (short market chain systems for the commercialization of local products, kiosks, connecting small holder farmers to regional and global markets, community shared harvest farming, etc.) Institutional innovations, to allow for the emergence of new mechanism, policies and interactions between the public and private players. 3) Italian cooperation Migration and youth employment in Kenya Public Food Procurement mechanisms: increase income at farmers level and increase food security at beneficiary level (social protection programs, school feeding)