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- 1. “Native” Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing
- 2. • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498
- 3. • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west
- 4. • Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas
- 5. • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
- 6. • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier
- 8. • Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing
- 9. • Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel
- 10. • England supplants Spain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond
- 12. England Colonizes in a Big Way • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit
- 13. • Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time”
- 14. • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage
- 15. • Spread of the vile weed • Society of servants and ex-servants – Scattered settlements • Sometimes sold – Constant encroaching • Extended– legally • Labor force – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Indentured – Women no marriage • Lack of labor – Freedom dues • Poor, willing – Headright • Cheap, abundant • Wealthy gentry class • 2x or 3x pay – More land, more • Most migrants to workers Chesapeake – New arrivals in 1619 • Many premature deaths • Africans & wives?
- 16. • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self- government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self- government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
- 17. • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
- 18. • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce
- 19. • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving
- 20. • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
- 21. The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God
- 22. Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
- 23. • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
- 24. Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan s. – Ergot
- 25. The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James
- 26. • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
- 27. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crop – Eliza Lucas – VA influence
- 28. • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah
- 29. Governing the Colonies • Navigation Acts – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated list – Make money/ competition – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole • Admiralty Courts
- 30. • Crown attacks colony’s charters – Mass Bay – Dominion of New England • Under direct crown control • Land titles invalidated • Edmund Andros • Glorious Revolution – Mass Bay restored
- 31. – Leisler’s Rebellion – John Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – European diseases – North Carolina • Tuscarora – Many enslaved – 6th Nation
- 32. • South Carolina – Yamassee • Abuse (slavery) • Lands • Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese • Africans practiced violence – European didn’t have too – Xtianized them instead
- 33. – Triangular Trade • Products & trade basis of economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono • No overturn, no winning fight for freedom • Colonial Experiences – The Great Awakening • First Shared
- 34. – Religious Indifference • Convert non-believer • Revive piety – Revivals • Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners… • Religious Diversity • Enlightenment – Life, liberty, property • John Locke – Right of rebellion • Peter Zenger
- 35. – Religion • Deism • God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin • Poor Richard’s • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi
- 36. – No suppression Indians – Like European goods • Kept Spanish away • Wars with France – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European • Frontier towns attacked – Still need English prot. – King George’s War • Louisbourg – Colonists furious » Boston widows
- 37. • French/Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin
- 38. » Win Indians » Colonists meet annually » Refused by colony & crown • Independence – not enough, too much – General Braddock • Duquesne • Colonists refused • British feel colony bear responsibility • Indians side with French– less land hungry
- 39. – William Pitt • Better commanders – Local recruitment • Finance thoroughly, but… – Boon to colonial economy • Focus on NA not WI – Attack Quebec – Cripple colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe/Montcalm » Iroquois ally GB
- 40. – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land • England east, Spain west – Colonial hangover • Colonists – Military confidence – Colonists treated poorly » No promotions » Discipline brutal » Amateurs • British concerns – Am. Trade w/ enemy – Am. Headed west
- 41. • Pontiac’s Rebellion – Refused to surrender lands – British raised prices – Several Br. Forts attacked – Many lives – Germ warfare • Proclamation of 1763 – Keep peace – Soldiers stationed here
- 42. • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire