This document describes the process for producing viscous rayon from poplar wood biomass. It involves two main processes:
1. Dissolving pulp production from 1000 kg of poplar wood using a prehydrolysis kraft pulping process to yield 300 kg of dissolving pulp with high cellulose content.
2. Viscous rayon manufacturing from the 300 kg dissolving pulp in a batch process involving steps like steeping, shredding, aging, xanthation, dissolving, ripening and spinning to produce 315 kg of 10% moisture viscous rayon filament.
Key aspects covered are the process descriptions, chemical reactions, mass balances, constraints like energy usage and costs, as well as
Polyurethanes can be produced from vegetable oils as a renewable resource. Vegetable oils are converted into polyols which are then reacted with isocyanates to form polyurethane polymers. Soybean oil, castor oil, and fatty acid polyols are common vegetable oil-based polyol precursors. Resulting polyurethanes can have properties suitable for coatings, adhesives, elastomers and other applications. Vegetable oil polyurethanes offer advantages like renewability, biodegradability and environmental sustainability compared to petroleum-based polyurethanes. However, their properties like thermal and hydrolytic stability may be lower depending on the specific polyol and polymer structure. Ongoing research aims
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
Hangzhou Ruijiang Chemical Co., Ltd. supplies various polyurethane raw materials including MDI, TDI, polyols, additives, and other chemicals. The document provides product specifications, descriptions, and applications for different types of MDI, TDI, polyols, additives, and other polyurethane chemicals. Hangzhou Ruijiang Chemical Co., Ltd. has been a professional exporter of polyurethane materials since 1973.
The document discusses various waterless dyeing mechanisms, including air dyeing, supercritical fluid (CO2) dyeing, plasma treatment dyeing, and foam dyeing. Air dyeing uses high pressure air flow to transport atomized dye onto fabrics without water. Supercritical CO2 dyeing dissolves and deposits dyes using compressed CO2 above its critical point. Plasma treatment increases fabric wettability before dyeing. Foam dyeing pads fabrics with dye-containing foam to reduce water usage. These techniques aim to reduce the textile industry's environmental impact by consuming less water and energy during dyeing.
The document discusses the process of pulp making from various raw materials like wood, bagasse, and recycled paper. It describes the key steps in pulp making which include debarking, chipping, impregnation, cooking, screening, washing, bleaching, and recovery processes. It also discusses the different pulping methods like mechanical, chemical and semi-chemical pulping and highlights the Kraft and sulfite processes. The document further provides details on equipment used, materials of construction, advances in pulping technology and various bleaching agents.
Desizing removes starch sizing agents from warp yarns that were applied before weaving to improve the weaving process. The main objectives of desizing are to remove this non-water-soluble starch so the fabric can undergo further wet processing like dyeing. Common desizing methods include rot steeping, which uses microbes to hydrolyze starch over 24 hours; acidic desizing, which uses dilute acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours; and enzymatic desizing, the most widely used modern method harnessing enzymes. Oxidative desizing can work on a variety of unknown sizes but may damage fibers if not carefully applied. The type of size, fabric construction, and desizing method
Though the conventional scouring process is extremely using now-a-days, it has great bad effect on environment.
Many of the developed countries are avoiding the conventional scouring process replacing enzymatic,ecofriendly, scouring processes.
Bioscouring is an eco-friendly scouring process it has great future.
The new enzymatic procedure is corresponding with a significant role in minimizing the de-mand of energy, water, chemicals, time and costs.
Polyurethanes can be produced from vegetable oils as a renewable resource. Vegetable oils are converted into polyols which are then reacted with isocyanates to form polyurethane polymers. Soybean oil, castor oil, and fatty acid polyols are common vegetable oil-based polyol precursors. Resulting polyurethanes can have properties suitable for coatings, adhesives, elastomers and other applications. Vegetable oil polyurethanes offer advantages like renewability, biodegradability and environmental sustainability compared to petroleum-based polyurethanes. However, their properties like thermal and hydrolytic stability may be lower depending on the specific polyol and polymer structure. Ongoing research aims
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
Hangzhou Ruijiang Chemical Co., Ltd. supplies various polyurethane raw materials including MDI, TDI, polyols, additives, and other chemicals. The document provides product specifications, descriptions, and applications for different types of MDI, TDI, polyols, additives, and other polyurethane chemicals. Hangzhou Ruijiang Chemical Co., Ltd. has been a professional exporter of polyurethane materials since 1973.
The document discusses various waterless dyeing mechanisms, including air dyeing, supercritical fluid (CO2) dyeing, plasma treatment dyeing, and foam dyeing. Air dyeing uses high pressure air flow to transport atomized dye onto fabrics without water. Supercritical CO2 dyeing dissolves and deposits dyes using compressed CO2 above its critical point. Plasma treatment increases fabric wettability before dyeing. Foam dyeing pads fabrics with dye-containing foam to reduce water usage. These techniques aim to reduce the textile industry's environmental impact by consuming less water and energy during dyeing.
The document discusses the process of pulp making from various raw materials like wood, bagasse, and recycled paper. It describes the key steps in pulp making which include debarking, chipping, impregnation, cooking, screening, washing, bleaching, and recovery processes. It also discusses the different pulping methods like mechanical, chemical and semi-chemical pulping and highlights the Kraft and sulfite processes. The document further provides details on equipment used, materials of construction, advances in pulping technology and various bleaching agents.
Desizing removes starch sizing agents from warp yarns that were applied before weaving to improve the weaving process. The main objectives of desizing are to remove this non-water-soluble starch so the fabric can undergo further wet processing like dyeing. Common desizing methods include rot steeping, which uses microbes to hydrolyze starch over 24 hours; acidic desizing, which uses dilute acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours; and enzymatic desizing, the most widely used modern method harnessing enzymes. Oxidative desizing can work on a variety of unknown sizes but may damage fibers if not carefully applied. The type of size, fabric construction, and desizing method
Though the conventional scouring process is extremely using now-a-days, it has great bad effect on environment.
Many of the developed countries are avoiding the conventional scouring process replacing enzymatic,ecofriendly, scouring processes.
Bioscouring is an eco-friendly scouring process it has great future.
The new enzymatic procedure is corresponding with a significant role in minimizing the de-mand of energy, water, chemicals, time and costs.
