The 12 Cranial Nerves

The 12 Cranial Nerves
There are 12 Cranial Nerves which all serve a very important purpose within each and every one of
our bodies. The twelve cranial nerves are Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal,
Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, and last but certain not
least Hypoglossal. Each nerve plays a different role for example the Olfactory nerve gives sense to
smell, and the Optic nerve gives us sense of vision. The Oculomotor give us the motor skills to
adjust the size of our pupils, raise our eyelids, etc. This particular nerve is also parasympathetic to
the pupil, which causes accommodation as well as constriction. Another nerve that has to do with
our motor skills is the Trochlear nerve, which allows the eye
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Cranial Nerves Origin
Cranial nerves
Maram Hussien Alzahrani
20151121089
G1
Cranial nerves:
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves that arise directly from the brain. The first two
nerves (olfactory and optic) arise from the cerebrum, whereas the remaining ten emerge from the
brain stem.
The names of the cranial nerves relate to their function and they are also numerically identified in
roman numerals (I–XII).
Origin of the Cranial Nerves
There are twelve cranial nerves in total. The olfactory nerve (CN I) and optic nerve (CN II) originate
from the cerebrum.
Cranial nerves III – XII arise from the brain stem (Figure 1). They can arise from a specific part of
the brain stem (midbrain, pons or medulla), or from a junction between two parts:
Midbrain – the trochlear nerve (IV) comes from the posterior side of the midbrain. It has the longest
intracranial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
General visceral sensory (GVS) – general sensation from viscera.
Special somatic sensory (SSS) – senses derived from ectoderm (sight, sound, balance).
Special visceral sensory (SVS) – senses derived from endoderm (taste).
Motor (efferent) Modalities:
General somatic motor (GSM) – skeletal muscles.
General visceral motor (GVM) – smooth muscles of gut and autonomic motor.
Special visceral motor (SVM) – muscles derived from pharyngeal arches.
:Referances:
Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja,
Mohammadali M. "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review". Clinical Anatomy 27 (1):
14–19.
^ Jump up to:a b Mallatt, Elaine N. Marieb, Patricia Brady Wilhelm, Jon (2012). Human anatomy
(6th ed. media update. ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 431–432.

Fitzgerald, M.J. Turlough FitzGerald, Gregory Gruener, Estomih Mtui (2012). Clinical
neuroanatomy and neuroscience (6th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Saunders/Elsevier. p.

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is
"capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information,
and analyzing the information." The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal
cord and cranial nerves. Cranial nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves
with both motor and sensory functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to
breathing and the heating of your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made
possible by cranial nerves. Solving problems, feeling hungry, laughing. Each of these activities
occurs in a different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Medulla contains white matter that is sensory and motor tracts. These tracts extend between the
spinal cord and other parts of the brain. The Pons lies directly superior to the Medulla. Like the
Medulla, the Pons is a bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another. The midbrain extends
fro the Pons to the Diencephalon. The Midbrain contains both tracts and nuclei. The interior art of
the midbrain contains a pair of tracts called Cerebral Pedunctis. They contain axons of corticospinal
corticopontine and corticobolbar motor neurons. These conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum
to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons. The posterior part of the midbrain is called the tectum. The
Tectum contains four rounded elecations, two superior, and two inferior. The two superior elevations
are known as the superior culliculi. They serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities. The two
inferior elevations, the inferior colliculi, are aprt of the auditory pathway, relaxing impulses from the
receptors for hearing in the ear to the thalamus. The Cerebellum is the second largest part of the
brain. The cerebellum occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity. The
Diencephalon extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum. It includes the thalamus, hypothalmas,
epithalamus, and subthalmus. The twelve cranial nerves are responsible for a variety of things. Some
of these nerves bring information from the sense

Book Report On Shadows Bright As Glass
Shadows Bright as Glass Book Report
If you think you have seen it all, you are wrong. In this remarkable true story, Amy Ellis Nutt brings
to you something that is nor miracle nor disaster, yet somewhere in between. Shadows Bright as
Glass is exactly what the front cover states, "The Remarkable Story of One Man's Journey from
Brain Trauma to Artistic Triumph".
With no prior health conditions or problems, Jon Sarkin was just a regular humble 33 year old guy,
who enjoyed low key activities such as golf, playing guitar, or spending his time with his family, to
keep him happy. His hobbies mirrored his personality, as he was just a sensible, laidback, guy who
kept everything simple. What he didn't know is that the twisted feeling movement in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This book shows how quick and unexpected life can be. One moment Jon Sarkin was just a family
guy playing golf with a friend until seconds later a "twist" in his brain would leave him changed
forever. This book also really represents the complexity and art of the brain. The brain truly holds so
much. In just a three pound mass of tissue, someone's emotions, instincts, behaviors, perspective,
knowledge, thoughts, physical actions, and so much more, are kept. The brain is the universe to a
human. It is everything. The importance of the human brain is shown through Jon Sarkin's changes.
Sure, physical injuries are common amongst surgeries, but isn't it crazy to witness someone truly
change from who they are and never go back. Jon used his changes and alterations to become
something positive. He used his sudden urge to create, to be a career for himself. He is now a well
know artist and a living piece of intricate art. The brain and behavior of Jon Sarkin might have
abandoned him, but he fought through and persevered to at least become the husband, father, friend,
artist and anything more his, loved ones could

A Congenital Malformation Commonly Affecting Children Born...
As a congenital malformation commonly affecting children born with Spina Bifida, the Arnold–
Chiari malformation, or Chiari Malformation Type II, involves the irregular extension of both the
cerebellar tonsils and the brain stem tissue into the opening to the spinal canal – the foramen
magnum (NINDS, 2013). Typically, the brain stem and the cerebellum sit above the opening to the
spinal canal, where the brain stem houses most of the cranial nerves that supply the body. Providing
the control centres for vital bodily functions such as breathing, regulation of the body's internal
environment through maintenance of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as providing sensory and
motor control to a significant portion of the body (Joynt, 2014), the Arnold–Chiari malformation
causes substantial problems for patients. Likewise, the congestion of these structures in the spinal
canal limits the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain to the spinal cord (Medway,
2006), causing other medical issues that become regularly associated with Spina Bifida as a result,
such as hydrocephalus (Columbia Neurosurgery, n.d.). Issues associated with the Arnold–Chiari
malformation can only be relieved, rather than treated, through surgical processes that aim to
eliminate or reduce these symptoms (WebMD, 2014).
The Arnold–Chiari malformation refers to the second type of malformations associated with the
Chiari group, where the irregular formation of the brainstem and cerebellum sees them

Cranial Nerves Research Paper
Brianna Madej Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Out of the twelve cranial nerves, I picked the optic
nerve to research on how it can become damaged. Optic nerve damage would be described as any
kind of injury or damage to the optic nerve, which is including trauma, inflammation, disease or
deterioration. There is another name for optic nerve damage, which is called optic nerve atrophy or
optic neuropathy. Optic nerve damage involves vision damage, vision loss, and blindness. Optic
nerve damage can result from a various of different things. It can form from Glaucoma, or also
known as high blood pressure within the eye, an infection or inflammation, interruption in blood
circulation to the optic nerve, cancer, and trauma. There is really only way

