C++ supports templates to implement generic programming. Templates allow generating a family of classes or functions to handle different data types. A class created from a class template is called a template class. The process of creating a template class is known as instantiation. Like other functions, template functions can be overloaded. Non-type parameters can also be used as arguments for templates.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
A function template defines an algorithm. An algorithm is a generic recipe for accomplishing a task, independent of the particular data types used for its implementation.
A class template defines a parameterized type. A parameterized type is a data type defined in terms of other data types, one or more of which are unspecified. Most data types can be defined independently of the concrete data types used in their implementation. For example, the stack data type involves a set of items whose exact type is irrelevant to the concept of stack. Stack can therefore be defined as a class template with a type parameter which specifies the type of the items to be stored on the stack. This template can then be instantiated, by substituting a concrete type for the type parameter, to generate executable stack classes.
Templates provide direct support for writing reusable code. This in turn makes them an ideal tool for defining generic libraries.
Templates
Generic Programming with Templates
Need for Templates
Definition of class Templates
Normal Function Templates
Over Loading of Template Function
Bubble Sort Using Function Templates
Difference Between Templates and Macros
Linked Lists with Templates
Exception Handling
Principles of Exception Handling
The Keywords try throw and catch
Multiple Catch Statements
Specifying Exceptions
This presentation by Denys Petrov (Senior Software Engineer, Consultant, GlobalLogic, Kharkiv) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv C++ Workshop #1 on September 14, 2019.
In this talk were covered:
- Historical development of basic C ++ template syntax.
- Use template syntax capabilities to introduce compile-time introspection and reflection.
- Browse existing SFINAE libraries and implement your own.
Conference materials: https://www.globallogic.com/ua/events/kharkiv-cpp-workshop/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Template enable us to define generic
classes and functions and thus provides
support for generic programming.
Generic programming is an approach
where generic types are used as
parameters in algorithms so that they
work for a variety of data types.
3. INTRODUCTION
A template can be used to create a family of
classes or functions.
For eg: a class template for an array class
would enable us to create arrays of various data
types such as: int, float etc.
Templates are also known as parameterized
classes or functions.
Template is a simple process to create a generic
class with an anonymous type.
4. Class Templates
The class template definition is very similar to
an ordinary class definition except the prefix
template <class T> and the use of type T.
A class created from class template is called a
template class.
Syntax:
classname<type> objectname(arglist)
The process of creating a specific class from a
class template is called instantiation.
5. Class Templates
General format of class template is:
template <class T>
class classname
{
//…………..
//class member specification with
//anonymous type T wherever appropriate
//…….
};
6. Class Templates (Example)
class vector
{
int *v;
int size;
public:
vector (int m)
{
v= new int [ size = m];
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
v[i]=0;
}
vector (int * a)
{
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
v[i]=a[i];
}
int operator * (vector &y)
{
int sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
sum += this -> v[i] * y . v[i];
return sum;
}
}
int main()
{
int x[3] = {1,2,3};
int y[3]= {4,5,6};
vector v1(3);
vector v2(3);
v1 = x ;
v2 = y ;
int R = v1 * v2 ;
cout<< “ R = “ << R ;
return 0;
}
7. Class Templates (Example)
const size = 3;
template<class T>
class vector
{
T * v;
public:
vector()
{
v=new T[size];
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
v[i] = 0;
}
vector(T * a)
{
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
v[i] = a[i] ;
}
T operator * (vector & y)
{
T sum = 0;
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
{
sum += this->v[i] * y. v[i];
}
return sum;
}
}
8. Class Templates (Example)
int main()
{
int x[3] = {1,2,3};
int y[3] = {4,5,6};
vector <int> V1;
vector <int> V2;
V1 = x;
V2 = y;
int R = V1 * V2;
cout << “R = “ << R;
return 0;
}
9. Class Templates with Multiple Parameters
We can use more than one generic data
type in a class template.
Syntax:
template <class T1, class T2>
class classname
{
………
………
………
};
10. Class Templates with Multiple Parameters
template<class T1, class T2>
class Test
{
T1 a;
T2 b;
public:
Test(T1 x, T2 y)
{
a = x;
b = y;
}
void show()
{
cout<<a;
cout<<b;
}
};
int main()
{
Test <float, int> test1(1.23,123);
Test <int, char> test2(100,’W’);
test1.show();
test2.show();
return 0;
}
Output:
1.23
123
100
W
11. Function Templates
Function templates are used to create a
family of functions with different
argument types.