This document discusses advanced materials and composites tooling solutions from Huntsman. It begins with an overview of the design and manufacturing process from design models to master models to composite tools. It then discusses various RenShape board materials and RenPaste seamless modeling pastes that can be used to create design and master models. Several epoxy resin systems for composite tooling like RenLam, Ren, and RenGel are also highlighted. New developments in infusion resins with long pot life and high heat resistance are introduced. The document concludes with a case study of an Araldite solution used to create large composite molds for Airbus aircraft.
This document discusses the use of expandable graphite as a non-halogenated flame retardant in flexible polyurethane foam. It describes how expandable graphite is manufactured using natural graphite flakes that are oxidized to become intercalated and expand up to 100 times their original volume when heated. The key properties required for it to effectively act as a flame retardant are low expansion temperatures around 300-500°C to match the critical temperature of polyurethane decomposition. Experimental results show that expansion rate and flame retardant performance increase with higher graphite purity, larger flake size, and carbon content. When added to polyurethane foam and exposed to heat, expanded graphite forms a char that
M5 is a new high-performance fiber produced by Akzo-Nobel laboratories. M5 is a rigid-rod polymer called PIPD or poly{2,6-diimidazo[4,5-β:4`,5`-ε]pyridinylene-1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene}. M5 fiber is prepared through condensation polymerization of tetraaminopyridine and dihydroxyterephthalic acid using diphosphorus pentoxide. The polymer mixture is then heated and extruded to form brightly blue M5 fibers, which are washed to remove residual chemicals.
This document discusses starch-based polyurethanes. It begins by classifying polymers as either synthetic or natural. Common synthetic polymers are listed. Starch is introduced as a natural polymer extracted from plants. The document then explains how polyurethane is formed from diisocyanates and polyols. Several studies modifying starch to create biodegradable and renewable starch-based polyurethanes are summarized. These modifications improved properties like mechanical strength and decreased toxicity. Finally, applications of these starch-based polyurethanes are mentioned, such as in biomedical products, packaging and controlled fertilizer release.
Presentation on Enzymes, Denim Stone Washing and Bio PolishingMd. Sirajul Islam
Questions:
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
USAGE OF ENZYMES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY?
Advantages of using Enzymes?
Properties of enzymes used in textiles?
The main characteristics imparted to the fabric during bio polishing treatment?
This document discusses various methods for recycling polyurethane foam wastes. It begins by describing what polyurethane foams are and where they are commonly used, such as in insulation and automotive seating. It then explains that the 17.5 million metric tons of polyurethane produced globally each year needs recycling due to issues with waste disposal, environmental effects of blowing agents, and non-biodegradability. The document proceeds to outline several approaches to polyurethane foam recycling including mechanical, chemical, thermochemical, and biological methods. It provides details on specific techniques within each category like grinding, glycolysis, pyrolysis, and microbial degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that innovative, large-scale and cost-
The document discusses industrial waste treatment from the textile industry. Textile mills use various fibers like cotton, wool, or synthetics that generate different types of wastewater. The wastewater pollutants come from the fibers and chemicals used in processing. Cotton textile mills produce yarn from raw cotton through steps like opening, cleaning, picking, carding, drawing and spinning - which are dry operations that do not produce liquid waste. Wet processes like scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing and finishing generate wastewater with varying properties. Common chemicals used include enzymes, caustic soda, peroxides, and dyes. Textile mill waste is characterized by a pH of 9.8
This document discusses the production of para-aramid fibers such as Kevlar and Technora. It describes the polymerization process using p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and terphthaloyl chloride, as well as the dry jet-wet spinning process used to produce high strength fibers with radial crystalline orientation. The spinning process involves extruding the polymer solution as filaments, washing, drawing at high ratios up to 600 m/min, and heat treating the fibers to further improve mechanical properties such as tensile strength and modulus. Copolyaramides like Technora incorporate comonomers for improved fiber drawability and hydrolysis resistance.
The document discusses the pre-treatment process in dyeing and finishing textiles. It describes the key steps in pre-treatment as singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove impurities from fabrics and make them clean, smooth, soft, and absorbent for dyeing. The specific pre-treatment steps may vary depending on the type of fabric, such as cotton versus synthetic fibers.
Water is an important resource in the textile industry that is used extensively for dyeing fabrics. This large water usage leads to significant water pollution from textile dyeing waste. The document discusses several alternative dyeing methods that can reduce water consumption such as bio-scouring, solvent dyeing, air dyeing, plasma dyeing, and compressed CO2 dyeing. These alternative methods aim to lower the environmental impact of the textile industry by reducing water and chemical usage.
The document is a seminar report on anti-microbial finishing of textiles. It discusses various types of anti-microbial agents and methods of applying anti-microbial finishes to fabrics, including padding and coating. It also outlines standard testing methods for evaluating the anti-microbial effectiveness of treated fabrics. Results showed that cotton fabrics treated with a 3% concentration of Bio Shield AM 500 had the lowest bacterial growth rate compared to 1% and 2% concentrations. The treated fabrics could help prevent the spread of bacteria and odors. In conclusion, anti-microbial finishing can make textiles more hygienic for various applications.
This document discusses additives that can improve the processing and service life of polyurethane products. It describes how polyurethanes can degrade through thermo-oxidative and photodegradation processes, and how different types of additives work to interrupt these degradation pathways. It provides examples of Ciba additives that function as antioxidants, light stabilizers, and UV absorbers to protect polyurethanes and extend their performance lifetime in a variety of applications.
The document summarizes research on developing formaldehyde-free crease-resistant finishing methods for cotton fabric. It investigates treating cotton with citric acid and silk fibroin solution. The optimum combination found was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5, cured at 150°C. This achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while retaining 84% tensile strength and 96% tearing strength, with minimal yellowing. The document also reviews the use of acrylate copolymers with DHDMEU or DMDHEU to improve crease resistance and mechanical properties of treated cotton fabrics.
Freeze drying involves removing water from heat-sensitive materials by freezing the material and then sublimating the ice under vacuum. It allows removal of water without excessive heating that could damage thermolabile compounds. The process involves pre-treatment, freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates under vacuum, and secondary drying to remove residual moisture. Freeze drying is used widely in pharmaceuticals to increase shelf life of injectables and vaccines by removing water and sealing in vials. It is also used in food processing and chemical synthesis.