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay examples
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is
"capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information,
and analyzing the information."
The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Cranial
nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves with both motor and sensory
functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to breathing and the heating of
your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made possible by cranial nerves.
Solving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because virtually no glucose is stored in the brain, the supply of glucose also must be continuous. If
the blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions,
and loss of consciousness may occur.
The blood brain barrier protects brain cells from harmful substances, as well as, pathogens, by
preventing passage of many substances from blood into brain tissue.
Tight junctions seal together the enclothelial cells of brain capillaries, which also are surrounded by
a thick basement membrain. The process of many astrocyties pressing up against the capillaries is
known as the Astrocyties Process. This process selectively passes some substances from the blood to
the neurons, at the same time, inhibiting the passage of others.
A few water soluble substances, like glucose, cross the brain blood barrier by active transport. Other
substances like creatinine, vrea, and most ions, cross very slowly. Other substances and protions,
including most antibiotic drugs, do not pass at all from the blood into brain tissue. Trauma, certain
toxins, and inflammation, can all cause a breakdown of the Brain blood barrier.
The cranium and the Cranial Meniges surround and protect the brain. The Cranial meninges are
continuous with the Spical meninges. Both have the same basic

Pediatrics: Cranial Nerve Examination Essay
Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI) cranial nerves Although each of these nerves
control separate extraocular muscles, they are normally examined together due to their close
functional interrelationships. Look Similar to other cranial nerve examination, start with inspection
of the eyes. Look at – The position of the head position: If diplopia is present, the head turned or
tilted to minimize double vision. – Inspect for ptosis and eye position. – Ask the child to look at an
object about five feet away. Examine the pupils for size, shape, and symmetry. Oculomotor nerve
palsy causes mydriasis. Sympathetic palsy leads to miosis. Ciliary ganglion malfunction within the
orbit produces Adie's pupil with middilated pupils ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For testing the left eye, cover the child's right eye and repeat the procedure. Absence of movement
of either the right or left eye means the child does not have manifest strabismus. If the deviating eye
moves inward after the other eye is covered, the child has exotropia. On the other hand, if the
deviating eye moves outward, esotropia said to be present. o Alternating cover test: As before, ask
the child to concentrate on an object that is ten feet away. Cover the child's left eye with an opaque
sheet for one to two seconds and then move quickly to the right eye. Hold the occluder in place for
one to two seconds and repeat the cycle at least 3 times. As you unveil, observe the eye that is being
uncovered to detect a refixation movement. Absence of movement means the child does not have
latent strabismus. If the deviating eye moves inward after the other eye is covered, the child has
exotropia. On the other hand, if the deviating eye moves outward, esotropia said to be present.
Ocular Movements – Spontaneous: Spontaneous movements of the eyes can be nystagmus or ocular
bobbing. o Nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes in any direction (horizontal,
vertical or rotatory) and is characterised by a slow initiating phase and a quick corrective phase. The
direction of nystagmus is defined by the direction of its quick corrective phase. To assess the
nystagmus, ask the child to follow the fingertip held about one foot

Cranial Nerve Palsy
Cranial Nerve Palsy: with an Emphasis on
Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Cranial Nerve Palsy
With an Emphasis on
Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy
I. What are Cranial Nerves? * Cranial nerves are nerves that come directly from the brain stem in
contrast to spinal nerves which come from segments of the spinal cord. * There are twelve Cranial
nerves in humans that fit this description. * They mainly serve the motor and sensory systems of the
head and neck region; except for the tenth and the eleventh nerve. * These nerves are divided to
provide one or a few specific functions, and all of them can develop problems.
II. Cranial Nerves and Functions * Olfactory Nerve: Smell * Optic Nerve: Vision * ... Show more
* The sixth cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the eyes, and when it malfunctions, serious
problems with the eyes can occur. * Diagnosis of sixth cranial nerve palsy is easy to see but difficult
to find the cause to treat. * Treatment and tests range from nominal fees to expensive. * A sixth
cranial nerve palsy takes six–to–twelve months to completely recover from, and even then, surgery
may be required.
Cranial Nerve Palsy is defined as damage to the cranial nerves or their branches. It is caused by a
number of medical conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, trauma, rise in
intracranial pressure, multiple sclerosis, stroke, lumbar puncture, and neurosyphilis. There are
twelve cranial nerves, and each of them can have a malfunction happen to cause some type of
damage. These nerves go directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk, and
some of them are involved in the special senses (such as sight, sound, touch, and taste). Others
control muscles in the face and regulate the glands in the body. The nerves are named and numbered
according to their location, and the order in which they are named and numbered is from the front of
the brain to the back.
Disorders of cranial nerves may affect the connections between cranial nerve centers within the
brain. A disorder may affect one or more nerves at a time, and the presence and

Cranial Nerve Essay
1) Define the following terms: (28 points)
Cranial Nerve
12 pairs of somatic nerves (1 left nerve + 1 right nerve each) that are associated with voluntary
control of muscles, and usually supply innervation to structures in the head and neck – the exception
being the vagus nerve. They are either afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), or a mixture of the two.
Reflex
An autonomic or unconscious response of an effector organ (muscle or gland) to an appropriate
stimulus, enacted by a reflex arc.
Homonculus
A miniature but fully formed human being inside sperm from which a fetus was formerly believed to
develop. In anatomy it is a somatotopical representation – the sensory homunculus of the sensory
cortex (located in the post–central gyri), or the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It connects with these glands through two distinct pathways. Neurosecretory cells in the
hypothalamus produce chemicals that communicate with the anterior pituitary via the blood vessels
in the infundibulum. After the inhibiting and releasing hormones travel through the primary plexus
and hypophyseal portal veins, they exit the infundibulum and enter the secondary plexus, another
capillary network that is instead located in the anterior pituitary. There they diffuse out into the cells
and initiate the production of specific hormones – either tropins (which incite other endocrine glands
to release their hormones) or not tropic. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce
chemicals that communicate with the posterior pituitary via, again, the infundibulum. The hormones
travel the short distance through the axon in vesicles, to be stored in the axon terminals of the
posterior pituitary. Action potential produced upon stimulation of the neurosecretory cells initiate
release of the stored hormones into a capillary network

Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves The human body is a unique and fascinating entity. There is not much notice taken of
the features the human body is capable of. The brain is necessary to perform day–to–day actions,
such as the ability to speak, and see amongst us. This brain is made up of simple mater (Pia mater,
Arachnoid mater, Dura mater) and the cranial surface to protect the brain. We live our daily lives
without acknowledging the importance of this organ, the brain, unless you're a medical student of
course! Despite that people go on with their daily activities using the human natural senses. Looking
at the world through the eyes, watching for any danger around us; ears for hearing the sounds
detecting something that may call for danger, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second cranial nerve is optic nerve. Optic nerves main function is vision, one of the important
senses of the human body. Allowing oneself to see around them. The cell bodies of the optic nerve
are located in the Retina (ganglion cells). Optic nerve begins with unmyelinated axons of the
rentinal ganglion cells, which later become myelinated in the optic disc. CN II enters the cranium
via the optic canal. The retina has bipolar cells that are connected to the special sensory fibers (rods
and cone cells). When light hits the rod and cone cells, electrical impulse are relayed and transmitted
to the bipolar cells. That is when the bipolar cells transmit electrical activity to the CNS through the
optic nerve. Loosing the sense of vision can be very detrimental. Some of the dysfunctions that
occur with CN II are immediate monocular blindness (partial or complete), visual field deficits,
blurring, scotomata, and monocular diplopia. There can be many possible causes for these
dysfunctions to name a few, immediate loss of vision is due to injury to optic nerve due to ischemia
or death, delayed vision loss is due to infarction of the optic nerve or less frequently by hematoma
surrounding the nerve. Complete monocular blindness is usually due to non–organic disorders.
Blurring and scotomata are due to trauma to the cornea, vitreous tears, traumatically induced

