The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. The heart is a muscular organ made of four chambers that pump blood into two main circuits - the pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Blood pressure, electrocardiograms, stress tests, and angiography are common ways to measure cardiac function and identify issues like blockages. The cardiovascular system works continuously to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide and wastes.

1. The Cardiovascular System:The Cardiovascular System:
Structure Function andStructure Function and
MeasurementMeasurement
Chapter 9Chapter 9

2. Organs of the CardiovascularOrgans of the Cardiovascular
SystemSystem
HeartHeart
Blood vesselsBlood vessels
– ArteriesArteries
ArteriolesArterioles
CapillariesCapillaries
– VeinsVeins
VenulesVenules

3. The HeartThe Heart
Muscular organ the size of aMuscular organ the size of a
fistfist
Four chambers – L/RFour chambers – L/R
Ventricles L/R AtriaVentricles L/R Atria
Endocardium- lines theEndocardium- lines the
heart chambersheart chambers
Myocardium- muscle layerMyocardium- muscle layer
Pericardium- membranousPericardium- membranous
outer coveringouter covering

4. AtriaAtria
Right Atrium (RA)-Right Atrium (RA)-
right upper chamber-right upper chamber-
receives blood fromreceives blood from
body- deoxygenatedbody- deoxygenated
bloodblood
Left atrium (LA)- leftLeft atrium (LA)- left
upper heart.- receivesupper heart.- receives
oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood
from lungs and sendsfrom lungs and sends
it to the left ventricleit to the left ventricle

5. VentriclesVentricles
Right ventricle- (RV)-Right ventricle- (RV)-
right lower chamber-right lower chamber-
receives blood from rightreceives blood from right
atrium and sends it to theatrium and sends it to the
lungs through pulmonarylungs through pulmonary
arteryartery
Left Ventricle (LV)- lowerLeft Ventricle (LV)- lower
left chamber- receivesleft chamber- receives
blood from left atrium andblood from left atrium and
sends it through the aortasends it through the aorta
to the body.to the body.

6. AortaAorta: The main: The main
trunk of thetrunk of the
systemic arteries,systemic arteries,
carrying blood fromcarrying blood from
the left side of thethe left side of the
heart to theheart to the
arteries of all limbsarteries of all limbs
and organs.and organs.
PulmonaryPulmonary
ArteryArtery carriescarries
blood to lungsblood to lungs
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Left
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Aorta
pulmonary artery

7. TricuspidTricuspid
valvevalve controlscontrols
blood flowblood flow
between thebetween the
right atriumright atrium
and ventricleand ventricle
Mitral valveMitral valve
controls bloodcontrols blood
movementmovement
between thebetween the
left atrium andleft atrium and
ventricleventricle
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Left
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Tricuspid
Valve
Mitral
Valve

8. PulmonaryPulmonary
valvevalve controlscontrols
blood movementblood movement
from rightfrom right
ventricle intoventricle into
pulmonary arterypulmonary artery
TheThe aortic valveaortic valve
controls bloodcontrols blood
flow from the leftflow from the left
ventricle to theventricle to the
aortaaorta
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Left
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Tricuspid
Valve
Pulmonary
valve
Mitral
Valve
Aortic valve

9. ArteriesArteries
Arteries- tubes thatArteries- tubes that
carry blood away fromcarry blood away from
the heart.the heart.
Muscular elastic wallsMuscular elastic walls
Form arterioles whichForm arterioles which
form capillariesform capillaries
Carry blood and oxygenCarry blood and oxygen
to the body cellsto the body cells

10. Coronary ArteriesCoronary Arteries
Supply blood to theSupply blood to the
heart muscle.heart muscle.
The heart needs aThe heart needs a
large amount oflarge amount of
blood and 5-7% ofblood and 5-7% of
blood flowsblood flows
through thethrough the
coronary arteries.coronary arteries.

11. VeinsVeins
Veins- tubes that carryVeins- tubes that carry
blood toward the heartblood toward the heart
Thinner muscular wallsThinner muscular walls
Carry blood back toCarry blood back to
heartheart
Cuplike valves to helpCuplike valves to help
move bloodmove blood

12. CapillariesCapillaries
Capillaries- tubes thatCapillaries- tubes that
connect arteries andconnect arteries and
veinsveins
Walls only one cellWalls only one cell
thickthick
Site for exchange ofSite for exchange of
nutrients and oxygennutrients and oxygen
from blood cells andfrom blood cells and
carbon dioxide andcarbon dioxide and
wastes to the bloodwastes to the blood

13. BloodBlood
The body contains 4 toThe body contains 4 to
6 quarts6 quarts
Contains Plasma:Contains Plasma:
antibodies, nutrients,antibodies, nutrients,
gases, waste productsgases, waste products
Produced in boneProduced in bone
marrowmarrow
White and red bloodWhite and red blood
cellscells

15. Measuring Cardiac FunctionMeasuring Cardiac Function
Blood PressureBlood Pressure
ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram
Stress TestStress Test
AngiographyAngiography

16. Blood PressureBlood Pressure
Measure of fluidMeasure of fluid
pressure withinpressure within
systemsystem
Systolic Pressure:Systolic Pressure:
Pressure generatedPressure generated
by contractionby contraction
Diastolic Pressure:Diastolic Pressure:
Pressure achievedPressure achieved
betweenbetween
contractions.contractions.
SBP reflects the amountSBP reflects the amount
of work theof work the heart isheart is
performingperforming
DBP indicates the amountDBP indicates the amount
of peripheral resistanceof peripheral resistance
encounteredencountered
Arterial pressureArterial pressure
increases with age,increases with age, DDBPBP
more than SBPmore than SBP
With aging, major bloodWith aging, major blood
vesselsvessels increase inincrease in

17. ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram
Measure of theMeasure of the
electrical activity ofelectrical activity of
the heartthe heart

18. Stress TestStress Test
ECG duringECG during
exerciseexercise

19. AngiographyAngiography
Cardiac catheterizationCardiac catheterization
Inject dye into heartInject dye into heart
X-ray to examine blockagesX-ray to examine blockages