Thermal cracking is a refinery process that breaks larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules like gasoline. The presentation discusses various aspects of thermal cracking including:
1. The necessity of cracking to produce more gasoline from heavier crude oil fractions.
2. The main types of cracking - thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Thermal cracking uses high temperatures without a catalyst.
3. Key thermal cracking processes like Dubbs, pyrolysis, visbreaking, and coking which use different temperatures and pressures to produce different product yields.
4. The thermal cracking reactions of decomposition, hydrogenation, polymerization, and cyclization that alter the hydrocarbon molecules.
5. Commercial thermal cracking units and how they operate to continuously
Activation Of Carbon Produced From Coconut Shell By Using Fluidized Bed ...Ratan Kumar
The document summarizes the production of activated carbon from coconut shells using pyrolysis and a fluidized bed reactor. The process involves two stages: 1) pyrolysis of coconut shells at 600°C produces char, bio-oil, syngas, and steam byproducts. 2) The char is activated in a fluidized bed reactor at 900°C with steam, producing activated carbon. Fluidized bed reactors are well-suited for activation due to their excellent gas-solid contact and heat transfer. Key parameters that affect activation include temperature, particle size, fluidizing velocity, and static bed height.
The document discusses various wet processing techniques for wool fabric treatment, including scouring, bleaching, carbonizing, milling, decatising, crabbing, and enzyme finishing processes like bio-polishing. It provides details on the objectives, recipes, and process conditions for each technique. For example, it explains that scouring aims to remove contaminants from wool fabrics using recipes with sodium carbonate, wetting agents, and soap at temperatures of 35-40 degrees Celsius. Bleaching uses hydrogen peroxide to lighten wool fabrics at pH 8.0-8.5. Carbonizing removes vegetable matter impurities from wool using sulfuric acid.
This research article describes a study that produced bio-oil from a mixture of wastes through pyrolysis and thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four bio-oil fractions were obtained and analyzed: two from pyrolysis alone (OPH and OPL) and two from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking (OCH and OCL). The fractions obtained from cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds and fewer oxygenated species compared to those from pyrolysis alone. Over 300 compounds were tentatively identified in the fractions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The fractions obtained from cracking were composed primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, similar to petroleum-based naphtha.
Testing and Evaluation of Particle Motion in a Multi-Pass VibroFluidized Bed ...theijes
Multi-pass vibro-fluidized bed dryer is a novel energy saving design concept which involved a drying chamber with three sloping decks fixed vertically in a zigzag path as a single unit and sloped in opposite directions to facilitate uniform particle motion. Each deck measured 3.6 m x 0.78 m and consisted of perforated sheets having 13 holes per square centimeter where each perforation diameter was 1.5 mm. The three decks unit was horizontally vibrated at 3 mm amplitude using an eccentric shaft driven by a 5 kW electric motor. A centrifugal fan (5 kW) with the capacity of 2.83 m3 /s was used for supplying air for fluidization. The scope of this study was limited to optimize the vibration frequency and slope of the deck to obtain the expected particle moving speed of 6 mm/s at different moisture contents (MC). Orthodox rolled tea dhools at three levels of moisture (10%, 30% and 55%) were used for testing at different vibration frequencies and slope of the deck at the fixed amplitude and air flow rate. Results revealed that the optimum bed slopes were determined as 3%, 4% and 5% for 10%, 30% and 55% MC (wet basis), respectively, at 38Hz (504 rpm).
This document discusses advanced materials and composites tooling solutions from Huntsman. It begins with an overview of the design and manufacturing process from design models to master models to composite tools. It then discusses various RenShape board materials and RenPaste seamless modeling pastes that can be used to create design and master models. Several epoxy resin systems for composite tooling like RenLam, Ren, and RenGel are also highlighted. New developments in infusion resins with long pot life and high heat resistance are introduced. The document concludes with a case study of an Araldite solution used to create large composite molds for Airbus aircraft.
This document discusses the use of expandable graphite as a non-halogenated flame retardant in flexible polyurethane foam. It describes how expandable graphite is manufactured using natural graphite flakes that are oxidized to become intercalated and expand up to 100 times their original volume when heated. The key properties required for it to effectively act as a flame retardant are low expansion temperatures around 300-500°C to match the critical temperature of polyurethane decomposition. Experimental results show that expansion rate and flame retardant performance increase with higher graphite purity, larger flake size, and carbon content. When added to polyurethane foam and exposed to heat, expanded graphite forms a char that
M5 is a new high-performance fiber produced by Akzo-Nobel laboratories. M5 is a rigid-rod polymer called PIPD or poly{2,6-diimidazo[4,5-β:4`,5`-ε]pyridinylene-1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene}. M5 fiber is prepared through condensation polymerization of tetraaminopyridine and dihydroxyterephthalic acid using diphosphorus pentoxide. The polymer mixture is then heated and extruded to form brightly blue M5 fibers, which are washed to remove residual chemicals.
This document discusses starch-based polyurethanes. It begins by classifying polymers as either synthetic or natural. Common synthetic polymers are listed. Starch is introduced as a natural polymer extracted from plants. The document then explains how polyurethane is formed from diisocyanates and polyols. Several studies modifying starch to create biodegradable and renewable starch-based polyurethanes are summarized. These modifications improved properties like mechanical strength and decreased toxicity. Finally, applications of these starch-based polyurethanes are mentioned, such as in biomedical products, packaging and controlled fertilizer release.
Presentation on Enzymes, Denim Stone Washing and Bio PolishingMd. Sirajul Islam
Questions:
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
USAGE OF ENZYMES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY?
Advantages of using Enzymes?
Properties of enzymes used in textiles?
The main characteristics imparted to the fabric during bio polishing treatment?