Syntax:
template <class T>
returntype functionname (arguments of type T)
{
………..
………..
}
12. Function Template
Template <class T>
void swap (T &x, T &y)
{
T temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
void fun(int m, int n,
float a, float b)
{
swap(m, n);
swap(a, b);
}
int main()
{
fun(100, 200, 11.22, 33.44);
return 0;
}
13. Function Template with Multiple
Parameters
We can have more than one generic
data type in the function template.
template < class T1, class T2>
returntype functionname(arguments of type T1, T2…)
{
…….. (Body of function)
………
}
14. Function Template with Multiple
Parameters
template <class T1, class T2>
void display(T1 x, T2 y)
{
cout<<x <<“ “ << y << “n”;
}
int main()
{
display(1999, “XYZ”);
display (12.34, 1234);
return 0;
}
15. Overloading of Template Functions
A template function may be overloaded either
by template functions or ordinary functions of
its name.
The overloading is accomplished as follows:
Call an ordinary function that has an exact match.
Call a template function that could be created with an
exact match.
Try normal overloading to ordinary function and call
the one that matches.
16. Overloading of Template Functions
template < class T>
void display(T x)
{
cout<<“Template Display : “ << x << “n”;
}
void display(int x)
{
cout << “Explicit Display: “ << x << “n”;
}
int main()
{
display(100);
display(12.34);
display(‘C’);
return 0;
}
17. Member Function Template
Member functions of the template classes themselves
are parameterized by the type argument.
Thus, member functions must be defined by the
function templates.
Syntax:
Template <class T>
returntype classname <T> :: functionname(arglist)
{
…….. // function body
……..
}
19. Member Function Template
(Example)
//member function templates….
template <class T>
vector<T> :: vector(int m)
{
v = new T[size = m];
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
v[i] = 0;
}
template <class T>
vector<T> :: vector(T * a)
{
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
v[i] = a[i];
}
template <class T>
T vector<T> :: operator * (vector &y)
{
T sum = 0;
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
sum += this -> v[i] * y.v[i];
return sum;
}
20. Non-Type Template Arguments
It is also possible to use non-type arguments.
In addition to the type argument T, we can
also use other arguments such as strings, int,
float, built-in types.
Example:
template <class T, int size>
class array
{
T a[size];
……..
………
};
21. Non-Type Template Arguments
This template supplies the size of the array as an
argument.
The argument must be specified whenever a
template class is created.
Example:
array <int, 10> a1; // Array of 10 integers
array <float, 5> a2; // Array of 5 floats
array <char, 20> a3; // String of size 20
22. Summary
C++ supports template to implement the
concept of ______.
_____ allows to generate a family of classes
or functions to handle different data types.
A specific class created from a class template
is called ________.
The process of creating a template class is
known as ________.
Like other functions, template functions can
be overloaded. (True/False)
Non-type parameters can also be used as an
arguments templates. (True/False)
23. Short Answer Questions
What is generic programming? How it is
implemented in C++?
Generic programming is an approach where
generic types are used as parameters in
algorithms so that they work for a variety of
data types.
Generic programming is implemented using the
templates in C++.
A template can be considered as a kind of
macro. Then, what is the difference between
them.
Macros are not type safe, that is a macro
defined for integer operations cannot accept
float data.
24. Short Answer Questions
Distinguish between overloaded functions
and function templates.
Function templates involve telling a function
that it will be receiving a specified data type
and then it will work with that at compile time.
The difference with this and function
overloading is that function overloading can
define multiple behaviours of function with the
same name and multiple/various inputs.
25. Short Answer Questions
Distinguish between class template
and template class.
Class template is generic class for
different types of objects. Basically it
provides a specification for
generating classes based on
parameters.
Template classes are those classes that
are defined using a class template.
26. Short Answer Questions
A class template is known as a
parameterized class. Comment.
As template is defined with a
parameter that would be replaced by a
specified data type at the time of actual
use of class it is also known as
parameterized class.
27. Short Answer Questions
Write a function template for finding the
minimum value contained in an array.
template <class T>
T findMin(T arr[],int n)
{
int i;
T min;
min=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(min > arr[i])
min=arr[i];
}
return(min);
}
Example Program