Yoga and the Mind
"Conquer the mind and you can conquer anything." That is a popular saying amongst Yogis (yoga
instructors) very few people recognize the truth and meaning behind this statement. There is a clear
connection between the health benefits associated with yoga having to do with the body, power
strength, balance, flexibility. Few people are aware of the multiple benefits it can serve for the brain
and mind as well. Is there a clear benefit and connection between mind and body when practicing
yoga? "Yoga can supposedly improve depressive symptoms and immune function, as well as
decrease chronic pain, reduces stress, and lower blood pressure. These claims have all been made by
yogis over the years, and it sounds like a lot of new age foolishness. Surprisingly, however,
everything in that list is supported by scientific research."(psychologytoday.com) The main struggle
in yoga is to overcome the challenge, each pose is challenging, and your goal is to breathe and
remain calm throughout the struggle and to find your inner peace and keep going. This is a strong
concept to conquer; the mind of course often does whatever it wants. The true gain one finds is
when one does overcome the struggle; it is the process where one benefits. Studies have shown a
correlation between yoga and how one handles stress. Yoga retrains your brain in how it reacts to the
automatic stress response.( Korb) When the body first senses stress, the first reaction is to quit and
to become tense and

Paper
Health Assessment
Physical Assessment Documentation Form
Date: __3/3/16
Patient Information Patient Initials | LD | Age | 30 | Sex | Female |
General Survey
Does patient appear to be their stated age? | Yes | Level of consciousness | Alert and Oriented x3 |
Skin color | Caucasain | Nutritional status | No malnurishment noted, pt she eats three meals a day |
Posture and position | Patient maintains good posture and position | Obvious physical deformities |
No physical deformities noted | Mobility: gait, use of assistive devices, ROM of joints, no
involuntary movement | no problems with mobility noted, patient ambulates w/o assistance, ROM of
joints intact, patient pt able to rotate feet, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Describe the purpose of the otoscope | checking ears for buildup and injuries, drainage, etc |
Explain the Weber and Rinne tests | Rinne test involves tuning fork to be placed on the mastoid
bone, and ask when patient no longer hears the vibration,and checks for air conduction and bone
conduction Weber test involves stricking the tunning fork in placing in middle of head and ask what
ear the sound is coming from, hearing sound in both ears could be a sign of hearing loss
(Stubblefield, 2014) | Nose External nose | External nose skin intact, no lesion noted, smooth skin
noted, small pores pt denies c/o, no problems noted | Patency of nostrils | Patency noted in nostrils,
no drainage noted | Describe the purpose of the nasal speculum exam | Nasal speculum is used to
widen the nasal passage for inspection | Mouth and Throat Lips and buccal mucosa | mucosa moist
no problems noted | Teeth and gums | teeth and gums intact | Tongue, hard palate, and soft palate | all
moist, intact, no problems noted | Tonsils | Tonsils in place, no redness, or patches noted | Uvula
(cranial nerves IX, X) | Uvula intact, no redness or patches noted, no lesion noted | Tongue (cranial
nerve XII) | Tongue pink and intact, no white patches or yeast noted | Neck Symmetry, lumps, and
pulsations | Symmetry noted in neck, no lumps noted, pulsations present in veins |

Reflection Journal On Dissection
Lab Journal Assignment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwOXPmVMPbM This dissection
video is discussing the cranial nerves. The cranial nerves are named numerically according to the
number in which they arise from the brain but they are also named by their function. The video
discussing who the cranial nerves are either for sensory, motor control, or a mixture of the two. The
human brain we looked at have a great depiction of where the cranial nerves are located. The first
cranial nerve discussed is the olfactory nerve and this nerve is purely sensory. These are hard to see
because they are very short, however they extend from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb. The
second cranial nerve we looked at was the optic nerve and this is both sensory and responsible for
vision. The ocular motor nerve controls the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the eye. The trochlear
nerve was unable to be see from the brain we had however I learned that is it the only nerve to
emerge from the dorsal surface of the brain. We were able to clearly see the trigeminal nerve. The
abducens nerve was also visible and that nerve gives motor function to the lateral rectus. It was very
cool to see the facial nerve since we have discussed so much of it in class. This nerve is a mixed
nerve and one of the many things it does is controls all facial expressions. The eighth cranial nerve
was the vestibulocochlear nerve and we got a good visual of where is nerve is located. This controls
both balance and

Essay about What Is Flaccid Dysarthria?
Flaccid dysarthria results from damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN) or the peripheral nervous
system (Hageman, 1997). The characteristics of flaccid dysarthria generally reflect damage to
cranial nerves with motor speech functions (e.g., cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII) (Seikel, King &
Drumright, 2010). Lower motor neurons connect the central nervous system to the muscle fibers;
from the brainstem to the cranial nerves with motor function, or from the anterior horns of grey
matter to the spinal nerves (Murdoch, 1998). If there are lesions to spinal nerves and the cranial
nerves with motor speech functions, it is indicative of a lower motor neuron lesion and flaccid
dysarthria. Damage to lower motor neurons that supply the speech ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lower motor neuron damage can result in respiratory weakness, inability to coordinate respiration
for speech, and insufficient ventilation (Hageman, 1997). Poor breath support is a characteristic of
flaccid dysarthria that negatively impacts intelligibility. According to Brown et. al. (as cited in
Johansson, Nygren–Bonnier & Schalling, 2011), targeting respiratory support can improve
characteristics of flaccid dysarthria such as short phrases, loudness, phonatory disturbances,
impaired prosody and imprecise comments. Thus, respiratory treatment for flaccid dysarthria can be
implemented using glossopharyngeal breathing. Originally, glossopharyngeal breathing was
designed for post–polio patients to increase alveolar ventilation (Dail, 1951). Similar to post–polio
patients, glossopharyngeal breathing can be used to optimize the speech and voice of a person with
characteristics of flaccid dysarthria (Johansson, Nygren–Bonnier & Schalling, 2012).
Glossopharyngeal breathing can be used as an alternative method of respiration in which air is
insuffilated into the lungs (Johansson et. al., 2011). The maneuver is utilized as a strengthening
exercise to increase vital capacity (McKeever & Miller, 2002). Vital capacity is the amount of air
that can be exhaled following maximum inhalation. If vital capacity is increased, then expiration is
more relaxed, which allows for sufficient breath support for speech (2011). Individuals with
respiratory weakness have

Pharmacological And Surgical Treatment Of Trigeminal...
Pharmacological & Surgical Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is painful facial syndrome that can be treated through various drugs and
surgical procedures. The syndrome has been defined by the International Association for the Study
of Pain (IASP) as "sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing, recurrent pains in the
distribution of one of more branches of the fifth cranial nerve" . The two primary disease types that
have been observed clinically are: idiopathic, which occurs spontaneously, and lesion form– which
is seen as a tumor, cyst, or multiple sclerosis. Epidemiological studies indicate that TN is a rare
disease; studies showed that "incidence in women and men based on U.S. data between the years
1945 and 1984 was 5.7 and 2.5 per 100,000per year, respectively and incidence rates increased with
age." . Despite these statistics misdiagnosis was relatively common among diseased individuals and
it is likely that some of these cases were in fact dental pain, sinusitis, and temporomandibular
disorders. Due to diagnostic discrepancies, newer studies discovered "overall incidence was 12.6%
per 100,000 person–years with a mean age of 51.5 years and a 66% female preponderance" as of
2009. Through the use of clinical evidence–based journals clinicians are able to understand more
clearly the diseases pathophysiology and treat patients with this painful syndrome. In the most
common type of TN, most patients experience "arterial compression of