This document discusses various methods for recycling polyurethane foam wastes. It begins by describing what polyurethane foams are and where they are commonly used, such as in insulation and automotive seating. It then explains that the 17.5 million metric tons of polyurethane produced globally each year needs recycling due to issues with waste disposal, environmental effects of blowing agents, and non-biodegradability. The document proceeds to outline several approaches to polyurethane foam recycling including mechanical, chemical, thermochemical, and biological methods. It provides details on specific techniques within each category like grinding, glycolysis, pyrolysis, and microbial degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that innovative, large-scale and cost-
The document discusses industrial waste treatment from the textile industry. Textile mills use various fibers like cotton, wool, or synthetics that generate different types of wastewater. The wastewater pollutants come from the fibers and chemicals used in processing. Cotton textile mills produce yarn from raw cotton through steps like opening, cleaning, picking, carding, drawing and spinning - which are dry operations that do not produce liquid waste. Wet processes like scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing and finishing generate wastewater with varying properties. Common chemicals used include enzymes, caustic soda, peroxides, and dyes. Textile mill waste is characterized by a pH of 9.8
This document discusses the production of para-aramid fibers such as Kevlar and Technora. It describes the polymerization process using p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and terphthaloyl chloride, as well as the dry jet-wet spinning process used to produce high strength fibers with radial crystalline orientation. The spinning process involves extruding the polymer solution as filaments, washing, drawing at high ratios up to 600 m/min, and heat treating the fibers to further improve mechanical properties such as tensile strength and modulus. Copolyaramides like Technora incorporate comonomers for improved fiber drawability and hydrolysis resistance.
The document discusses the pre-treatment process in dyeing and finishing textiles. It describes the key steps in pre-treatment as singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove impurities from fabrics and make them clean, smooth, soft, and absorbent for dyeing. The specific pre-treatment steps may vary depending on the type of fabric, such as cotton versus synthetic fibers.
Water is an important resource in the textile industry that is used extensively for dyeing fabrics. This large water usage leads to significant water pollution from textile dyeing waste. The document discusses several alternative dyeing methods that can reduce water consumption such as bio-scouring, solvent dyeing, air dyeing, plasma dyeing, and compressed CO2 dyeing. These alternative methods aim to lower the environmental impact of the textile industry by reducing water and chemical usage.
The document is a seminar report on anti-microbial finishing of textiles. It discusses various types of anti-microbial agents and methods of applying anti-microbial finishes to fabrics, including padding and coating. It also outlines standard testing methods for evaluating the anti-microbial effectiveness of treated fabrics. Results showed that cotton fabrics treated with a 3% concentration of Bio Shield AM 500 had the lowest bacterial growth rate compared to 1% and 2% concentrations. The treated fabrics could help prevent the spread of bacteria and odors. In conclusion, anti-microbial finishing can make textiles more hygienic for various applications.
This document discusses additives that can improve the processing and service life of polyurethane products. It describes how polyurethanes can degrade through thermo-oxidative and photodegradation processes, and how different types of additives work to interrupt these degradation pathways. It provides examples of Ciba additives that function as antioxidants, light stabilizers, and UV absorbers to protect polyurethanes and extend their performance lifetime in a variety of applications.
The document summarizes research on developing formaldehyde-free crease-resistant finishing methods for cotton fabric. It investigates treating cotton with citric acid and silk fibroin solution. The optimum combination found was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5, cured at 150°C. This achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while retaining 84% tensile strength and 96% tearing strength, with minimal yellowing. The document also reviews the use of acrylate copolymers with DHDMEU or DMDHEU to improve crease resistance and mechanical properties of treated cotton fabrics.
Freeze drying involves removing water from heat-sensitive materials by freezing the material and then sublimating the ice under vacuum. It allows removal of water without excessive heating that could damage thermolabile compounds. The process involves pre-treatment, freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates under vacuum, and secondary drying to remove residual moisture. Freeze drying is used widely in pharmaceuticals to increase shelf life of injectables and vaccines by removing water and sealing in vials. It is also used in food processing and chemical synthesis.
Thermal cracking is a refinery process that breaks larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules like gasoline. The presentation discusses various aspects of thermal cracking including:
1. The necessity of cracking to produce more gasoline from heavier crude oil fractions.
2. The main types of cracking - thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Thermal cracking uses high temperatures without a catalyst.
3. Key thermal cracking processes like Dubbs, pyrolysis, visbreaking, and coking which use different temperatures and pressures to produce different product yields.
4. The thermal cracking reactions of decomposition, hydrogenation, polymerization, and cyclization that alter the hydrocarbon molecules.
5. Commercial thermal cracking units and how they operate to continuously
Activation Of Carbon Produced From Coconut Shell By Using Fluidized Bed ...Ratan Kumar
The document summarizes the production of activated carbon from coconut shells using pyrolysis and a fluidized bed reactor. The process involves two stages: 1) pyrolysis of coconut shells at 600°C produces char, bio-oil, syngas, and steam byproducts. 2) The char is activated in a fluidized bed reactor at 900°C with steam, producing activated carbon. Fluidized bed reactors are well-suited for activation due to their excellent gas-solid contact and heat transfer. Key parameters that affect activation include temperature, particle size, fluidizing velocity, and static bed height.
The document discusses various wet processing techniques for wool fabric treatment, including scouring, bleaching, carbonizing, milling, decatising, crabbing, and enzyme finishing processes like bio-polishing. It provides details on the objectives, recipes, and process conditions for each technique. For example, it explains that scouring aims to remove contaminants from wool fabrics using recipes with sodium carbonate, wetting agents, and soap at temperatures of 35-40 degrees Celsius. Bleaching uses hydrogen peroxide to lighten wool fabrics at pH 8.0-8.5. Carbonizing removes vegetable matter impurities from wool using sulfuric acid.
This research article describes a study that produced bio-oil from a mixture of wastes through pyrolysis and thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four bio-oil fractions were obtained and analyzed: two from pyrolysis alone (OPH and OPL) and two from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking (OCH and OCL). The fractions obtained from cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds and fewer oxygenated species compared to those from pyrolysis alone. Over 300 compounds were tentatively identified in the fractions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The fractions obtained from cracking were composed primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, similar to petroleum-based naphtha.
Testing and Evaluation of Particle Motion in a Multi-Pass VibroFluidized Bed ...theijes
Multi-pass vibro-fluidized bed dryer is a novel energy saving design concept which involved a drying chamber with three sloping decks fixed vertically in a zigzag path as a single unit and sloped in opposite directions to facilitate uniform particle motion. Each deck measured 3.6 m x 0.78 m and consisted of perforated sheets having 13 holes per square centimeter where each perforation diameter was 1.5 mm. The three decks unit was horizontally vibrated at 3 mm amplitude using an eccentric shaft driven by a 5 kW electric motor. A centrifugal fan (5 kW) with the capacity of 2.83 m3 /s was used for supplying air for fluidization. The scope of this study was limited to optimize the vibration frequency and slope of the deck to obtain the expected particle moving speed of 6 mm/s at different moisture contents (MC). Orthodox rolled tea dhools at three levels of moisture (10%, 30% and 55%) were used for testing at different vibration frequencies and slope of the deck at the fixed amplitude and air flow rate. Results revealed that the optimum bed slopes were determined as 3%, 4% and 5% for 10%, 30% and 55% MC (wet basis), respectively, at 38Hz (504 rpm).
