Terminalia arjuna tree description
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This document provides information on the Kumbuk tree, which is commonly found in Sri Lanka. It describes the Kumbuk tree's scientific classification as well as its ecology, physical characteristics such as its leaves and fruit, uses of its timber, and traditional medicinal uses of its bark, leaves, roots, and flowers. The document also outlines how the Kumbuk tree is managed and propagated, as well as its other products, environmental services, and references used.
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Cumin
Cumin, known as jeera, is an annual spice crop native to Egypt. It is mainly grown in India, particularly in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Cumin requires well-draining soil and a mild, dry climate for optimal growth. It has a taproot system and produces pink or white flowers. Several improved varieties have been developed for traits like increased yield, disease resistance, and oil content. Proper land preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, weeding, and pest and disease management are needed to successfully harvest cumin seeds around 80-120 days after sowing.
Black pepper
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
PHALSA
Phalsa is a bush or small tree native to India and Southeast Asia that produces small, round fruits. It grows up to 15 feet tall and has long, slender branches with heart-shaped leaves. Its small, yellow flowers bloom in spring and early summer, producing fruits from April to June that start green and turn purple as they ripen. Phalsa grows in tropical and subtropical climates with warm temperatures and requires adequate sunlight for good fruit production. It can grow in various soil types as long as the soil is fertile. Phalsa has medicinal and nutritional value due to its vitamin C, antioxidants, and other compounds.
Presentation on ashwagandha
This document provides information on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), including its botanical classification, traditional medicinal uses, growth requirements, cultivation practices, and yield. It states that Ashwagandha is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various symptoms and conditions. The document describes the plant's preferred soil and climate conditions, methods of propagation, planting, fertilization, harvesting, and post-harvest practices. It concludes by stating the typical yield range of 400-1200 kg/ha of dried roots and 200-500 kg/ha of seeds.
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- Fennel is a perennial aromatic herb native to the Mediterranean. India is a top global producer.
- It has various health benefits like reducing asthma symptoms and improving heart health by regulating blood pressure.
- Fennel grows as a feathery aromatic plant with umbel flowers and elliptical seeds. It prefers a cool, dry climate and well-drained loamy soil.
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PHALSA
Phalsa is a bush or small tree native to India and Southeast Asia that produces small, round fruits. It grows up to 15 feet tall and has long, slender branches with heart-shaped leaves. Its small, yellow flowers bloom in spring and early summer, producing fruits from April to June that start green and turn purple as they ripen. Phalsa grows in tropical and subtropical climates with warm temperatures and requires adequate sunlight for good fruit production. It can grow in various soil types as long as the soil is fertile. Phalsa has medicinal and nutritional value due to its vitamin C, antioxidants, and other compounds.
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- Fennel is a perennial aromatic herb native to the Mediterranean. India is a top global producer.
- It has various health benefits like reducing asthma symptoms and improving heart health by regulating blood pressure.
- Fennel grows as a feathery aromatic plant with umbel flowers and elliptical seeds. It prefers a cool, dry climate and well-drained loamy soil.
- It is grown through direct sowing or transplanting with proper irrigation, fertilization, and management of pests and diseases. Mature seeds are harvested when still green.
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This document describes the vegetative and floral characteristics of plants in the Euphorbiaceae family. It discusses their habit, which includes herbs, shrubs, trees, and climbers. It describes their roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, calyx, corolla, perianth, androecium, gynoecium, fruits, seeds, and pollination. Some common species mentioned are Euphorbia hirta, E. pulcherrima, Phyllanthus reticulata, Ricinus communis, and Euphorbia tirucalli.
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clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
basaka
This document summarizes information about the medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica, commonly known as Basaka. It details the plant's botanical classification and describes its main components, which include quinazoline alkaloids. The document outlines the plant's uses in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal conditions. It notes the plant has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years primarily for respiratory disorders.
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Botanical name : Musa paradisiaca L. (Fruit variety)
Musa sapientum (Vegetable variety)
Common Name : Banana, Kela
Chromosome number : 2n = 3x = 33
Banana is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as “Adams Fig “and “Apple of Paradise.”
Importance :
It is widely used as a fresh fruit.
The central core of the pseudostem is used as a vegetable.