The Pathophysiology Of Bacterial Meningitis
1. Explain the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meninges and the CFS. The introduction of
antimicrobial therapy has had a manifest result on the progress of the prognosis. The introduction of
the vaccine against Haemophilus influenza type B, Hib vaccine and streptococcus pneumoniae has
steered to huge changes in the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. The inflammatory response to
the infection tends to increase CSF production with a moderate increase in ICP. In bacterial
meningitis, organism also gain entry by direct contact implantation after penetrating wounds, skull
fractures that provide an opening into the skin or sinuses. Some procedure such as lumbar puncture,
surgical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neisseria meningitidis remain the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children between 3
months and 10 years of age despite appropriate treatment. In children older than 1 month and less
than 3 months, group B streptococci and gram negative bacilli was the most frequent pathogen
causing bacterial meningitis (Nigrovic, Kupperman, and Malley, 2008) Variety of agents can cause
bacterial meningitis. Since the introduction of new vaccine (Hib and PCV7), the pathogens
responsible have changed. Presently, S. pneumaniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading
cause of bacterial meningitis in children between 3 months and 19 years of age and Neisseria
meningitidis is the leading cause in children between 10 and 19 years. The causative pathogen
differs in children between 1 and 3 months. The leading cause of neonatal meningitis is group B
streptococci about 39% and gram negative bacilli 32% (Nigrovic, Kupperman, and Malley, 2008)
3. What are the possible complications of bacterial meningitis, including the differences between
meningococcal disease and meningococcemia?
The most common complications bacterial meningitis is increased inter cranial pressure (ICP). Most
patients will have increased ICP and it is the major cause of an altered

Cranial Nerve
Prompt Number 4: Discuss the Cranial Nerves and their function. Cranial nerves originate from the
brain and provide information from the brain to parts of the body. Cranial nerves provide input to
both sides of the body. The 12 cranial nerves are as follows: Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory, Cranial
Nerve II: Occipital, Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor, Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear, Cranial Nerve V:
Trigeminal, Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens, Cranial Nerve VII: Facial, Cranial Nerve VIII:
Vestibulocochlear, Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal, Cranial Nerve X: Vagus, Cranial Nerve XI:
Spinal Accessory, Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal. The cranial nerves can be divided into the types
of innervations that they provide. The two types of nerves are motor and sensory and a third can also
be a mix of both sensory and motor. Cranial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cranial Nerve II (Occipital nerve) is also sensory and conveys visual input. Cranial Nerve III
(Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear) and VI (Abducens) control eye movement. Nerves III ,IV and VI are
motor types of nerves. The oculomotor nerve (III) moves the eye and raises the eyelids as well as
adjusts the lens and pupils of the eye. The Trochlear nerve (IV) controls the movement of the
eyeball. The Abducens nerve (VI) moves the eyeballs outward. Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) is
mixed (a mix of motor and sensory) and is divided into 3 parts: ophthalmic, maxillary and
mandibular. This nerve controls the muscles of the face associated with chewing. Cranial Nerve V
also controls feelings of the skin including pain and temperature. Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) is also
mixed and controls facial movements. The facial nerve also controls saliva and tear

New Years Day Reflection
On February 3, 2017 at 4 p.m. surrounded by his wife and 4 sons two tests were underway at St.
Mary's hospital intensive care unit for brain death certification under patient Tommie Walker Jr. As
the first doctor entered and performed the test to see if brain death was finalized another doctor
needed to confirm it. Absent light reflex – cranial nerve II and III, no jaw reflex, no corneal reflex
were the words that the doctors uttered, I can see from the look on my mother's face who is a RN
that its this only has two outcomes. Either way whatever the outcome I new that what he had as a
family will never is the same.
January 1, 2017, New Years Day, one of the most oldest can celebrated holidays in the world brings
a lot of joy to people, new beginnings, new resolutions, but for the walkers we found ourselves 10
years backwards in 2007, while coming home to a successful church service just to get the news to
head up to Bostford Hospital to find that my father has suffered a stroke, feeling perplexed about the
situation I stayed optimistic about the situation. " I took my medicine, I did everything right" my
father said with a weary voice. I couldn't put my eye on it but something was different about him, he
wasn't putting up a fight like he normally would which concerned me but I ignored the thoughts and
focused on the present situation, getting him home.
After a few days in the hospital my father was discharged and I've never seen a bigger smile on his
face to go back to his house, with his walker we got out of the jeep and step by step we made into
the house, welcomed home to all of family immediate and extended he sat in his chair ate a bite of
rice and chicken, watched TV and talked to his eldest son, " It's time for you to get some rest
Tommie" my mother spoke, so with his walker he got up and step by step we took to his room. What
would take a short distance that my father took many times now seemed like a marathon to him,
what was once joy on his face turned into low spirits, midway through he stopped and cried and said
he couldn't do it as if he was defeated, with the whole family to his aid we got him to his destination
sat him on the bad and my brother Christian said with affirmation " Dad you are

Cranial Nerve Essay
Cranial nerves are components of the peripheral nervous system; connecting directly to the brain.
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves are named relating to their distribution and function; the number
assigned to a cranial nerve corresponds to the nerve's position along the longitudinal axis of the
brain, beginning at the cerebrum. Each cranial nerve is classified by their primary function; as a
sensory nerve, motor nerve, or a mixed nerve – of which contains a combination of sensory and
motor nerves. The largest and most complex of the twelve paired cranial nerve, the trigeminal (CN
V) supplies sensations to the face, mucous membranes and various structures of the head. This nerve
is divided into three branches, exiting the skull through three separate foramina; the ophthalmic
nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve. Together these branches innervate these areas of the
head and include both motor and sensory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Located along the jaw line, the mandibular nerve innervates the lower third of the face; playing a
key role in sensation and motion of the lower jaw (mandible). Other areas include the lower lip,
lower teeth and gums, chin, and the pre auricular and temporal areas. Additionally, it relays the
sensations involving touch/position and pain/temperature of the mouth. Trigeminal Neurolgia (TN)
is a form of neuropathic pain; a condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, specifically, the
mandibular division, causing sharp, stabbing, or burning unilateral pain in the cheek and jaw areas.
TN is characterized as "short, intense attacks, that increase in length and severity." (Auvenshine &
Pettit, 2015) Often patients report these attacks to be accompanied by a brief facial spasm or tic. In
response to the pain, patients often grimace, wince, or make aversive head movements; hence this
condition is also known as "tic douloureux." (Singh,

Optic Nervous System
Introduction: Vision is one of the four main senses of the cranial division of the skull, along with
hearing, taste and smell. The human eye is an organ that is responsible for responding to light,
focusing and transmitting light through a lens. The human brain consists of 12 cranial nerves that are
either motor, sensory or contains both functions.
CN Olfactory: primary sensory nerve that allows smell
CN Optic: vision; primary sensory nerve
CN Oculomotor:
CN Trochlear: enables eye to look downward or inward
CN Trigeminal: facial sensation; chewing
CN Abducens: moves eye laterally
CN Facial: contributes to facial expression
CN Vestibulocochlear: Hearing
CN Glossopharyngeal: Taste posterior of tongue
CN Vagus: mixed nerve carrying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Marieb, "There are six extrinsic eye muscles that are primarily responsible for eye
movement." The three nerves that contribute to human eye movement are: oculomotor, abducens
and trochlear nerve. The oculomotor is a pure motor nerve, "that controls the superior, inferior and
medial rectus," (Marieb, 495) The abducens nerve is a purely motor nerve that carries motor
impulses to the lateral rectus that permits the eye to move side to side and abduct. The trochlear
nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle that allows the eye to move inwardly,
inferolaterally; to look down and it permits oculomotion. In order to attain the purpose of these
experiments, three test will be performed: oculomotor, abducens and trochlear test. Each test will
evaluate each of the eye muscles and their efficiency and will disclose which of the three nerves has
a malfunction.
Hypothesis: It is assumed that the trochlear nerve is experiencing complications based off of the
symptoms and the diagnosis shows the superior oblique to be impaired which is causing Samir to be
unable to move his left eye inward and to have double vision.
Procedures:
Oculomotor test:
1. Have subject stand directly in front of you
2. Subject look straight forward
3. As you trace the letter H in the air with your finger, have subject follow it with their

