this is the ppt on application of integrals, which includes-area between the two curves , volume by slicing , disk method , washer method, and volume by cylindrical shells,.
this is made by dhrumil patel and harshid panchal.
Materi kuliah tentang Aplikasi Integral. Cari lebih banyak mata kuliah Semester 1 di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2014/12/kuliah-semester-1-thp-ftp-ub.html
this is the ppt on application of integrals, which includes-area between the two curves , volume by slicing , disk method , washer method, and volume by cylindrical shells,.
this is made by dhrumil patel and harshid panchal.
Materi kuliah tentang Aplikasi Integral. Cari lebih banyak mata kuliah Semester 1 di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2014/12/kuliah-semester-1-thp-ftp-ub.html
Application of definite integrals,we will explore some of the many application of definite integral by using it to calculate areas between two curves, volumes, length of curves, and several other application.
Application of definite integrals,we will explore some of the many application of definite integral by using it to calculate areas between two curves, volumes, length of curves, and several other application.
The process of finding area of some plane region is called Quadrature. In this chapter we shall find the area bounded by some simple plane curves with the help of definite integral. For solving
(i) The area bounded by a cartesian curve y = f(x), x-axis and ordinates x = a and x = b is given by,
the problems on quadrature easily, if possible first draw the rough sketch of the required area.
b
Area = y dx
a
b
= f(x) dx
a
In chapter function, we have seen graphs of some simple elementary curves. Here we introduce some essential steps for curve tracing which will enable us to determine the required area.
(i) Symmetry
The curve f(x, y) = 0 is symmetrical
about x-axis if all terms of y contain even powers.
about y-axis if all terms of x contain even
powers.
about the origin if f (– x, – y) = f (x, y).
Examples
based on
Area Bounded by A Curve
For example, y2 = 4ax is symmetrical about x-axis, and x2 = 4ay is symmetrical about y- axis and the curve y = x3 is symmetrical about the origin.
(ii) Origin
Ex.1 Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3, x-axis and ordinates x = 1 and x = 2.
2
Sol. Required Area = ydx
1
If the equation of the curve contains no constant
2
= x3 dx =
Lx4 O2 15
MN PQ=
Ans.
term then it passes through the origin.
For example x2 + y2 + 2ax = 0 passes through origin.
(iii) Points of intersection with the axes
If we get real values of x on putting y = 0 in the equation of the curve, then real values of x and y = 0 give those points where the curve cuts the x-axis. Similarly by putting x = 0, we can get the points of intersection of the curve and y-axis.
1 4 1 4
Ex.2 Find the area bounded by the curve y = sec2x,
x-axis and the line x = 4
/4
Sol. Required Area = ydx
x0
For example, the curve x2/a2 + y2 /b2 = 1 intersects the axes at points (± a, 0) and (0, ± b) .
(iv) Region
/4
= sec2
0
xdx = tan x /4 = 1 Ans.
Write the given equation as y = f(x) , and find minimum and maximum values of x which determine the region of the curve.
For example for the curve xy2 = a2 (a – x)
Ex.3 Find the area bounded by the curve y = mx, x-axis and ordinates x = 1 and x = 2
2
Sol. Required area = y dx .
1
y = a
a x
x
2
= mxdx =
LMmx2 2
Now y is real, if 0 < x a , so its region lies between the lines x = 0 and x = a.
1 MN2
= m ( 4 – 1) =
2
PQ1
FGH3 JKm Ans.
Ex.4 Find the area bounded by the curve y = x (1– x)2 and x-axis.
Sol. Clearly the given curve meets the x-axis at (0,0) and (1,0) and for x = 0 to 1, y is positive
Ex.7 Find the area bounded between the curve y2 = 2y – x and y-axis.
Sol. The area between the given curve x = 2y – y2 and y-axis will be as shown in diagram.
so required area- Y
= xb1 xg2 dx
0
1
= ex 2x2 x3 jdx
0
O (0,0) (1,0) X
Lx2
2x3
x4 O1
1 2 1 1
= M P=
– + =
MN2 3 4 PQ0
2 3 4 12
Ans.
Required Area =
e2y y2 jdy
(i
Notes on intersection theory written for a seminar in Bonn in 2010.