The banana pseudostem is also used for manufacturing paper and boards.
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2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
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Nutmeg
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Saffron
Saffron is the dried stigma and styles from Crocus sativus. It is cultivated by planting corms in sunny, well-drained soil. Flowers bloom in October and are harvested by hand, with the red stigmas and yellow styles removed. The stigmas are dried and contain chemicals like crocin, crocetin, and safranal responsible for saffron's color, taste, and aroma. Saffron is used as a coloring and flavoring agent in foods as well as having stimulant and anti-spasmodic properties. Common substitutes include safflower petals which are orange instead of red.
Aswagandha.pptx
Plant populations of 166,666 plants/ha (30 x 20 cm spacing) and 200,000 plants/ha (25 x 20 cm spacing) produced the highest dry root yield of Withania somnifera. Irrigation at 40±5% of total available water also increased dry root yield compared to rainfed conditions. Among moisture conservation practices, distillation waste mulch performed best by increasing soil moisture retention. The study evaluated different planting densities, irrigation levels and mulching materials for optimizing productivity and quality of ashwagandha.
Anthurium
Anthurium is a popular cut flower grown for its showy flowers and attractive foliage. It has bold, lasting flowers and is the second most traded tropical flower worldwide after orchids. Anthurium is mainly produced in India in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. There are many varieties that differ in spathe color and plant characteristics. Anthurium requires protected cultivation with specific soil, temperature, light, and humidity conditions. It is propagated through division, cuttings, or tissue culture and produces flowers on a spike that can be harvested and stored for weeks. Pests like aphids and diseases like black rot must be controlled through proper pest and disease management.
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The document discusses the conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in developing countries but their biodiversity is being depleted. The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation has initiated a project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants to address this issue. There are two main methods of conserving plant genetic resources: in-situ conservation, which involves conservation in the native habitat, and ex-situ conservation, which involves conservation outside the native habitat. Cryopreservation, defined as the viable freezing of biological material at ultra-low temperatures using liquid nitrogen, is an effective technique for conserving plant genetic resources that are difficult to conserve through traditional seed storage methods.
Papaveraceae
The document discusses two plants from the Papaveraceae family - Papaver somniferum and Sangunaria canadensis. P. somniferum, or opium poppy, is a source of opium which contains alkaloids like morphine and codeine that are used medicinally to relieve pain and as hypnotics. S. canadensis, or bloodroot, contains isoquinoline alkaloids like sanguinarine and is used as an emetic, expectorant, and in toothpaste for gum diseases. Both plants contain various alkaloids that have medical applications but can also be toxic in large doses.
Rauwolfia
Rauwolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or serpent wood, is a plant native to the Himalayan region. It contains several important alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and serpentine that have pharmacological effects including lowering blood pressure and acting as a sedative. The dried roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, anxiety, and intestinal disorders. The plant is cultivated for its medicinal properties, and its dried roots are an important crude drug that is exported internationally.
Lavender spp
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Fennel , CULTIVATION OF FENNEL , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FENNEL ,
Fennel (Foeniculam vulgare) is an annual aromatic herb that grows 4-5 feet tall with yellow flowers. The commercial part used is the dried ripe fruit. Fennel seed is light green to grey, 4-5 mm long and contains 0.2% volatile oil including 80% anethole. India is a top producer of fennel seed, growing it commercially in states like Gujarat and Rajasthan. Fennel grows best in dry, well-drained soil and a cool climate with 150-300mm of annual rainfall.
Anacardiaceae and Gramineae
The document describes the Anacardiaceae family of plants. It provides details about:
- The family comprises 73 genera and 600 species of trees and shrubs mostly found in tropical regions.
- Members bear fruits that are drupes. Plants have resin passages and resinous bark.
- Flowers are small, bisexual or unisexual, pentamerous, and arranged in cymose panicles.
- Fruits are typically drupes with a resinous mesocarp containing an exendospermous seed with a curved embryo.