Health Assessment
Health Assessment
Physical Assessment Documentation Form
Date: __3/1/16________
Patient Information
Patient Initials
BR
Age
30
Sex
Female
General Survey
Does patient appear to be their stated age?
Yes
Level of consciousness
Alert and Oriented to person, place and time.
Skin color
Pinkish tan
Nutritional status
Well nourished
Posture and position
Good posture, sitting upright
Obvious physical deformities
None noted
Mobility: gait, use of assistive devices, ROM of joints, no involuntary movement
Steady gait, no assistive devices, no involuntary movement
Facial expression

Symmetrical
Mood and affect
appears to be in good mood
Speech: articulation, pattern, content and appropriate, native ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Soft palate pink and smooth.
Tonsils
Tonsils not present
Uvula (cranial nerves IX, X)
Uvula rises midline on phonation
Tongue (cranial nerve XII)
Symmetric, protrudes midline
Neck
Symmetry, lumps, and pulsations
Symmetric, no masses, tenderness.
Cervical lymph nodes
Soft, non–tender.
Carotid pulse (bruits if indicated)
2+ and equal bilaterally. No bruits.
Trachea
Midline
ROM
Full ROM
Thyroid gland
non–palpable, non–tender.
Chest and Lungs: Posterior and Lateral
Thoracic cage configuration Skin characteristics Symmetric expansion Tactile fremitus Lumps or
tenderness
Pinkish Tan, warm
AP<transverse diameter
Symmetrical
Equal bilaterally
None, No tenderness
Spinous process
Normal spinal profile, no scoliosis

Percussion over lung fields
Lung fields resonant
CVA tenderness
No tenderness
Breath sounds
Clear, equal bilaterally
Adventitious sounds
none
Chest and Lungs: Anterior
Respirations and skin characteristics
Normal, Pinkish tan warm, no lesions.
Tactile fremitus, lumps, and tenderness Equal bilaterally, no lumps tenderness
Percuss lung fields
Lung fields resonant
Breath sounds
Clear in all lobes bilaterally
Heart
Precordium: pulsations and heave
No abnormal pulsation, no heaves
Apical impulse (PMI)
Apical pulse at 5th ICS in left MCL
Precordium and thrills
no thrills
Apical rate and rhythm
62 bpm , regular rhythm
Heart sounds
S1– S2

Case Study Mr Mayer Otoscope
Mrs. Mayer is a 50 year old woman who went to her general practitioner complaining of some
hearing loss, ringing in her ears and dizziness. She was referred to an audiologist.
Hello, Mrs. Mayer I'm Dr. Howard an audiologist for Renown. I can see from your chart that you
were referred here because you were having problems with some hearing loss, ringing in your ears
and dizziness? Are you still having these issues? So the hearing loss and ringing is only in your left
ear. How long has this been going on? Okay so you have had these symptoms for about a month.
Let's go ahead and check your ears. I'm just going to look in your ears with this instrument called an
otoscope; it has a light on it so I will be able to see inside your ear. Mrs. Mayer ... Show more
Mayer's I have the results of your test back the MRT and hearing test. The MRT showed a small
benign tumor in your left ear along your 8th cranial nerve. This nerve is also called your acoustic
nerve this nerve sends signals for hearing. This tumor is what is known as acoustic neuroma. This
tumor is benign or not cancer, so it cannot spread to other parts of your body. It can however get
larger and press on other nerves, and cause you more issues, like facial numbness, changes in taste,
difficulty swallowing and other issues. It is the cause of the hearing loss in your left ear along with
the dizziness and tinnitus or ringing in your ears. Because the tumor is around 2.5 cm you will need
to have the tumor removed. Unfortunately, your hearing loss and tinnitus may be permanent, but you
can get a hearing aid to help amplify sounds, and there are some medications that can help with the
tinnitus. Although, your tinnitus and hearing loss may improve it could take weeks or even years to
see results after the tumor is removed. I have spoken with the neurosurgeon that can do your
surgery, we agreed that the best approach is stereotactic radiosurgery or gamma knife, it is a non–
surgical approach. It would use precise, targeted radiation beams to kill the tumor. This treatment
would avoid or minimize the chances of damaging important nerves that are responsible for balance,
hearing, and facial responses. The other option we spoke about is surgical removal or Retro–
sigmoid/sub–occipital in which a small part of your back skull is removed near the back of your
head, and this procedure also offers the possibility of preserving your hearing. I know that this is not
easy information to hear and recommend that you find a support group. Or someone you can talk to
like a family member or a friend. I will schedule you for a consolation with the surgeon; he will be
able to tell you more about the different surgery options. Then a follow up appointment will be set
up for

Bio 201 Lab 9
Lab Report: Exercise 10: Organization of Nervous Tissue
Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? Are there any safety concerns associated with this
exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. To understand the structure
and function of multipolar neuron,unipolar and bipolar neurons. Also to identify the structures of a
nerve. There are no safety concerns for this lab.
Step 1: Relates to Lab Exercise 10/Activity 1, 3, and 4.
Assignment 1:
Write a brief description of the three slides (Neuron, Spinal Cord Smear and C.S of Myelinated
Nerve Fibers) as though you were explaining it to someone who cannot see the slide.
Neuron– There is a reddish rounded shape with lighter thin looking branches these are ... Show more
The axons are slender processes of uniform diameter arising from the hillock. There is usually only
one unbranched axon per neuron.
Step 2: Define terms related to nervous tissue
Click on the Loyola University/ Part 6: Nervous Tissue. For each of the following terms, find at
least one example slide containing the term. Identify the slide by number and define the term in your
own words.
1. Axon is a singular fiber that carries information away from the soma to the synaptic sites of other
neurons.
2.Dendrite are the receptive region of the neuron. They conduct electrical impulses toward the cell
body.
3. Axon Hillock is a cone shaped area on the side of the soma and is where the axon arise.
4. Soma is the control center of the neuron.
5.Nissl bodies are in the soma of the nucleus and are made up ofrough ER.
6. Axodendritic Synapse axons that connect the axon to the dendrite.

7. Myelin Sheath whitish fatty segmented sheath around most long axons. It protects the axon,
electrically insulates fibers from one another , and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmition.
8. Muscle spindle are sensory receptors in the muscle. They can detect changes in muscle length and
then communicate it to the central nervous system.
9. Pacinian Corpuscles connective tissue wrapped around a nerve ending located in the deep layers
of skin.
10.Astrocyte most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cell. They support and brace
neurons, anchor neuron to

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Introduction The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is one of the twelve major nerves, known as the
ninth paired cranial nerve, it is a nerve that varies on both efferent motor and afferent sensory
information. Most cranial nerves originate from the medulla, and branches off to their respective
anatomical areas where they function. This cranial nerve is a general mixed nerve that innervates the
oropharynx, some parts of the ear cavity and one–third of the tongue for taste sensation, while at the
same time provides motor functions for the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx; it also provides
parasympathetic innervation to the parotid glands. The different sensory, motor, and
parasympathetic functions residing in this nerve will be illustrated, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves provide perception for all other taste receptors
located in the pharyngeal and oral epithelium (Kanwal, Caprio, 1983). The tympanic nerve arises as
the nerve traverses the jugular foramen from the glossopharyngeal nerve. It goes through and
pierces the temporal bone to gain entrance to the cavity of the middle ear. Here, it forms the
tympanic plexus – a network of nerves that provide sensory innervation to the middle ear, internal
surface of the tympanic membrane and Eustachian tube (The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)
2015). The glossopharyngeal nerve terminates by splitting into several sensory branches: Pharyngeal
branch, with the combination of vagus nerve structures, stems out as a webbed–like structure called
the pharyngeal plexus. It innervates the mucosa of the oropharynx (The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
(CNIX) 2015). While the Lingual branch provides the posterior 1/3 of the tongue with general and
taste sensation, the Tonsillar branch on the other hand forms a network of nerves, known as the
tonsillar plexus, which innervates the palatine tonsils. Motor