Summer training presentation on gujarat ambuja exports ltdAabid Khan
This document provides a summary of Gujarat Ambuja Exports Ltd.'s summer training presentation. It discusses the company's establishment in 1983 and focus on agro-processing and exports. It then describes several key departments within the company, including the starch production plant, chiller, cooling tower, ETP, gas engine, steam generation boiler. For each department, it provides details on the components, processes, and specifications. The presentation aims to provide an overview of GAEL's operations to engineering students completing their summer training with the company.
The slide contains advances (recent developments) in textile pretreatment called desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Different advances such as an enzyme, ozone, and plasma treatments are included for each pretreatment process.
Introduction to chemical process industry.pptxIngridTalla1
This document provides an overview of chemical process industries. It begins by defining a chemical process industry as an organization that transforms raw materials into useful products through chemical or physicochemical changes such as separation and purification. Examples provided include SONARA, Brasseries, and Dangote Cement. The document then discusses various diagrams used in chemical process industries like process flow diagrams, block diagrams, graphic flow diagrams, and process and instrumentation diagrams. It provides brief explanations of their purposes and uses. The remainder of the document focuses on specific aspects of petroleum refining and wastewater treatment processes.
The document provides an overview of inplant training at MRPL, including:
- MRPL is a subsidiary of ONGC located in Mangalore, Karnataka.
- The refinery's units include a crude distillation unit, vacuum distillation unit, hydrocracker unit, hydrogen unit, and gas oil hydrodesulfurization unit.
- Each unit is described briefly, outlining its key processes and products. The presentation aims to educate trainees on MRPL's refinery operations and configuration.
Development of a Laboratory Scale Biodiesel Batch ReactorIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of a laboratory-scale batch reactor for biodiesel production. Researchers in Nigeria designed and built a 12-liter reactor using locally available materials to make biodiesel production more accessible. Experiments using the reactor showed that the maximum biodiesel yield was obtained after 20 minutes, and the properties of the biodiesel matched standards. The reactor design incorporated a helical agitator and integrated separation unit to efficiently produce biodiesel from waste vegetable oil on a small scale.
To Improve the Calorific Value of Cotton Waste by Anaerobic Digestionijsrd.com
Ginning industries, spinning mills and other composite textiles industries produce a lot of cotton waste annually. This waste is rich in cellulose and solid contents with sufficient carbon to nitrogen ratios. However a lot of chemicals are already present in cotton waste at the end of various processes like dyeing, finishing, washing, etc. This reduces the fuel value of cotton by lowering down its calorific value. The calorific value (or energy value or heating value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. Improving the calorific value of cotton by anaerobic digestion is an environment friendly approach of converting waste to energy.
BTG is an independent firm specialized in biomass conversion technologies with 25 years of experience developing and implementing bioenergy systems in over 80 countries. Fast pyrolysis is a process that converts biomass into bio-oil by rapidly heating biomass to 450-600°C in the absence of air, producing 75% liquid bio-oil, 12% char, and 13% gas. Fast pyrolysis has advantages over other conversion methods as the liquid bio-oil is easier to transport and produces fewer emissions than combustion. BTG has developed and operated modular 2 ton/hr fast pyrolysis plants to produce bio-oil from various biomass feedstocks.
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-oil obtained from freshwater algae (spirogyra)...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the “third generation biofuels” .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae( Spirogyra ) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil
This document discusses continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) for treating dairy wastewater. CSTRs are completely mixed anaerobic reactors that maximize contact between biomass and waste to optimize digestion. They have low operating costs since they produce biogas and are suitable for high-strength organic wastes like those from dairy processing. CSTRs are simple in design with short construction periods and can effectively treat wastewater from industries like dairies, breweries, and food processing. The document provides details on CSTR configuration, advantages, applications, specifications and inhibition challenges from lipids in dairy wastewater.
The efficient disposal of effluent from meat plants and meat-processing works is important because of the possible pollution of water – courses. Hence an effluent treatment plant (ETP) is necessary in all modern abattoirs/meat plants. The objective of effluent treatment is to produce a product that can be safely discharged into a waterway or sewer in compliance with the recommended limits for discharge.
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In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. Md Hafizur Rahman
Student ID#0890587
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay.
Email: mrahma19@lakeheadu.ca
Course Supervisor:
Prof. Dr. Sudip Rakshit, P Eng
Bioenergy and Biorefining Process, [ENGI-5651-FA]
7 April, 2020
Design Assignment: Viscous rayon production from
1000 Kg of poplar wood
2. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
Dissolving pulp manufacturing process from poplar wood
Introduction:
Dissolving pulp is a high-grade cellulose pulp, with low contents of hemicellulose, lignin, and
resin. There are two mainly dissolving pulping processes named Acid Sulfite (AC) and
prehydrolysis kraft pulping (PHK) and here prehydrolysis kraft pulping has been chosen because
of getting high purity cellulose content dissolving pulp that is required for viscous rayon
processing
Dissolving pulp manufacturing process description:
Mechanical Cursing Unit, U-100: Combination of chipping, grinding, and/or milling to reduce
cellulose crystallinity Size usually 10-30 mm after chipping and 0.2-2 mm after milling or
grinding. Vibratory ball milling more effective than ordinary ball milling in reducing cellulose
crystallinity of spruce and aspen chips and in improving their digestibility.
Prehydrolysis Unit, V-101:
Prehydrolysis was carried out in heated stainless-steel digester of rotating at 1 rpm. Prehydrolysis
was carried out with addition of 0.25 % mineral acid (HCl)2
at 140 C hot water. The wood and
hot water ratio was maintained 1:5 mass ratio. The time required for this this process is about 60
minutes. Effluent from prehydrolysis process remain high amount of reducing sugar.
