- Food insecurity, famine, malnutrition and undernourishment negatively impact communities and undermine sustainable development. They are linked to poor health, low productivity, increased medical costs and death. - Globally, over 800 million people experience food insecurity daily while famine may affect over 20 million people annually. Malnutrition contributes to over half of all child deaths worldwide. - To promote development, least developed countries must address food security through improved agriculture, behavioral changes, livelihood interventions, and partnerships to ensure community stability and access to nutrition. Food security is a cross-cutting issue essential for development.

1. Collaborative Graduate Program between Gambella
University and Green Research and Development Institute,
Development Studies: Specialized in Disaster Risk
Management and Food Security Studies
Livelihoods and Food Security Nexus
Discussion presentation
Gambella University Novemeber,2017
Presenter :-Asegede Kebede
Submitted to Professor Desalegn

2. Content
• Group discussion topic
• Introduction
• Definition of terms
• Sustainable development perspective
• Components of sustainable development
• Impact of FIFUM
• Global initiative for FIFUM
• Impact of at house hold and community
• Their Quantitative description
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

3. Group one discussion
1. Define what the following terms
• Food insecurity,
• Famine,
• Malnutrition,
• Undernourishment
2. Define the terms in the perspective of development
3. Mention components sustainable development.
4. Discuss how it affects at house level and
community undermine sustainable development

4. Introduction
• Thus words show condition of nutrition and food
gaps in the a specific or large mass of the
community.
• Can define the presence of food shortage, extreme
hunger or excessive consumption.
• The major causes are natural or human made
hazards for the low level capacity of the elements.
• Some of them occurred through pathophysiologic
changes(Under nutrition and malnutrition)
• Moreover the terms are two face of a coin that are
interconnected showing the severity and
magnitude.

5. Definition of terms
• Food insecurity
• Famine
• Malnutrition
• Undernourishment

6. Food insecurity
• Is a household-level economic and social condition of
limited or uncertain access to adequate food.
• The state of being without reliable access to a sufficient
quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
• Food insecurity is experienced when there is
1. Uncertainty about future food availability and access,
2. Insufficiency in the amount and kind of food required for a
healthy lifestyle, or
3. The need to use socially unacceptable ways to acquire food
• Refers to the social and economic problem of lack of food
due to resource or other constraints, not voluntary fasting
or dieting, or because of illness, or for other reasons
• Food insecurity is measured as a household-level concept
that refers to uncertain, insufficient, or unacceptable
availability, access, or utilization of food.

7. Famine
• Famine:-is a widespread scarcity of food,
caused by several factors including war,
inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or
government policies.

8. Malnutrition
• Is broad it can be defined as the insufficient,
excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients
(Over or Under nutrition).
• Classified as either being illness related (secondary
to another disease or injury) non-illness related,
(attributable to environmental/behavioral causes)
or a combination of the two.
• is defined as an ‘abnormal physiological condition
caused by inadequate, unbalanced or excessive
consumption of macronutrients and/or
micronutrients.
• Malnutrition includes under nutrition and over
nutrition as well as micronutrient deficiencies.’

9. Undernourishment
• Undernourishment measures only food energy availability, but
not consumption of (or access to) food by households.
• if someone is suffering from undernourishment, they have
poor health because they are not eating enough food or are
eating the wrong kind of food.
• Forty per cent of children under five in developing countries are
short for their age because of undernourishment.
• To provide with insufficient quantity or quality of nourishment
to sustain proper health and growth.

10. Sustainable development

11. Sustainable development
• Sustainable development is the development that meets the
needs of the present (people) without compromising the ability
of future generation to meet their own needs.
• Integration of environment and economic decision
• Stewardship or humans as the caretaker of the environment
• Shared responsibility, accountability and decision making
• Prevention and mitigation
• Conservation
• Waste minimization
• Enhancement of productivity, capability, quality of nature and
human life
• Rehabilitation and reclamation /recovery

12. Components of sustainable development
• There are three i.e. environmental, economic,
and social .
• They are interconnected together, can form a
solid ground from which major decisions and
actions can be made.

13. Environmental Sustainability
• Will be the are appropriate for living things
• An ecosystem would maintain populations,
biodiversity, and overall functionality
• Promote equilibrium within our natural systems
and seek to encourage positive growth.
• Reduce waste, effluent generation, emission into
environment
• Reduce impact on human health
• Use of renewable raw material
• Elimination of toxic substances

14. Economic sustainability
• Involves creating economic value
• Decisions are made in the most equitable and fiscally
sound
• In most cases, projects and decisions must be made
with the long term benefits in mind.
• Creation for new markets and opportunities for sale
growth
• Cost reduction through efficiency and improvements
and reduced energy and raw material input
• Creation of additional value

15. Social
• Promotes the betterment of society.
• The same or greater quality of life benefits.
• Secure human rights and keep environmental
law,
• Ensure public involvement & participation.
• Workers health and safety
• Impact on local communities, quality of life
• Benefits to disadvantaged groups