Patient History Essay
Patient History
The patient history includes a review of both the ocular and systemic status of the patient:
The Quality of the patient's vision – including symptoms such as blurred, distorted, or fluctuating
vision, diplopia, night vision problems and flashes or floaters.
Ocular history – including previous ocular trauma, disease or surgery that might contribute to ocular
complications associated with diabetes.
Medical history – including obesity, pregnancy, and current medication taken allergy to medications.
Duration of diabetes – the risks for ocular complications are closely related to the onset of diabetes
is not as significant as
Haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and smoking. The HbA1C level,
at initial examination, has been shown to be a strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fluctuations may be myopic or hyperopic in association with hyperglycemia Refractive shifts
often occur as a symptom or sign of undiagnosed diabetes. Fluctuations in blood sugar can in
addition give rise to some alterations in the refractive error as a result of osmotic changes within the
lens. With the absorption of water into the lens the eye becomes more hypermetropic. Regardless of
the magnitude or direction of the changes, the refractive status tends to normalize within weeks of
initiation of treatment of diabetes
Changes in color vision; Color vision changes may precede the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Acquired color vision changes can occur in both blue– yellow and red–green discrimination and,
when diabetic retinopathy is present, have been shown to correlate with the duration of diabetes.
Accommodative dysfunction
A decrease in accommodation tends to be transient and improves with adequate control of blood
glucose levels. A decrease in accommodation has also been reported in persons who have undergone
panretinal laser

Health Care Case Study
Medications/ Allergies Reviewing current medication use is imperative at each visit. D.E. could
have added or discontinued medications with or without her health care providers' instruction.
Asking whether or not D.E. needed to refill current medications could promote medication
adherence. D.E. took Simvastatin for hyperlipidemia and Ventolin for chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). While reviewing the medications and diagnoses, checking labs were
also imperative to ensure D.E.'s lipid level was under control. Food, drug, and environmental
allergies were reviewed for accuracy.
Social History
Some risk factors are linked to a patient's social history, including occupation, residency, diet and
exercise. The environment at work or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical Exam–Vital Signs All vital signs should be recorded on each visit, including blood
pressure, temperature, pulse, respiration rate, pain, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI).
Significant fluctuation of any vital signs is a red flag and needs to be evaluated. False readings due
to poor techniques or manufacture malfunction of equipment should be ruled out. Abnormal vital
signs may be related to cardiac, pulmonary, or gastrointestinal systems. D.E.'s vital signs were
within the normal limit during this visit.
General/Constitutional System Knowing D.E.'s general appearance and mental status helped the
student understand whether or not D.E. was a reliable historian as well as her ability of self–care.
Accurate medical history helped the student make correct diagnoses. Furthermore, general
appearance can reflect a patient's nutritional status. The height, weight, and skin color reflected
D.E.'s overall health.
HEENT/Neuro Systems
Many common illnesses are required for a further evaluation of head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
(HEENT), including common cold, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, or sinusitis, etc.
HEENT system assessment

NR304 Assessment ESE Study Guide 3 Essay
NR304 Assessment ESE Study Guide Chapter Page No. Question Answer 18 476 Peripheral
Vascular 1. PVD assessment: ulcers (arterial vs. venous) a) Arterial deficient ulcers occur on _____?
b) Venous ulcers occur at ______ because of fragile tissue w/ poor drainage. 2. Assessment of legs
a) Color: If peripheral vessels are constricted the skin will be _____. b) Color: If the vessels are
dilated the skin tone will be _______. c) Color: An elevated leg that is pale indicates? d) Color:
_______ must be reported to the physician immediately. e) Color: a _____ discoloration over the
tibial surface is associated with ____ disease. The color stems from blood leaking out of a vessel. f)
Texture: thickened skin w/ brown discoloration can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Pain felt upon sudden release of pressure 3. a) Aortic aneurysm or increased pulse pressure. b)
Place hand above right knee and ask pt to raise the leg to meet your hand. Pain may indicate
appendicitis. c) While palpating the liver ask the pt to take a deep breath. Sharp abdominal pain
occurs in pt's with cholecystitis. (in the RUQ) d) Pain in the RLQ upon palpation of the LLQ. 4.
Light palpation: used to find areas of tenderness. Deep palpation used to find masses and areas of
deep tenderness. 5. a) Flat, rounded, & scaphoid contours. A protuberant abdomen is only normal in
pregnancy, obesity, & ascites. b) Macules, moles, & freckles. c) Normal bowel sounds (occurring 5–
30 times per min) & borborygmi (stomach growling). Normal bowel sounds are irregular, high
pitched, gurgling sounds. d) Hyperactive: loud, high pitched, & rushing. Occur w/ diarrhea &
gastroenteritis. Hypoactive: slow & sluggish. Occur after abdominal surgery or bowel obstruction.
Bruits pulsatile and blowing. A venous hum is soft, continuous, and low pitched (indicates portal
tension). Friction rub is rough grating sound caused by the rubbing together of organs. e) Flat– short
and abrupt f) Tympany– loud hollow sound g) Dullness– short, high–pitched. 23 Musculoskeletal 1.
Muscle mass difference: periods of __________ can result in decreased muscle tone. a) _________
interferes with bone growth and muscle tone. b) By the age of 80, about _____ of muscle mass is
lost. 2. Musculoskeletal

Cranial Nerves: A Case Study
Cranial Nerves: CN I: Able to correctly identify scents bilaterally. CN II: Vision 20/20 OS, 20/20
OD, full visual fields intact. Red reflex present bilaterally. Optic disc is 1.5 mm, round, well–
defined margins, creamy pink with paler cup. CN III, IV, and VI: Full extraocular movements intact.
No ptosis or nystagmus noted bilaterally. Pupils equally round, react to light and accommodation
(PERRLA) CN V: Temporal and masseter muscles contact bilaterally. Able to identify light, sharp,
dull touch to forehead, cheek, and chin. Corneal reflex present. CN VII: Able to smile, frown,
wrinkle forehead, show teeth, puff out cheeks, purse lips, raise eyebrows, and close eyes against
resistance. CN VIII: Able to hear whispers from 3 feet bilaterally.

