This document discusses the behavior of light waves through reflection, refraction, diffraction, and transmission. It provides examples of how light interacts with different surfaces and materials. Light can be reflected off surfaces like mirrors. It is refracted as it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to water, causing objects to appear bent. Light diffracts when passing through narrow openings, forming interference patterns. Materials are classified as transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on how much light they allow to pass through.
A detailed lesson plan in Science 8
I. Objectives
At the end of the period, the student must be able to:
1. Perform the activity 1: Colors of the rainbow…colors of light
2. Identify the different colors of light after passing through the prism
3. Describe and give the reason behind the hierarchy of colors based on the observed results of the activity
4. Explain how refraction and dispersion takes place
A detailed lesson plan in Science 8
I. Objectives
At the end of the period, the student must be able to:
1. Perform the activity 1: Colors of the rainbow…colors of light
2. Identify the different colors of light after passing through the prism
3. Describe and give the reason behind the hierarchy of colors based on the observed results of the activity
4. Explain how refraction and dispersion takes place
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
The Physics of Light, ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. ... Like all types of EM radiation, visible light propagates as waves. However, the energy imparted by the waves is absorbed at single locations the way particles are absorbed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. A luminous object is one that produces light.
An illuminated object is one that reflects light.
Luminous Objects Illuminated Objects
Luminous andLuminous and
Illuminated ObjectsIlluminated Objects
3. We see things because they
reflect light into our eyes:
Homework
5. ReflectionReflection of Lightof Light
• Reflection occurs when a
wave bounces back after
striking a barrier.
• Example: a reflection in
a mirror.
6. Three things that affect howThree things that affect how
light is reflected:light is reflected:
• Surface of
the Object
• Color of the
Object
• Shape of the
Object
7. Clear vs. DiffuseClear vs. Diffuse
ReflectionReflection
Smooth, shiny surfaces
have a clear reflection:
Rough, dull surfaces have
a diffuse reflection.
Diffuse reflection is when
light is scattered in
different directions
Surface of the Object
8.
9.
10. Ever notice that an
asphalt driveway seems
hotter on a summer day
than a concrete
sidewalk?
This occurs because light
that is not reflected
from the surface of an
object may be absorbed
by the object and
converted into thermal
energy.
Color of the Object
11. ShapeShape of the Objectof the Object
Reflection from a mirror:
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of
incidence
Angle of
reflection
Mirror
12. The Law of ReflectionThe Law of Reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflectionAngle of incidence = Angle of reflection
In other words, light gets reflected from a surface at
____ _____ angle it hits it.
The
same !!!
15. Plane MirrorsPlane Mirrors
• Flat Surface
• Light is
reflected
straight back,
resulting in an
upright image
that is the same
size as the
original object.
16. •Mirror LabMirror Lab
• Read and follow directions for Flip-Flopped
Messages to investigate plane mirrors.
• When Completed create a five word
message for a partner using the mirrors.
• Have partner decodes.
• Using mirrors is fun.
• Justify the Law of Reflection
Using the plane mirror.
HINT: Think about angles….
17. Concave MirrorsConcave Mirrors
• Curves Inward (like
the inside of a bowl)
• If an object is very
close to the mirror,
light is reflected in a
way that an enlarged,
upright image is
produced.
• If the object is very
far away, the image is
reduced in size and
upside down.
18. Convex MirrorsConvex Mirrors
• Curves Outward
• Results in an image
your eyes detect as
upright and
reduced in size.
• The side mirrors on
cars are convex
mirrors. (Objects
in mirror are closer
than they appear.)
19. SpoonsSpoonsSteps:
1. Look at your reflection on the inside of the spoon.
Record what you see.
The surface on the inside of a spoon bends in like a cave - it is
concave.
Dentist use concave mirrors to examine your teeth. These mirrors
make your teeth look bigger so the dentist can examine them more
easily. Likewise, shaving mirrors are concave because they make
the face look bigger.
2. Now turn your spoon out and look at your reflection on the outside
of the spoon. Record what you see.
The surface on the outside of a spoon bends out - it is convex.
The next time you are at a funfair take a look at yourself in the crazy
mirrors. They bend in all sorts of ways so that you look bigger,
smaller, fatter, thinner and even wavy.
3. Explain why you look different and how these things pertain to the
standard: describe the behavior of light waves Be prepared to
report out.
4. Give examples of what we use every day in our daily lives?
{Hint} With this understanding of convex and concave mirrors.
22. What causes the light to bend?What causes the light to bend?
What’s different about air and water?
DENSITY – the amount of mass in a certain
volume of a substance (mass/volume)
AIR WATER
gas liquid
23. Example of RefractionExample of Refraction
When a straw is placed
in water it looks like
this:
In this case the light rays
are slowed down by the
water and are bent,
causing the straw to look
broken. The two mediums
in this example are air and
water.
24. Another Example:Another Example:
When you use a
magnifying glass, the
object appears larger
because of refraction.
The light waves traveling
in the air change
direction when they
enter the glass of the
lens, and then again
when they move from
the glass back into the
air again.
Lens
25. Introduction of Magnifying GlassIntroduction of Magnifying Glass
I bumped into this week's experiment while washing the dishes.
Lisa had placed a new cartridge for our water filter into a
glass of water to rinse it. When I glanced up, the filter had
swollen until it filled the inside of the glass! It was only
when I lifted the normal sized filter out of the glass that I
realized what had tricked me. To investigate, you will need: a
tall, clear drinking glass
water
your finger, a spoon, a banana, etc.