Kraft Cooking Unit, V-102:
Kraft pulping is a full chemical pulping method using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium
sulfide (Na2S) at pH above 12, at 160-180°C (320-356°F), corresponding to about 800 kPa (120
psi) steam pressure, for 0.5-3 hours to dissolve much of the lignin of wood fibers. The rate of
delignification approximately doubles for an increase in reaction temperature of 8°C if other
process parameter remains constant. Biomass: liquid ratio is maintained 1:4 (w/v).
Bleaching Process Unit, V-103:
Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used oxidative bleaching agent in (chemi) mechanical
pulp bleaching. The per-hydroxyl anion, HOO-, is generally accepted as the active bleaching
species in alkaline hydrogen peroxide systems. The anion is in equilibrium with undissociated
hydrogen peroxide and the addition of alkali (usually sodium hydroxide) forces the equilibrium
towards the anionic form. The normal ranges of operating conditions are peroxide application: 1
– 5% (w/w); pH range: 10.5 – 11.2; temperature: 45 -85 C; retention time: 30-120 minutes;
consistency: 4 – 35% 3
.
3. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
Drying Unit, V-104: By using heat energy/natural air drying and dissolving pulp was dried
before storing it for sale or further processing.
Mass Balance over dissolving pulping process: Reference attached process flow diagram
(PFD-1) and all calculation dry basis.
Poplar wood biomass compositing: Cellulose 50% Hemicelluloses 30 % Lignin 20% or less1
Overall mass balance over stream (1) and (14),
Yield1
30.0.05% , So B14 = 1000 X 0.3005= 300.5 Kg
Cellulose mass balance:
1000 X 0.50=Cout + 300 X 0.9627, Cout = 211.19 Kg.
211.19 Kg of cellulose goes through different unit’s outlet and washing. Assuming that, from
stream (2) 5 Kg, stream (5) 112 Kg, stream (8) 75 Kg and steam (11) 19.19 Kg.
Hemicellulose mass balance:
1000 X 0.30 = Hout + 300.5 X 0.0355 , Hout= 289.33 Kg.
289.33 Kg of Hemicellulose is going out through the different outlet but more from
prehydrolysis unit (V-101), So assuming that, from stream (2) 3 Kg, stream (5) 270 Kg, stream
(8) 10 Kg and steam (11) 6 Kg.
Lignin and other mass balance:
1000 X 0.20 = Lout + 300 X 0.0018 , So Lout = 199.46 Kg ~ 200 Kg.
200 Kg of Lignin will be out from different unit’s outlet stream but more from Kraft cooking (V-
102), So assuming that, from stream (2) 2 Kg, stream (5) 20 Kg, stream (8) 166 Kg and steam
(11) 12 Kg.
Individual Unit mass balance & required chemical calculation:
U-101, Mechanical cursing unit: say .1% biomass loss during processing from this unit.
So, B3 = 1000 X 0.99 = 990 kg.
4. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
V-101, Prehydrolysis unit: From steam (3) and (4), HCl is required = .0025 X 990 X 5= 12.37
Kg of 100% HCl , (Assuming the all the chemical washed out after unit operation)
Biomass balance, B3 = B6 + (112 + 270 + 20) , So, B6 = 588 Kg.
V-102, Kraft cooking unit, NaOH is required = 0.16 X 588 = 94 Kg
Na2S is required = 0.2 X 588= 117.6 Kg
Biomass balance, B6 = B9 + (75 + 10 + 166), So B9 = 337 Kg
V-103, Bleaching unit, Say 2.5 % H2O2 of Biomass used ,
So, Hydrogen peroxide is required =.025 X 337, H2O2 = 8.42 Kg.
Biomass balance: B9 = B12 + (19.19+ 6+12), B12 = 300 Kg.
V-104, drying Unit, here only water removing and as our calculation is dry basis so,
B12 = B14, => B14 = 300 Kg of Dissolving Pulp from 1000 Kg of poplar wood
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
Viscous rayon manufacturing process
Introduction:
There are various processes developed for regenerated cellulose fiber production, but my design
topic viscose rayon is manufactured process. Viscose Rayon are more like natural cellulosic
fibers, such as lint or cotton, than those of thermoplastic, petroleum- based synthetic fibers such
as Nylon, Polyester etc.
Viscous rayon manufacturing process description: In viscous rayon production facility
involves with dissolving pulp as feed stock. Dissolving pulp content higher brightness and more
uniform molecular weight distributions with >90 % α-cellulose polymer. Cellulose pulp is solid,
and reaction required more time to take place. So here every step is considered as batch process.
Viscous rayon manufacturing process overviews are described here. (Reference PFD)
1) Steeping process, V-201:
The wood pulp sheets are treated with 17-20% aqueous caustic soda at a temperature 18-
25°C. The high DP cellulose (1000) is converted into soda cellulose. These celluloses are
allowed to soak until they become dark brown in color. This takes about 1-4 hours. The
excess caustic soda solution is drained off and sheets are pressed out by a hydraulic press to
squeeze out excess caustic soda solution called pressing fluid
2) Shredding, V-202:
The pressed soda cellulose is shredded mechanically to yield finely divided, fluffy particles
called "crumbs". This step provides increased surface area of the soda cellulose. Within 2-3
hours this soda cellulose become fine crumbs
3) Aging, V-203:
The soda cellulose is aged under controlled conditions of time and temperature (between 18
and 30°C) for 48 hours in order to depolymerize the cellulose to the desired degree of
polymerization to obtain almost ideal solution of cellulose. In this step, the average
6. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
molecular weight of the original pulp is reduced by a factor of 2-3 and DP is decreased from
800 to about 350.
4) Xanthation, V-204:
After ageing, the crumbs of soda cellulose are transferred to rotating, airtight, hexagonal
drum called “Churner”. Carbon disulphide about 10% of the weight of the crumbs is added
to the churner for 3 hours by rotating the mixers at a slow speed of 2 [rpm] to get sodium
cellulose xanthate.
5) Dissolving, V-205:
Sodium cellulose xanthate is in the form of small balls. This falls into a mixer called
dissolver which is provided with a stirrer for 4-5 hours. In this step dilute caustic soda added
to get viscous concentration 6.5% caustic soda and 7.5% cellulose. Cellulose xanthate
dissolves to give clear brown thick liquor, like honey
6) Ripening, V-206:
Viscose solution requires blending, ripening and filtration to give a solution having best
spinning qualities. This step is carried by storing the viscose solution for 4-5 days at 10-
18°C.