Facial Nerve Tumour : Diagnostic Reasoning
Facial Nerve Tumour
Diagnostic Reasoning
Facial never tumours are exceedingly rare (Marzo, Zender & Leonetti, 2009). These tumours present
with facial twitching, hearing loss, dizziness, loss of balance, and unilateral facial weakness (Marzo,
Zender & Leonetti, 2009). These are strikingly similar symptoms that Ingrid presented with. Major
differences include a slow onset of symptoms and the facial weakness is intermittent and recurring
(Marzo, Zender & Leonetti, 2009). It would need to be taken into consideration that depending on
the specific location of the tumour the symptoms would vary.
Diagnostic Tests
A detailed history and clinical exam with a thorough neurological exam aid in the diagnosis. A CT
scan of the head to visualize the tumour or a Gadolinium–enhanced MRI that has a higher sensitivity
to visualize the cranial nerves could be performed to confirm diagnosis (Marzo, Zender, & Leonetti,
2009). Electrical testing of the facial nerve could assist in determining the severity and extent the
tumour is impeding function (Marzo, Zender & Leonetti, 2009).
Treatment
As these tumours are largely benign the tumour may just be monitored with regular MRI's (Marzo,
Zender & Leonetti, 2009). Surgical removal is considered when there is gross facial weakness
(Marzo, Zender & Leonetti, 2009).
Acute Otitus Media with facial nerve palsy
Diagnostic Reasoning
Acute Otitis Media (AOM), is an inflammation with bacterial or viral pathology of the middle ear
(Waheem, 2016). AOM commonly

The fifth cranial nerve out of 12 is known as the...
The fifth cranial nerve out of 12 is known as the trigeminal nerve. Cranial nerves are located in the
brain and each have a different function. The trigeminal nerve is located in between the oculomotor
nerve and the facial nerve. The trigeminal nerve performs sensor functions that involve the teeth,
tongue, nose, and eyes and is covered by a myelin sheath. A myelin sheath is the protective coating
that is usually found around nerves. Trigeminal neuralgia also known as TN, is a painful disease that
affects the trigeminal nerve. The disorder causes severe, sporadic, sudden burning or shock–like
face pain that can last as short as a few seconds to as long as two minutes per episode of pain.
Patients suffering from the disorder may sometimes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normal blood pressure is 120/80. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging test may also be performed to
check for any abnormalities in the patient's head. Sometimes doctors may notice that the right
carotid artery is larger than usual had a small "bubble" may be attached, which could be affecting
the Trigeminal nerve. Usually an aneurysm explains the "bubble" found in a patient's MRI results;
an aneurysm is a bulge in the artery. Aneurysms are very dangerous because if they rupture too
much blood will enter her brain. Another cause of TN may be too much pressure being applied on
the nerve from a blood vessel. Endovascular coiling will help prevent the aneurysm from causing
more damage. Doctors insert a small catheter into an artery through the groin area and thread it up to
the affected blood vessel in the brain. Then they insert small platinum wire coils into the catheter
and into the aneurysm. Once in the aneurysm, they conform to the shape of the sac and cause the
blood to clot, effectively sealing off the aneurysm and preventing leakage of blood into the brain. As
far as the sharp pains there are various medications that can be prescribed to relieve some of the
symptoms and to assist in lowering the rate of the attacks. After treating an aneurysm the patient
should begin to take better care of their health, this will include changing their diet in order to lower
their blood pressure if it is too high. Some patients may have to receive surgery in order to

4 Cranial Nerves Lab
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the 4 cranial nerves that are used for vision and eye
movement based on their functions by performing several tests. With that being said, there are 12
cranial nerves in the body. The first cranial nerve is known as Olfactory Nerve I. This nerve is used
for smell. Next, is the nerve that is used for vision and that is Optic Nerve II. The third cranial nerve
is the Oculomotor Nerve III, which allows movement of the eye in several directions including up,
down, up and inward. In addition, this nerve controls the pupil. Next, is the Trochlear Nerve IV. This
nerve moves the eyes in a down and inward movement. The next nerve is responsible for the
sensory impulses to different parts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient is instructed to tell the doctor when he/she can see the pen light while looking forward.
–The opthmalogist will then record the data and ask the patient to remain covering their right eye.
The doctor will then place the penlight about the patients head and ask them to tell him/her when
he/she sees the penlight.
–The doctor will do the same thing and place the penlight in the lower quadrant of the patients body
and ask him/her to state when the light is seen.
–The doctor will go through the same steps, but with the left eye is covered now.
–Results will be recorded.
The Oculomotor Nerve III is tested. This nerve allows the eyes to have certain movements as well as
controls the pupils.
1.Following the H letter:
–The doctor will stand directly in front of the patient.
–The doctor will instruct the patient to stare straight ahead and follow the letter H as he/she draws
the letter.
–The doctor will see if the patients eyes follow the letter and see if the eyes move smoothly during
the procedure.
–Results are recorded.
2.Eyelid position:
–The patient will stare directly ahead, and the doctor will look at the patients eye lids to see if they
are normal or droop.
–Results are recorded.
3.Pupil size and

Bell's Palsy Research Paper
Introduction Bell's Palsy is defined by a temporary, unilateral paralysis of the face caused by
inflammation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). Inflammation of the facial nerve is unknown
although theories about a viral infection or disorders of the immune system have been found in
research as possible causes. An MRI or CT scan can be used in order to diagnosis Bell's Palsy by
ruling out any other disorders with the same symptoms such as stroke, Lyme disease, or tumors. The
disorder occurs suddenly and without any warning making it impossible for prevention. [1] Sir
Charles Bell was the founder of this disorder from his studies of the facial nerve and how the
interruptions of the nerve pathway caused paralysis. Bell's Palsy generally ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While the effects are usually painless, it is alarming to someone experiencing these signs and
symptoms with no prior diagnosis of Bell's Palsy. Those who do experience pain report it only as an
aching pain and is manageable. The weakness develops fairly quickly and may present itself early in
the morning while progressing throughout the day or over the next several days. One may look into
the mirror and see one side of their face drooping especially when they smile. Another sign someone
may present is the difficulty in speech due to the muscles of the mouth not getting innervation from
the facial nerve. The lips and tongue need innervation from the same nerve in order to move in the
proper directions to make sounds of various letters to form words. Chewing food could also be
affected because of the lack of innervation to the muscles. With the muscles of mastication being
weak, food may become stuck or drinks may not be able to be contained within the mouth.

Cochlear Auditory Essay
Introduction Medical professionals all over the world have paved the road for further research and
technological advances in the hearing impaired spectrum. Implantations, such as the cochlear
implant (CI), have given patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss newfound hope for
habilitation and rehabilitation services. However, "there exists a small subset of deaf individuals
who will not benefit from the CI due to (1) a small or absent cochlea, (2) a small or absent auditory
nerve, or (3) injury or scarring of the inner ear or auditory nerve secondary to meningitis, trauma, or
tumor" as stated by Kaplan et al. (2015). A treatment option for those who did not meet the
candidacy qualifications for a cochlear implant needed to be implemented. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The internal receiver and non–magnetic plug are then placed under the skin away from the incision.
Sennaroglu and Ziyal (2012) state that "care must be taken so that the incision does not directly
cross the area where the receiver/stimulator is to be placed. Failure to do this may cause device
extrusion." After the surgeon removes the temporal bone and the schwannoma, he identifies the
landmarks of the lateral recess, specifically the foramen of Luschka (senna). The foramen of
Luschka can be found by locating the IX cranial nerve. "In the surgical setting, where there is almost
always distortion of the brain stem from the tumor, the foramen of Luschka is located superior to the
ninth nerve" (senna). After identifying the landmarks of the lateral recess, dissection is stopped, and
the posterior fossa is occluded with gelfoam. At this point, the surgeon secures the receiver in the
outer table of the skull. Dissection then continues in the posterior fossa. Next, the ground electrode
is placed under the temporalis muscle, and the electrode array's side mesh is trimmed to fit inside
the lateral recess. Finally, the electrodes are carefully inserted into the cochlear nucleus (Wilkinson).
Placement of the electrode array is determined by using electrophysiological

