This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.

1. SUBMITTEDTO; SUBMITTEDBY
DR. NAVJOT KAUR MAM NIDA KHAN &NIRA PATEL
AAST. PROF. DEPT. OF CRIMINOLOGY& FORENSIC SCIENCE M.SC-FORENSIC SCI.{1STSEM}
DR. HARISINGH GOUR VISHWAVIDYALAYA,SAGAR[M.P] REG.NO.: Y19242513 & Y19242515
DR. HARISINGH GOUR UNIVERSITY,SAGAR
[CENTRAL UNIVERSITY]
DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
&
FORENSIC SCIENCE

3. FORENSICBALLISTICS
• FORENSIC BALLISTICS IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE OF BALLISTICS WHICH DEALS WITH THE SHOOTING
INCIDENCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF JUSTICE.
• THE TERM ‘FORENSIC BALLISTIC’ WAS 1ST COINED BY COLONEL ‘CALVIN GODDARD’

4. AMMUNITION
• AMMUNITION:- THE MATERIAL USED CAUSES OF EXPLOSION SUCH AS BULLETS, PELLETE, GUN POWDER
[PROPELLANTS] .
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;
REQUIREMENTS OF AMMUNITION-: MAN’S NEED TO KILL, EITHER TO FEED HIMSELF OR PROTECT HIMSELF .
• MANUFACTURES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVE: BEGINNING OF CONVENTIONAL MODERN WARFARE.
• CATEGORIESOF AMMUNITION;- -REACH UP TO THE TARGET
-REACH ON TARGET -
BURST AFTER TARGET: BUNKER BURSTING, RUNWAY BURSTING .

5. TYPES OF AMMUNITION

6. VARIOUS TYPES AMMUNITION;
• RIMFIREAMMUNITION CONSISTS OF A SHORT BRASS TUBE, GENERALLY 0.22INCH IN DIAMETER CLOSE AT ONE
END.
• CENTREFIREAMMUNITION IS ALSO GENERALLY MADE FROM BRASS, BUT THE HEAD IS THICK & HEAVY WITH
CENTRAL RECESS OR POCKET FOR THE PRIMER CAP.
• CASELESSAMMUNITION CONSISTS OF A BULLET WITH THE PROPELLANT FORMED AROUND THE BULLET AS A
SINGLE SOLID PIECE & THERE IS NO CARTRIDGE CASE.
• BLANKAMMUNITION IS EXACTLY THE SAME BULLETED AMMUNITION EXCEPT FOR THE EMISSION OF THE
MISSILE.

8. DIFFERENTTYPESOF CARTRIDGES
:- GRENADELAUNCHERCARTRIDGES; ARE ONLY ENCOUNTERED IN MILITARY RIFLE
CALIBRES.
:-DUMMY CARTRIDGES; HAVE NEITHER PRIMER NOR POWDER & ARE ONLY USED
FOR WEAPON FUNCTIONING TESTS . THESE CARTRIDGES ARE NORMALLY
CHROMIUM-PLATED OR PAINTED A SILVER COLOR .
:-SNAP CAPSARE FOR THE PRACTICE OF FIRING A WEAPON WITHOUT
DAMAGING THE FIRING PIN .

10. PRIMERS;

11. COMPOSITION OF APRIMER
• PRIMER CONSIST OF; LEAD AZIDE + MERCURY FULMINATE
• TYPESOFPROPELLANT; -BLACK
POWDER: SODIUM /POTASSIUM NITRATE -75% , CHARCOAL-15%, SULPHUR-10% -
SMOKELESS POWDER: 1. SINGLEBASE-NITROCELLULOSE
2.DOUBLE BASE- NITROCELLULOSE+NITROGLYCERINE
3.TRIPLE BASE- NITROCELLULOSE+NITROGLYCERINE+NITROGUANIDINE .