Following Fulton's book the following topics are covered:
- Motivation of intersection theory
- Cones and Segre Classes
- Chern Classes
- Gauss-Bonet Formula
- Segre classes under birational morphisms
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The Calculus Crusaders Volume
1. THE CALCULUS CRUSADERS
Volumes: The Animal Turd
Question
purple mushrooms by Flickr user yewenyi
2. THE SITUATION
Jamie’s duck foolishly ate the wild mushroom!
Thankfully the duck defecated on the sand and
got rid of the ache in its stomach.
Zeph oddly notices that the turd covers a region
of the sand equivalent to the shaded
region, R, shown in the graph. He also imagines
a Cartesian plane behind the turd.
3. A(x) is the region bounded by the function f(x) = 1/x and
g(x) = sin(x), measured in cm2.
4. THE QUESTION
a) Zeph wants to collect some data about the
turd. Determine the area of A(x).
b) Zeph’s koala likes to get dirty. He smears the
turd around the y-axis. Determine the volume
of the solid when A(x) is revolved about the y-
axis.
c) The region A(x) is the base of a solid, where
each cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis
is an equilateral triangle. Find the volume of
this solid.
5. Zeph wants to collect some data about the turd. Determine
the area of A(x).
6. THE SOLUTION
Determining an area underneath a
graph is the definition of
integration, but we must first know
the upper and lower limits—the
interval at which we are integrating.
7. THE SOLUTION
Looking at the graph, we see that we have to
integrate between two points at which f(x) and
g(x) intersect.
8. THE SOLUTION
Since is a transcendental function, a function
that contains an exponential function and a
trigonometric function, we cannot apply the
algebra we know to solve for the roots of v’(t), so
we have to use our calculator to solve
numerically.
x = 1.1141571, 2.7726047
9. THE SOLUTION
Points of intersection at x =
1.1141571, 2.7726047.
To make our work look less cluttered, we can
assign unappealing numbers to letters;
▫ Let S = 1.1141571
▫ Let T = 2.7726047.
10. THE SOLUTION
Of course, functions f(x) and g(x) intersect at
other places too, such as the area bounded by
f(x) and g(x) in the second quadrant near the y-
axis as shown in the graph given, but we are only
interested in the x-coordinates where R is
bounded.
11. THE SOLUTION
We integrate the top function, sin x, from S to T.
We integrate the bottom function, 1/x, from S to
T.
Take the difference, “TOP” function minus
“BOTTOM”, to obtain A(x). This is represented
by:
12. Zeph’s koala likes to get dirty. He smears the turd around
the y-axis. Determine the volume of the solid when A(x) is
revolved about the y-axis.
13. THE SOLUTION
Revolving around the y-axis generates a
cylinder.
We can imagine there are infinite cylindrical
shells.
Getting the total of the shells would give us the
total volume by the definition of integration.
14. THE TISSUE PAPER ROLL
DIAGRAM
Cylinder
Imagine taking a
cylindrical shell and
opening it up.
We obtain a triangular
prism sort of shape.
V = 2πr f(x) dx
Where dx, the width, is
Prism
infinitesimally small so
that the shape becomes
a rectangular prism.
This is similar to
unraveling tissue paper
from it’s roll.
15. THE SOLUTION
Again, a cylindrical shell would have a volume of
2πr f(x)dx, where 2πr is the length, f(x) is the
height, and dx is the width/thickness of prism.
**(Recall that the formula for the volume of a cylinder is V(x) = 2πr2h.
Note the similarities.)
16. THE SOLUTION
So, its radius becomes x (as well as the distance
away from the y-axis if we are revolving the
area around a line other than the y-axis).
18. This means that the
cylinder is hollow at
its centre, and the
height of the
cylindrical
shell, f(x), is the
upper function
minus the lower
function.
20. The region A(x) is the base of a solid, where each cross-
section perpendicular to the x-axis is an equilateral
triangle. Find the volume of this solid.
21. THE SOLUTION
An equilateral
triangle is defined
as a three-sided
shape with three
congruent sides and
three congruent
angles. A cross-
section is shown.
22. THE SOLUTION
Recall that the
formula for the
volume of a triangle
can be determined
by multiplying the
area of the
triangular face by
the thickness.
26. THE SOLUTION
• By totaling the volume of the infinite triangular
cross-sections, we obtain the total volume.
27. WE’VE DONE IT!!
Jamie’s duck has taken an.. Erk
and we’re all happy and can
continue on our journey!!
The Happy little Duck by Flickr
user law_keven