John K Case Study
General: John K is a tall, obese, middle age white male, appearing in active mild respiratory distress,
and fatigued. Patient presents sitting in a tripod position. Skin: Warm, dry, intact without lesions.
Ruddy facial complexion. Early fingernail clubbing. Cap refill < 2 sec. HEENT: Head:
normocephalic and atraumatic. Non–tender frontal and maxillary sinuses. Eyes: TMs slightly
opaque with light reflex and landmarks present. Ears: Tympanic membrane pearly gray, clear. Nose:
No nasal erythema or exudate, nares patent, septum midline. Throat: Pharynx mildly erythematous
with no purulent exudate. Lymph nodes: Non–tender, no palpable masses. Negative
lymphadenopathy. Neck: Neck supple, thyroid symmetrical without enlargement. No carotid ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Presently, experiencing a cough, fatigue, fever of 100°F, and increased shortness of breath with
activity for the past 5 days. Patient reports productive, "cough is a large amount of thick, tan sputum
occurring day, and night, worse at night when lying on my back". In the mornings John K has a
thick, productive cough of "whitish sputum" for the last 18 months. Admits to sleeping with two
pillows at night for comfort. John K, has difficulty breathing with climbing one flight of stairs and
intercourse. In evaluating John K, presented sitting in tripod position with active mild respiratory
distress, physically fatigued, oxygen saturation of 92% room air, respirations 24 (shallow), and
temperature 99.8°F. Further physical findings identify early finger nail clubbing, moderate use of the
abdominal muscles as evidence in compensating to breath, bilateral tympany on percussion, diffuse
coarse crackles and few scattered end expiratory wheezes throughout bilateral lung fields.
Electrolyte lab values within normal limits (no evidence of infection), ruling out pneumonia and
chronic bronchitis. Chest x ray results COPD confirmed, ruling out pneumonia and chronic
bronchitis. Sputum sample results normal flora congruent to COPD with no evidence to bacteria
growth or pathogens identified, ruling out pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. Diagnostic

Reaction Paper On Alprazolam
ALPRAZOLAM
Alprazolam is used as an anxiolytic drug and it has nonspecific depressant effects on the central
nervous system. It's used orally. It's absorbed from gastrointestinal tact greater than 80%. Peak
plasma levels usually occur within 2 hours. Alprazolam has a high protein bound (80%). Serum
albumin accounts for the majority of the binding. It has a small volume of distribution (less than
1.5L/kg). Alprazolam and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. The mean plasma
elimination half–life of alprazolam has been found to be about 11.2 hours in healthy adults.
Action mechanism of Alprazolam is binding to the benzodiazepine binding site on the chloride
channel of the gamma–aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is an inhibitory ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the patient is using Gentamicin, renal and eighth cranial nerve function should be closely
monitored, especially in patients with known or suspected reduced renal function and also in those
patients whose renal function is initially normal but who develop signs of renal dysfunction during
therapy. Serum concentrations of Gentamicin should be monitored regularly to avoid potentially
toxic levels. The possibility of cumulative toxicity should be considered when gentamicin is applied
topically to big skin lesions or large areas of denuded

Trigeminal Neuralgia Research Paper
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that is caused by inflammation of the trigeminal
nerve. In patients with trigeminal neuralgia, even mild stimulation leads to intense pain. The pain
may be short isolated episodes, but it can progress to longer and more frequent bouts of intense pain.
This chronic pain condition causes extreme, sporadic sudden burning or shock–like face pain. The
intensity of pain can be physically and mentally incapacitating and debilitating to patients with
trigeminal neuralgia, although the disorder is not life–threatening. Pain episodes can occur every
few hours, minutes, or seconds and then disappear for months or years until next episodes. There is
always the risk that trigeminal neuralgia will recur without any signs of warning. ... Show more
In the days before an episode begins, some patients experience a tingling or numbing sensation or a
somewhat constant and aching pain. There is usually a worsening of pain over time, with fewer and
shorter pain–free periods before the attacks occur again. Trigeminal neuralgia generally does not
occur when the patient is asleep, and this differentiates from tooth pain or migraines, which often
wakes them up at night. Pain is located in areas in the body that are supplied by the trigeminal
nerve, including the cheek, jaw, teeth, gums, lips, or less often the eye and forehead. Pain can either
focus in one spot or spread in a wider pattern. An acute onset of sharp, stabbing pain usually affects
one side of the face. The right side of the face five times more often affected than the left side of the
face. Pain generally begins at the angle of the jaw and radiates along the junction lines between each
of three branches of cranial nerve V. (CN

The Head to Toe Assessment
The Head to Toe Assessment
Principles of Assessment for RN's
Edward is a 45 year old male who is present today for his Annual Physical Examination. He is
asymptomatic and has no complaints.
Subjective:
History: The patient has a history of Chicken Pox at 5 years old. He has been a smoker for 25 years
and currently smokes 2 packs a day. He consumes alcohol daily 2–4 glasses of wine. He reports of
history of depression and anxiety 3 years ago after separating from his wife. His is not currently on
any medications. He also has a history of a positive TB skin test with no active disease. The patient
spent 15 years in the military traveling overseas. He had right rotator cuff surgery 10 years ago.
Objective: Head to toe Assessment: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If I had an ophthalmoscope I would use it to inspect the Ocular fundus: red reflex, disc, vessels and
retinal background which could give a preview to diseases such as Glaucoma. There is some
yellowing of the sclera
The extra ocular muscles which are stimulated by cranial nerves III,IV and VI and allow for
voluntary movement of the eye was tested by holding a pencil up and having Edward follow the
movement of the pencil with his eyes. Cranial or eye muscle damage was not evident since he was
able to move the eye downward and inward straight and rotary movement (Jarvis, 2012). The
external eye structures are intact with no lesions; there is no drainage from the lacrimal gland.
Ears
There is no mass, lesions scaling, discharge or tenderness on palpation of the Pinna. The tympanic
membrane would be inspected with an otoscope, if I had one. I would expect the normal membrane
to be gray, with no discharge. Whispers were heard bilaterally with no difficulty.
Nose
No external lesions noted, although he does have some facial acne. Cranial nerve VII seems to be
intact since the cheeks, lips and eyebrows are symmetric bilaterally. Nares are patent as evidenced
by good air passage on both sides when the other side is closed. The internal mucosa is pink with no
lesions or tenderness. There is no tenderness in the maxillary sinuses.
Mouth and Throat
The mucosa and gingivae are pink, no lesions or bleeding.

Perception Of Health Case Study
Demographic Data: Mrs. BM, a 35 year old African American Female, comes to the health center
for annual physical assessment. Mrs. BM is employed as a sales assistance in a grocery store and an
undergraduate nursing student in Chamberlain college of Nursing. She has an insurance through her
employer which covered her dental, eye and medical care. She lives in an apartment in Richmond
Avenue, Texas. Mrs. BM lives with her husband whom is named as her emergency contact, and her
three children, age 12, 8 and 6. Mrs. BM was born in November 12th 1981 in Houston Texas. She
speaks, reads and write English. Mrs. BM has immediate family members, who also lives in
Richmond Texas. She has a bachelor degree in sales management in Houston Community College ...
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BM, father died at the age of 75 "he lived a healthy live and he believed in God". My mother is 60
years old, well too, except for her high cholesterol level. "My father older brother who is 80 year old
is alive with no health problem". And my mother's younger sister takes Zeta to control her high
cholesterol level. Review of system: Eye: patient's states having "Annual eye examination for 5
years, Glasses for driving, inability to see far object (myopic). Patient was able to read with each eye
and both eyes with eye glasses. There was no abnormities with cranial nerve 2, 3, 4 and 6. Pupil was
equal round, reflective to light and accommodation. Ears, Nose. Mouth and Throat; Patient denies
problems with hearing, has "never had official examination", regular dental examination, no trouble
eating, drinking and swallowing. Patients was able to respond to words with each and both ears.
Patient was able to swallow, smell with each and both nostrils. Patient was able to open and close
mouth without pain or difficulty. Respiratory system: Denies problems. "A cold in the winter once a
year" No exposure to pollutants, No history of tobacco use, no history of alcohol, denies difficulty in
breathing and cough. Lung sounds was heard in all areas, a respiration of 16, even and unlabored
with no adventurous sound on

The 12 Cranial Nerves

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The 12 Cranial Nerves