13. BULLET
# A BULLET IS A KINETIC PROJECTILE & COMPONENT OF FIREARM
AMMUNITION THAT IS EXPELLED FROM THE GUN BARREL DURING
SHOOTING.
# BULLETS ARE MADE OF A VARIETY OF MATERIALS SUCH AS
COPPER,LEAD,STEEL,POLYMER,RUBBER & EVEN WAX.

14. FULL METALJACKTED[FMJ]
#THEY ARE USUALLY POINTY, ROUND, OR EVEN FLAT
#WOUND CHANNELS ARE TYPICALLY SMALL & GO THROUGH A TARGET
#GREAT FOR THE RANGE BUT NOT PREFERRED FOR DEFENSIVE ROUNDS.

15. HOLLOW POINT BULLET
#HOLLOW POINTS ARE MADE ARE MADE TO EXPAND ONCE THEY HIT
SOMETHING.
#THEY ARE THE GO-TO ROUND FOR POLICE OFFICERS , CONCEALED
WEAPONCARRIERS,& DEFENCE GUNS BECAUSE OF THEIR STOPPING
POWER.

16. BALLISTIC TIP
#THIS IS WHAT WHEN YOU GET & COMBINE THE AERODYNAMICS OF AN
FMJ WITH THE STOPPING POWER OF A HOLLW POINT.
#THIS IS A HOLLOW POINT COVERD WITH PLASTIC TO MIMIC THE
PROFILE OF AN FMJ,THEY ARE USUALLY USED IN HUNTING.

17. OPENTIP BULLETS
#OPEN –TIP BULLETS LOOK LIKE HOLLOW POINTS SINCE THEY HAVE AN
OPENING AT THE TOP ,BUT THIS IS MORE BECAUSE OF THEIR
MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
#THE OPENINGS ARE TO EXPAND EFFECTIVELY.

18. DUM-DUM BULLET
#THESE ARE PROJECTILES DESIGNED TO EXPAND ON
IMPACT,INCREASING IN DIAMETER TO LIMIT PENETRATION & OR
PRODUCE A LARGER DIAMETER WOUND FASTER INCAPACITATION.

19. WIRE PATCHED BULLET
#A WIRE PATCHED BULLET IS A CAST LEAD BULLET WRAPPED WITH
WIRE ON THE BEARING SURFACE TO STRENGTHEN THE BULLET & PERMIT
HIGHER VELOCITIES WITHOUT STRIPPING OR LEADING THE BORE.

20. RUBBER BULLET
#THEY ARE INTENDED TO BE A NON-LETHAL ALTERNATIVE TO METAL
PROJECTILES.

21. INCENDARY BULLET
#THESE BULLETS ARE MADE WITH AN EXPLOSIVE OR FLAMMABLE
MIXTURE IN THE TIP THAT IS DESIGNED TO IGNITE ON CONTACT WITH A
TARGET.
#THE INTENT IS TO IGNITE FUEL IN THE TARGET AREA ,THEREBY ADDING
TO THE DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF THE BULLET ITSELF.

22. IMPROVISED AMMUNITION
• IMPROVISED FIREARMS [SOMETIMES CALLED ZIP GUN OR PIPE GUNS ] ARE FIREARMS MANUFACTURED
BY A GUNSMITH, & ARE TYPICALLY CONSTRUCTED BY ADAPTING EXISTING MATERIALS TO THE PURPOSE.
• IMPROVISED FIREARMS ARE COMMONLY USED AS TOOLS BY CRIMINALS & INSURGENTS & ARE OFTEN
ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH GROUPS ,OTHER USES INCLUDE SELF-DEFENCE IN LAWLESS AREAS & HUNTING
GAME IN POOR RURAL AREAS.

23. REFERENCE;
HEARDBRIANJ. , EDITION2ND 2008;HANDBOOKOFFIREARM& BALLISTICS, PUBLISHEDBY WILEY-BLACKWELL2008.
HTTPS://WWW.ATF.GOV/FIREARMS/GUIDES/IDENTIFICATION-OF-NFA-FIREARMS.HTML
HTTPS://BLOG.CHEAPERTHANDIRT.COM/BULLET-TYPES/