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This document summarizes information about cloves, including their origin in Indonesia, major producing countries, and uses. Cloves are a medium-sized tree that is grown commercially in Sri Lanka. They thrive in tropical climates with ample rainfall and temperature between 20-30 degrees Celsius. Cloves are propagated through seeds and grown at a spacing of 20 feet by 20 feet. They are harvested when flower petals change color, yielding about 250 kg/ha on average. Buds are dried and can be stored for 1-2 years. Sri Lanka has standards for moisture content and purity levels for graded cloves.
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Production technology of Safed musli By- Shivanand M.R
This document provides an overview of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), including its origin, distribution, uses, chemical constituents, botany, varieties, propagation, production technology, and micropropagation. Key points include that it is a valuable medicinal plant native to India with high demand due to its aphrodisiac properties. It is propagated through seeds and vegetative means, with vegetative being preferred. Production requires sandy loam soil, warm humid climate, and raised beds for cultivation.
clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
basaka
This document summarizes information about the medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica, commonly known as Basaka. It details the plant's botanical classification and describes its main components, which include quinazoline alkaloids. The document outlines the plant's uses in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal conditions. It notes the plant has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years primarily for respiratory disorders.
Shorea robusta
Shorea robusta, commonly known as sal tree, is a tree native to Nepal, India, and Bhutan that can reach 30 meters in height. Its oleo-resin is extracted from the bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds using solvent extraction. The resin contains chemicals like essential oils, dipterocarpol, and asiatic acid. Locally, the resin is used to treat conditions like dysentery, diarrhea, boils, and toothaches. Various parts of the plant also have traditional medicinal uses as an astringent and for skin diseases.
Pract no. 9 (a) floral biology of banana
Botanical name : Musa paradisiaca L. (Fruit variety)
Musa sapientum (Vegetable variety)
Common Name : Banana, Kela
Chromosome number : 2n = 3x = 33
Banana is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as “Adams Fig “and “Apple of Paradise.”
Importance :
It is widely used as a fresh fruit.
The central core of the pseudostem is used as a vegetable.
The banana pseudostem is also used for manufacturing paper and boards.
Jamun
1. Jamun is a tropical tree native to India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Burma and Sri Lanka that is commonly grown for its medicinal properties and fruit.
2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
3. While no standard cultivars exist, propagation is commonly done through seeds which have high recalcitrance, as well as grafting and micropropagation techniques. Breeding programs aim to develop early maturing varieties with improved yield and fruit quality.
Bael presentation
This presentation gives information about overall cultivation technology and it's importance in india.
Cultivation Practices of Tea.
Tea is made from steeping the leaves of Camellia sinensis in hot water. It was discovered in 2737 BCE in China and is the second most consumed beverage worldwide. Tea contains substances like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline that have stimulatory effects. Tea processing involves withering, rolling, oxidation/fermentation, fixation, drying, cleaning, grading, and packaging. The key steps are withering to remove moisture, rolling to promote oxidation, oxidation to develop flavor, and drying to stop oxidation. Tea has a variety of health benefits like antioxidant effects and reduced risk of heart disease, cancer, and memory loss.
Nutmeg
Nutmeg comes from the dried kernel of seeds from the Myristica fragrans tree native to the Molucca Islands. The trees are cultivated for their fruit, which contain nutmeg seeds surrounded by a red aril known as mace. Nutmegs are harvested, dried, and processed to remove the seed coat. Microscopically, nutmeg has a lustrous brown perisperm surrounding a light brown endosperm. Nutmeg contains volatile oils including myristicin and elemicin, as well as fat, protein, starch, and other compounds. It is used as a carminative, astringent, and to reduce flatulence and nausea, and can be distilled to produce nut
Saffron
Saffron is the dried stigma and styles from Crocus sativus. It is cultivated by planting corms in sunny, well-drained soil. Flowers bloom in October and are harvested by hand, with the red stigmas and yellow styles removed. The stigmas are dried and contain chemicals like crocin, crocetin, and safranal responsible for saffron's color, taste, and aroma. Saffron is used as a coloring and flavoring agent in foods as well as having stimulant and anti-spasmodic properties. Common substitutes include safflower petals which are orange instead of red.