Place the glass on a flat surface. Looking from the side, stick
your finger into the glass. OK, nothing unusual so far. Now
fill the glass with water. Again, stick your finger into the
glass. Looking from the side, this time you should see a
difference. Your finger looks bigger. Try the same thing
with a large spoon. An object that is about half as wide as
the glass will seem to fill it. Why?
The glass of water acts as a lens to magnify objects inside. The
thin layer of glass alone does not cause the magnification.
You need the water for it to work. Without the water, light
enters the glass and hits your finger. Some of the light is
absorbed, and some is reflected, spreading outwards. Some
of this light hits your eye and you see your finger.
26. With water in the glass, things start the same. Light still reflects
from your finger and spreads outwards. This time as the light
moves from the water to the glass and then to the air, something
happens. Its speed changes. Wait a minute! The speed of light is a
constant, right? 300,000 k/m per second. That speed is for light in
a vacuum. It travels through other substances (air, water, glass,
oil) at different speeds. As it changes speed, if it is traveling
perpendicular to the surface (straight through), nothing much
happens. If the boundary is at an angle to the direction the light is
traveling, the light is bent from its path.
The shape of the surface at the speed change also has an impact on
what you see. If the boundary between two different substances is
flat, then you don't notice much of a difference. The image may be
shifted to the side as the light is bent, but everything looks the
right size. If the boundary is curved, then the image is distorted.
Depending on the shape of the boundary and the speed of light in
each of the substances, the light waves can be spread apart or
bent together. If they are spread outwards, the image looks
bigger. If they are bent inwards, the image looks smaller.
This has other implications besides making fingers look larger. Would a
lens shaped to focus light on Earth (in air) work the same in space?
If you wear eye glasses, do you think they would work well if you
were underwater? For that matter, do your eyes work as well
underwater as in air? What would you see if you were in a room
filled with water and you stuck your finger into a glass of air?
27. DiffractionDiffraction of Lightof Light
Diffraction is
the bending,
spreading, and
interference
of waves when
they go
through a
narrow opening.
28. Diffraction PatternsDiffraction Patterns
• Radio waves can
diffract around hills,
mountains or even
the whole planet.
• Light waves can
diffract through tiny
slits.
• X-rays can diffract
around atoms.
29. Electromagnetic waves have aElectromagnetic waves have a
huge range of wavelengths.huge range of wavelengths.
If the wavelength is of a similar
size to a gap in a harbor wall, then
the wave will diffract as shown
below.
30. If the wavelength does not match
the size of the gap, then only a
little diffraction will occur at the
edge of the wave.
32. Safety Rules for lights andSafety Rules for lights and
PrismPrism
Lights out of eyes
Handle objects with care
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU2r-ECmPr4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU2r-ECmPr4
33. Prism LabPrism LabSeparating light with a prism experiment
Try It Out Inside the box, place the prism on a sheet of dark
paper. Shine the flashlight beam through the hole and adjust the
prism as shown in the diagram. Use coloured pencils or pens to
trace the individual bands of light that you see. In what order are
the colours? Can you come up with a mnemonic to help you memorise
the sequence of colours in prismatic light?
Make It
In order to create a clearly visible spectrum of light with a prism,
it's best to work in a darkened room with a single source of light. A
cardboard box (such as a file box) makes a great prism box. Simply
cut a small rectangular opening on the side of the box near the
bottom edge, about 5 mm in width.
Experiment
Finally, cut a second hole in the box and arrange two prisms so that
their spectra cross paths. What happens to the various colours of
light where they cross?
You will need:
· A prism (or two)
· A cardboard box (such as a file box)
· Coloured pencils or pens
· A sheet of plain white paper
· A flashlight or reading lamp
34. Questions for Written ReportQuestions for Written Report
Discuss visible light spectrum:
• Explain why does the prism make the spectrum
• How do you make the spectrum narrow or wide?
• When adding double plane mirrors with a prism,
describe what happens with the visible light
spectrum?
• Synthesis the two types of light concepts used
when there are prisms and mirrors in the
experiment.
• Consider a (What if question) using the prisms and
mirrors then analyze your response.
35. Be prepared to Report out your Lab findings
and how they relate to the standard.
S8P4a,bCharaacteristics of the E/M
Spectrum; describe the behavior of light
waves
36. What happens when lightWhat happens when light
hits these objects?hits these objects?
•Glass of water
•School bus window
•Notebook paper
•Waxed paper
•Plastic wrap
•Tissue paper
•Cardboard
•Textbook
•Hand lens…
37. Many materials are classified byMany materials are classified by
how well they transmit light.how well they transmit light.
• Three Types of
Materials:
– Transparent
– Translucent
– Opaque
39. Transparent objects:Transparent objects:
– The windows on a school bus,
– A clear empty glass,
– A clear window pane,
– The lenses of some eyeglasses,
– Clear plastic wrap,
– The glass on a clock,
– A hand lens,
– Colored glass…
•ALL of these are transparent.
•Yes, we can see through them
because light passes through
each of them.
41. Translucent objects:Translucent objects:
– Thin tissue paper,
– Waxed paper,
– Tinted car windows,
– Frosted glass,
– Clouds,
•All of these
materials are
translucent and allow
some light to pass
but the light cannot
be clearly seen
through.
43. Opaque objects:Opaque objects:
– Heavy weight paper,
– Cardboard
– Aluminum foil,
– Mirror, bricks,
buildings,
– Your eyelids and hands,
– Solid wood door,
•All of these objects
are opaque because
light cannot pass
through them at all.
•They cast a dark
shadow.
45. Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast
Transparent objects
Translucent objects
Opaque objects
Explain why each group is the type of material and
how they are used in our daily lives.
Be prepared to Report out your answers and how
they relate to the standard.
. S8P4a,b describe the behavior of light waves