16. Impact of sustainable development
1. The shortage of food problem -least developing countries
have poor technology and nature dependent traditional
agriculture. low technological innovation, high number of
illiterate people and extended family size
2. The short lifespan problem -the health care infrastructure
and quality of care is poor, low health seeking behavior, high
number of unmet need populations ,high communicable
diseases
3. Distort social interaction :-every escape fro the social
interaction and violate values and norms
4. Delay the economic growth of the country :- due the poor
brain development will be less innovate, failure to adapt new
technologies
5. Reduce individual and national income :- low saving status
,single employment cannot and low level income

17. Impact of sustainable development
6.Engage in pity trade or charcoal activity that affect the
environment lead to drought and climate change
7.Low school enrolment of children and low gender
empowerment:- the extensive social norms tie female to stay at
home and no or low contribution in production
8. Increase risk of vulnerability and reduce the capacity to cope
the hazard :-due the low technological and low income
9. Poor political comments ,presence few elite groups and
corruption :-using the opportunity of the high illiterate people,
poor technology, deep rooted social norms
10. Challenge to sustainable development :- most the works will
be to wards emergency other the development intervention

18. Global Initiative
• The SDG has 17 goals and 169 targets. Even
though tailored but the directly related goals are:-
• Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Goal 2.End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
• Goal 3.Ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all at all ages

19. Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all
people everywhere, currently measured
as people living on less than $1.25 a day
• Ensure significant mobilization of
resources from a variety of sources,
• Create sound policy frameworks at the
national, regional and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive

20. Goal 2.End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
• By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in
particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
• By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving,
• by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and
wasting in children under 5 years of age,
• By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of
small-scale food producers,
• By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and
implement resilient agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production,
• By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated
plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related
wild species,

21. Goal 3.Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all ages
• By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than
70 per 100,000 live births
• By 2030, end preventable deaths of new born and children under
5 years of 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at
least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
• By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and
neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne
diseases and other communicable diseases
• By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-
communicable diseases
• By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses
from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and
contamination

22. Impact at HH & community undermine the effect
• low productivity at individual level
• Poor concentration
• Low birth weight
• Low immunity
• Poor school performance
• Chronic malnutrition (stunting)
• Underweight
• poor social contribution
• Reduced working and under production
• Increase medical cost
• Death

23. Impact of Food Insecurity, Famine,
Undernourishment and Malnutrition at HH &
community undermine the effect
• In developing countries, poor perinatal conditions
account for 23% of deaths in children younger
than five. Malnourished women are at high risk of
giving birth to low birth weight infants.
• Many low birth weight infants (15-20% of all births
worldwide) face severe short-term and long-term
health consequences, such as growth failure in
infancy and childhood, which increases risk of
morbidity and early death.

24. Their Quantitative description
• ‘more than 800 million people live every day with
hunger or food insecurity as their constant
companion’(Food insecure)
• Famine could affect more than 20 million people
this year.
• Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000
deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in
developing countries and contributes indirectly to
more than half of all deaths in children worldwide.

25. Their Quantitative description
• The World Health Organization estimates that by the
year 2015, the prevalence of malnutrition will have
decreased to 17.6% globally, with 113.4 million
children younger than 5 years affected as measured by
low weight for age.
• The overwhelming majority of these children, 112.8
million, will live in developing countries with 70% of
these children in Asia, particularly the south central
region, and 26% in Africa.
• An additional 165 million (29.0%) children will have
stunted length/height secondary to poor nutrition.

26. Their Quantitative description
• The chart below shows the total number of
individuals across the world who are defined as
undernourished, based on the definitions of
insufficient caloric intake described above.
• Overall we see a falling – although variable trend
over the last few decades.
• The total number of undernourished has been
steadily falling, particularly over the last decade.
• However, in 2016, the total number increased by
around 40 million, reaching 815 million.

27. Conclusion
• Food insecurity, famine ,malnutrition and
undernourishment the typical descriptive of least
development countries that can be belt the
development limiting to move forward.
• Development without addressing food security is
‘’let a newborn baby feed by himself’’.
• All of the condition are the combined result of
presence of poor technological ,nature dependent
and traditional societies.
• scientific methodology helps to avoid famine
becoming a term misused for political reasons,"
Sacco said.

28. Recommendation
• The only solution for least developing countries to bring
development has to fight against food insecurity that can
Avoid Famine, Prevent undernourishment and
malnutrition.
• Besides behavioral change intervention has to take place
since over nutrition is becoming a major problem with
significant numbers.
• To ensure productive work force countries must design
holistic livelihood interventions.
• Food insecurity has to be the cross cutting issue of the
community and the nation
• Need to due attention and Create global partnership to
avoid stability of the community due to war and social
conflict.

29. I thank You!