Aswagandha.pptx
Plant populations of 166,666 plants/ha (30 x 20 cm spacing) and 200,000 plants/ha (25 x 20 cm spacing) produced the highest dry root yield of Withania somnifera. Irrigation at 40±5% of total available water also increased dry root yield compared to rainfed conditions. Among moisture conservation practices, distillation waste mulch performed best by increasing soil moisture retention. The study evaluated different planting densities, irrigation levels and mulching materials for optimizing productivity and quality of ashwagandha.
Anthurium
Anthurium is a popular cut flower grown for its showy flowers and attractive foliage. It has bold, lasting flowers and is the second most traded tropical flower worldwide after orchids. Anthurium is mainly produced in India in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. There are many varieties that differ in spathe color and plant characteristics. Anthurium requires protected cultivation with specific soil, temperature, light, and humidity conditions. It is propagated through division, cuttings, or tissue culture and produces flowers on a spike that can be harvested and stored for weeks. Pests like aphids and diseases like black rot must be controlled through proper pest and disease management.
CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
The document discusses the conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in developing countries but their biodiversity is being depleted. The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation has initiated a project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants to address this issue. There are two main methods of conserving plant genetic resources: in-situ conservation, which involves conservation in the native habitat, and ex-situ conservation, which involves conservation outside the native habitat. Cryopreservation, defined as the viable freezing of biological material at ultra-low temperatures using liquid nitrogen, is an effective technique for conserving plant genetic resources that are difficult to conserve through traditional seed storage methods.
Papaveraceae
The document discusses two plants from the Papaveraceae family - Papaver somniferum and Sangunaria canadensis. P. somniferum, or opium poppy, is a source of opium which contains alkaloids like morphine and codeine that are used medicinally to relieve pain and as hypnotics. S. canadensis, or bloodroot, contains isoquinoline alkaloids like sanguinarine and is used as an emetic, expectorant, and in toothpaste for gum diseases. Both plants contain various alkaloids that have medical applications but can also be toxic in large doses.
Rauwolfia
Rauwolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or serpent wood, is a plant native to the Himalayan region. It contains several important alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and serpentine that have pharmacological effects including lowering blood pressure and acting as a sedative. The dried roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, anxiety, and intestinal disorders. The plant is cultivated for its medicinal properties, and its dried roots are an important crude drug that is exported internationally.
Lavender spp
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Fennel , CULTIVATION OF FENNEL , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FENNEL ,
Fennel (Foeniculam vulgare) is an annual aromatic herb that grows 4-5 feet tall with yellow flowers. The commercial part used is the dried ripe fruit. Fennel seed is light green to grey, 4-5 mm long and contains 0.2% volatile oil including 80% anethole. India is a top producer of fennel seed, growing it commercially in states like Gujarat and Rajasthan. Fennel grows best in dry, well-drained soil and a cool climate with 150-300mm of annual rainfall.
Anacardiaceae and Gramineae
The document describes the Anacardiaceae family of plants. It provides details about:
- The family comprises 73 genera and 600 species of trees and shrubs mostly found in tropical regions.
- Members bear fruits that are drupes. Plants have resin passages and resinous bark.
- Flowers are small, bisexual or unisexual, pentamerous, and arranged in cymose panicles.
- Fruits are typically drupes with a resinous mesocarp containing an exendospermous seed with a curved embryo.
5. rauvolifa serpentine (sarpagandha)
medicinal use and pharmacological activity of Rauwolfia serpentine (sarpagandha) with its chemical constituent.
saffon, cultivation of saffron , production technology of saffron
cultivation of saffron , production technology of saffron ,saffron ,
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Production technology of Safed musli By- Shivanand M.R
Production technology of Safed musli By- Shivanand M.R
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This document summarizes information about cloves, including their origin in Indonesia, major producing countries, and uses. Cloves are a medium-sized tree that is grown commercially in Sri Lanka. They thrive in tropical climates with ample rainfall and temperature between 20-30 degrees Celsius. Cloves are propagated through seeds and grown at a spacing of 20 feet by 20 feet. They are harvested when flower petals change color, yielding about 250 kg/ha on average. Buds are dried and can be stored for 1-2 years. Sri Lanka has standards for moisture content and purity levels for graded cloves.