7) Spinning process, U-207:
The viscose solution is forced through a spinnerette, having many fine holes (0.05-0.1mm)
diameter. The spinnerette is submerged into a solution containing the chemicals (sulphuric
acid (8- 10%), Sodium sulphate (16-24%), Zinc Sulphate (1-2%), Glucose 2% and balanced
water) called coagulation bath and bath temperature is maintained 40-45 C
Washing step, U-208 involves washing out all chemical adhering with viscous filament and
this filament is run through the Drying unit, U-209 to get moisture off. Finally, the filament
is winding up for sale.
7. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
Chemical Reactions: [Reference: PFD-2]
Unit Reactants Products
V-201: [C6H10O5]n + nNaOH → [C6H9O4-ONa]n + nH2O
Cellulose Caustic Soda Soda Cellulose
V-204: [C6H9O4-ONa]n + nCS2 → [C6H9O4-OCS2Na]n
Soda Cellulose Sod. Cellulose Xanthate
U-207: [C6H9O4-OCS2Na]n + ½ H2SO4 → [C6H10O5]n + CS2 + ½ Na2SO4
Sod. Cellulose Xanthate Viscose Rayon
Materials Balance: Reference of PFD-2.
Basis: 100 kg of dissolving pulp from PHK of poplar wood
Dissolving pulp cellulose’s reactivity2
is 70%. Cellulose is polymer of long chain glucose
unit. Cellulose average molecular weight is called anhydroglucose unit (AGU) and it is 162
g/mol.
100 Kg of dissolving pulp say, 70% reactivity, Need NaOH = = 51.85 Kg
Say 20 % of NaOH solution, 207. Kg of H2O and 51.85 Kg of NaOH. So, 260 Kg of 20%
NaOH solution.
V-201, Steeping unit,
Total mass balance, 100 Kg Cellulose + 260 Kg 20% NaOH solution = 360 Kg,
Reference-6 : 100 Kg of pulp gives 310 Kg Na-Cellulose moist.
So, pressing fluid= 360-310= 50 Kg, assuming pressing fluid have same 20% NaOH
solution.
So stream (2) 50 Kg pressing fluid have 10 Kg NaOH and 40 Kg H2O.
Stream (4) fluid 310 Kg Na-Cellulose having 100 Kg pulp, 210 of 20% NaOH solution (42
Kg NaOH and 168 Kg H2O).
V-202, V-203 Shredding and Aging unit, no chemical adding only mechanical mixing,
8. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
Stream (5) and steam (6) 310 Kg Na-Cellulose moist (crump) (100 pulp, 42 Kg NaOH and
168 Kg H2O).
V-204, Xanthation unit, CS2 adding through the steam (7), 10 % of Na-Cellulose (crumbs) ,
So mass of carbon disulfide = 310 X 0.1= 31 Kg.
So, Stream (8) sodium cellulose xanthate solution of 310 Kg.
V-205, Dissolution unit (Viscous gel preparation unit): Mass balance
Stream (8): 100 Kg pulp, 42 Kg
NaOH, 168 Kg H2O, 31 Kg Na2S
Cellulose mass balance: Stream
(10) will be 6.5 % NaOH and
cellulose 7.5% 6
100/(341+X+Y) = 0.075 ….. (i)
NaOH mass balance:
(Y + 42)/(341+Y+X) = 0.065……(ii)
By solving equation (i) and (ii) get X= 947 Kg H2O and Y= 44.5 Kg of NaOH
So stream (9) total solution weight, M = 991 Kg and solution is 4.5 % of NaOH solution.
So total viscous solution mass, Z = (991+341) = 1332 Kg.
V-206, Ripping unit: no chemical adding only mechanical separation like filtration.
U-207, Spinning unit where sodium cellulose xanthate reacted with H2SO4 and form
regenerated cellulose and NaSO4 .
9. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
From stream (14) to washing unit, U-208 and from U-208 to Drying unit (U-209) regenerated
cellulose, nothing changes. After Drying unit viscous filament remain 10-13 % moisture. As
per reaction if no loss produced viscous rayon will be same amount of dissolving pulp used
on dry basis.
But here if we consider 10 % moisture and 5% loss during different unit washing.
Then final produced viscous rayon = 100 Kg X 1.05 = 105 Kg of 10% moisture.
1000 Kg of poplar wood produced = 300 kg of dissolving pulp.
So from 1000 Kg of poplar wood viscous rayon = 105 X (300/100) = 315 Kg of viscous
rayon of 10 % moisture.
Constrain, energy input, cost analysis/ comparison of cost of relative cost of fossil fuel
or natural fiber (cotton) :
i) Poplar biomass cost USD 25 to 60 per dry ton but transportation cost USD 75 to 90
per dry ton. So, biomass collection cost affects a lot
ii) Other than chemical consumption there is huge amount of water used in pulping
process and this water contaminate with chemical and biomass extractive- need extra
efforts/ cost for wastewater treatment.
iii) Starting from mechanical comminution to final drying unit of pulping process
consumed more energy (2908 KW hour/ton pulp production)
iv) Viscous rayon processing using carbon disulfide toxic chemical in unit V-204 and
finally produced from unit U-207 is prohibited by environmental and this chemical
severely impact on nature.
v) There is no enough data like equipment’s sizing with capital cost and from there
depreciation value, working capital, labor cost etc. and for that real costing is not
possible within this time frame but it is a future opportunity.
vi) Price10
of cotton fiber yarn USD 4/ Kg and viscous rayon yarn USD 2.04/Kg but
viscous rayon has similar comfort properties like cotton fiber. On the other hand,
fossil feedstock of polyester price around USD 2 /Kg but textile comfortless very less
than viscous.
