This document discusses the early history of Islam and the Arab caliphates. It describes the first four caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali - who led the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad. During their reigns, Islam expanded beyond Arabia through military conquests. The Umayyad dynasty then ruled and further spread Islam into regions like North Africa, Spain, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. However, the Muslim states faced threats from Crusaders and Mongol invaders. Salahuddin and Sultan Qutuz helped defeat the Crusaders and Mongols through important military victories.

1. THE ARABS AND ISLAM

2. WHAT IS A CALIPH?
• a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic
prophet Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim
community

3. THE RASHIDITE STATE

4. • After the Prophet
Muhammad(P.B.U.H)returned from the
pilgrimage, he commanded his troops to
head towards the land of Damascus which
had been ruled by the ghasasina so as to
spread Islam outside the Arabian peninsula.
• The Prophet Muhammad died in the 11th year
of hijra without appointing the caliph who
would succeed him in ruling the Muslims.
• In the mosque the Muslims chose ABU BAKR
AL-SEDDIQ as the caliph

5. • The rule of the Rashidite caliphs extended up to
the year A.H.40.
• Successors of Abu-Bakr were:
1. Omar bin Al-Khattab
2. Othman bin Affan
3. Ali bin abi Taleb
• Many good things were achieved during the reign
of these four caliphs that were:
1. The collection of Quran in one book
2. The expansion of Islam outside the borders of
Arabia after the conquest of Iraq, Persia,
Damascus and Egypt.

6. THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM DURING THE REIGN
OF RASHIDITE CALIPHS
• Under the leadership of Saad bin abi
Waqqas,the Muslim defeated the Persians
in the battle of Qadissiya.After the battle
of Nahawand(A.H.21)the Persian empire
became a Muslim state.
• In the lands of Al-Sham(Damascus),the
Muslims conquered the Romans, and the
battle of Yamuk(A.H.21)enabled the Arabs
to continue their conquest of Al-Sham and
spread Islam there. After that they
conquered Egypt

7. THE UMAYYAD STATE

8. SECOND: THE UMAYYAD STATE
• The Umayyad State was set up by
Muawiyah bin Abi Sufian,named after
Umaiya,his great grandfather.
• The Umayyad state lasted until
A.H.132.great deeds were performed
during that period. Such as:
1. Building the dome of the Rock mosque In
Jerusalem
2. Building the Umayyad Masjid in Damascus
3. Completing the great Islamic conquest to
expand the religion of Islam.

9. The dome of the rock mosque in Jerusalem
The Umayyad mosque in Damascus

10. THE EXPANSION OF THE UMAYYAD STATE
• With the Umayyad conquests, Islam got to
heart of Asia, North Africa, and
Andalusia(Spain) on the European
continent.
• The Muslim leader,Mohamad bin Al-
Qassim,reached the lands of Sind whose
people adopted Islam, because they were
treated very kindly by Muslim leaders.

11. • The leader Qutaiba bin Muslim conquered
the countries of Muwara Al-Nahr and got
the borders of china.
• The leader Musa bin Nussier completed
the conquest of north Africa and sent his
deputy leader Tariq bin Ziad to conquer
Andalusia.

12. THE ABBASID STATE

13. • The Abbasid State began in A.H.132 and
its first caliph was Abdul-Abbas.
• The Abbasid state was divided into two
part:
1. The 1st Abbasid state: it lasted 100 years
and was known for its power, luxury and
progress.
2. The 2nd Abbasid state: it lasted 424 years,
up to A.H.656.

14. THE FOREIGN DANGERS FACED BY MOSLEM
STATES
1.The CRUSADES danger
• The Muslim state was exposed to many
campaigns staged by the European
countries and they were called the
CRUSADES.
• The Crusades were able to set up some
princedoms in Al-Sham and occupied in
Jerusalem.
• The Muslims in Egypt and Al-Sham united
under the leadership of the great leader
Salahiddin AL-Ayoubbi.they regained
victory over Crusaders in battle of Hittin in
A.H.583.

15. MONGOLIAN DANGER
• The savage Mongol tribes invaded the Islamic
lands. They entered Baghdad, destroyed their
houses, burnt down its libraries and killed
thousands of its people, including the Abbasid
caliph.
• The Muslim troops in Egypt and Al-Sham united
under the leadership of Sultan Qutuz.in the
holy month of Ramadan, in A.H.658,the
Muslims crushed the Mongols in the battle of
ain Jalut;so the rest of the Islamic countries
were shielded against the Mongol invasion.

16. THANK YOU
DONE BY AZAN