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This document provides information on the persimmon (Diospyros kaki) including its production figures from 1970-2011, with China being the largest producer. It details the plant characteristics, common varieties, soil and climate needs, propagation methods, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, postharvest handling and uses. The key producing countries are China, Japan, Korea, Brazil and Italy. Common varieties include Fuyu, Hachiya and Flat Seedless. It requires well drained soil and temperatures between 16-22°C to grow.
Eucalyptus Tree (Pakistan Geography)
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Acacia, commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. this power point explains the production technology of wattle
wattle is a fleshy caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds and mammals. Caruncles in birds include those found on the face, wattles, dewlaps, snoods, and earlobes.
Acacia auriculiformis, commonly known as auri, karuvel in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and aakashmani in West Bengal, is a fast-growing, crooked, gnarly tree in the family Fabaceae.What is acacia used for?
It's a dietary fiber that can dissolve in water. As a medicine, acacia is taken by mouth to reduce cholesterol levels and to help increase weight loss
Yam
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Bitter gaurd
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
guava (1) (1)-1.pptx
The document discusses the production technology of Jamun (Syzygium cumini), a tropical fruit native to India. It provides details on the botanical classification of Jamun, describes the tree and its fruit, and outlines propagation methods including seed propagation, vegetative propagation, and air layering. It also covers soil and climate requirements, irrigation, fertilizer application, and intercropping practices for Jamun cultivation. Several high-yielding Jamun varieties are mentioned. Production statistics for major Jamun producing countries are presented along with India's annual Jamun yields from 2015-2019. Health benefits of Jamun are highlighted at the end.
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
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Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyHow about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
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一比一原版(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证如何办理
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◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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Terminalia arjuna tree description
- 2. Kumbuk tree • Common Name In Sri Lanka :Kumbuk • Scientific Name :Terminalia arjuna • Other Names :Marutu(Tamil) • Zone :Dry Zone • Size of Tree :Large (> 15m) • Status :Native • Average Height :Up to 25 meters 8/28/2020 2
- 3. Scientific Classification • Kingdom : Plantae • Phylum : Tracheophyta • Class : Magnoliopsida • Order : Myrtales • Family : Combretaceae 8/28/2020 3
- 4. Ecology • Occurs naturally along banks of streams and rivers • Low elevations • Dry zone • Grows well on fertile, neutral soils, specially loose, moist soil with water supply 8/28/2020 4
- 5. Trunk and Crown • Wide canopy at the crown • Branches drop downwards • Buttressed trunk 8/28/2020 5
- 6. Leaves • Oblong • Opposite or sub-opposite • 5-25*4-9cm • Hard • Petiole is short 8/28/2020 6
- 7. Flowers • Flowers are small • Cup-shaped • Regular • White, creamy or greenish-white • Honey scented 8/28/2020 7
- 8. Fruit • Oblong • Dark brown to reddish-brown fibrous woody • 5-7 equal thick narrow stiff-wings 8/28/2020 8
- 9. Timber Class- Special class Zebra-wood Olive brown streaked with dark blackish lines Coarse and even textured Uses Traditionally used for boat building and ideal for marine wood Outdoor/ indoor furniture Railway sleepers8/28/2020 9
- 10. 8/28/2020 10
- 11. 8/28/2020 11
- 12. Parts used in treatment • Bark • Leaves • Roots • Flowers • Fruits 8/28/2020 12
- 13. Treatment for • Heart diseases • Fevers • Skin diseases • Obesity • Wounds • Bone fractures • Piles 8/28/2020 13
- 14. Other Products • Fuel • Fodder • Tannin or dye 8/28/2020 14
- 15. Services • Erosion control • Shade • Intercropping • Ornamental • Reclamation • Pollution control 8/28/2020 15
- 16. Tree Management • Initial growth is slow • Later grows very fast • Attain 2-3m height in 3 years. • In first years weeding and protection from fire is needed • Pruning is required 8/28/2020 16
- 17. Seed planting • Ripe fruits can collected near to the trees • If it dry in shade for month fiber ribs can removed by rubbing with hands 8/28/2020 17
- 18. References • Gupta RK. 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. 562 pp. • Jayasingam T, Balasubramaniam S, Vivekanantharajah S. 1992. Vegetation survey of the Wasgomuwa National Park: reconnaissance. Vegetatio. 101(2): 171- 181. 8/28/2020 18