10. Md Hafizur Rahman | Term paper on Bioenergy and Biorefining Process
Reference
[1] František Kačík et al, (2012),” Chemical Profiles of Wood Components of Poplar Clones
for Their Energy Utilization”, energies
[2] Hüeyin KIRCI et al, (2002), “Production of Dissolving Grade Pulp from Poplar Wood by
Ethanol-Water Process”, TÜBİTAK
[3] https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/pulping-bleaching-1000143592/
[4] Dongfeng Li et al, (2012), “Production of Dissolving Grade Pulps from Wood and Non-
Wood Paper-Grade Pulps by Enzymatic and Chemical Pretreatments”, ACS
[5] https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/06/viscose-rayon-manufacturing-process.html
[6] http://textilelibrary.weebly.com/viscose-rayon-mfg-process.html
[7] František Kačík et al, (2012),” Chemical Profiles of Wood Components of Poplar Clones
for Their Energy Utilization”, energies
[8] Hüeyin KIRCI et al, (2002), “Production of Dissolving Grade Pulp from Poplar Wood by
Ethanol-Water Process”, TÜBİTAK
[9] https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/pulping-bleaching-1000143592/
[10] https://www.yarnsandfibers.com/?s=rayon%2Bprices
11. V-101
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF DISSOLVING
PULP PRODUCTION FROM POPLAR WOOD
Lakehead University
Department of Chemical Engineering
STREAM NO->
Cellulose Kg
Lignin Kg
Hemicellulose Kg
HCl Kg
NaOH Kg
Na2S Kg
H2O2 Kg
-1-
500.00
200.00
300.00
-
-
-
-
-2-
5.00
2.00
3.00
-
-
-
-
-3-
495.00
198.00
297.00
-
-
-
-
-4-
-
-
-
12.37
-
-
-
-5-
112.00
20.00
270.00
12.37
-
-
-
-6-
383.00
178.00
27.00
-
-
-
-
-7-
-
-
-
-
94.00
117.6
-
-8-
75.00
166.00
10.00
-
94.00
117.6
-
-9-
308.00
12.00
17.00
-
-
-
-
-10-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.42
-11-
19.19
12.00
6.00
-
-
-
8.42
-12-
288.81
0.19
11.00
-
-
-
-
-13-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-14-
288.81
0.19
11.00
-
-
-
-
BASIS (DRY): 1 TON (1000 KG) OF POPLAR WOOD FEED (STREAM-1)
Drawn by Md Hafizur Rahman,Student Number# 0890589, mrahma19@lakeheadu.ca
V-102 V-103 V-104
pretreatment
Kraft
cooking Bleaching
Poplar
woodhandling
(Chipping, grinding, milling)
Drying
U-100
Biomass supply
U-100
Mechanical
crushing unit
3
4
5 8
6 9
7
12
13
14
Mineral Acid Kraft Chemical Bleaching Chem.
V-101
Prehydrolysis
unit
V-101
Kraft cooking
unit
2
1
10
11
[170° C, pH>12]
0.25% HCl Active alkali:16% NaOH,
Sulphidity: 20% Na2S,
[140° C, pH=2]
Dissolving
pulp
[45-85° C, pH 10-11]
Peroxide (H2O2)3
: 1 – 5% (w/w)
1000 Kg (dry basis) of
poplar wood biomass
Cellulose 50%
Hemicelluloses 30 %
Lignin 20% or less1
V-103
Pulp bleaching
unit
V-104
Pulp drying
unit
1
14
1
František Kačík et al, (2012),” Chemical Profiles of Wood Components of Poplar Clones for Their Energy Utilization”, energies
2
Hüeyin KIRCI et al, (2002), “Production of Dissolving Grade Pulp from Poplar Wood by Ethanol-Water Process”, TÜBİTAK
3
https://www.pulpandpapercanada.com/pulping-bleaching-1000143592/
300 Kg (dry basis) dissv.
pulp (Yield 30.05%)
Cellulose 96.27%
Hemicelluloses 3.55 %
Lignin and other 0.18%2
10 Kg
-5 Kg Cellulose
-3 Kg Hemicellulose
-2 kg Lignin
404.47 Kg
-112 Kg Cellulose
-270 Kg Hemicelluloses
-20 kg Lignin
-12.37 Kg HCl
462.6 Kg
-75 Kg Cellulose
-10 Kg Hemicelluloses
-166 Kg Lignin
-94.0 Kg NaOH
-117.6 Kg Na2S
45.61 Kg
-19.19 Kg Cellulose
-6 Kg Hemicelluloses
-12 Kg Lignin
-8.42 Kg H2O2
PFD-1
12. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF VISCOUS
PRODUCTON FROM DISSOLVING PULP
Lakehead University
Department of Chemical Engineering
Drawn by Md Hafizur Rahman, Student Number# 0890587, mrahma19@lakeheadu.ca
Date : 7-April-2020
Shredding Aging
(Depolymerisation)
Xanthation
Steeping
(Alkali cellulose) Dissolution
Dissolving pulp
V-201
Steeping Vessel
4
3
5 6
7
8 10
NaOH solution
CS2 Feeding
U-210
Winding unit
V-205
Dissolution
Vessel
1
Drying
Neutralization,
purificatoin,
finishig
Winding
Blending,
ripening, filteration,
deareation
Viscous Rayon 18 16 13
14 Washing fluid
Coagulation Bath12
V-201
11
2
NaOH Solution 9
H2SO4-8-10%
Na2SO4-16-24%
ZnSO4-1-2%
Glucose 2%
Balanced H2O
1517
V-202 V-203 V-204 V-205
V-206U-207U-208U-209U-210
17-20% aq solution
[18- 25°C, 1-4 hours] [18- 30° C, 48 hours] [20 - 30°C, 3 hours]
V-202
Shredding Vessel
U-209
Drying unit
V-202
Aging Vessel
U-208
Washing unit
V-202
Xanthation Vessel
U-208
Wet spinning
unit
V-206
Gel preparation
unit
Spinning
(wet)
[40 - 50°C]
10% of the weight of
Soda cellulose (crumbs)
991 Kg soln
4.5 % aq solution
947 Kg H2O
44.5 Kg NaOH
Note# 1 :100 kg of pulp [1] gives about 310 kg of [4] moist soda cellulose
Source-2: https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/06/viscose-rayon-manufacturing-process.html
Source 1: http://textilelibrary.weebly.com/viscose-rayon-mfg-process.html
4-5 days at 10-18°C
100 Kg (dry basis)
dissolving pulp
Cellulose 96.27%
Hemicelluloses 3.55 %
Lignin and other 0.18%
260 Kg of 20% NaOH Sol
51.85 Kg NaOH
207.4 Kg of H2O
50 Kg of 20% NaOH Sol
-10 Kg NaOH
-20 Kg of H2O
1332Kg Viscous gel
1115 Kg H2O
86.5 Kg NaOH
7.5 % Cellulose
6.5 % NaOH
105 Kg Viscous rayon
of 10% moisture
[ 2-3 hours] [4-5 hours]
PFD-2