Modeling requirements involves developing functional requirements from customer views into something translatable to software. Techniques like use cases, state diagrams, UI mockups, storyboards and prototypes are used to understand current systems, business processes, and how users will interact with new systems. The software requirements document specifies what is required of the system and should focus on what the system should do rather than how. Requirements modeling is iterative and requirements change in agile methods.
This document discusses structured programming, functional programming, programming style, coding guidelines, software documentation, and challenges in software implementation. Structured programming breaks problems down into smaller pieces and uses modular programming and structured coding. Functional programming uses mathematical functions and concepts like recursion. Good programming style and coding guidelines make code readable and understandable. Software documentation includes requirements, design, technical, and user documentation. Challenges include code reuse, version management, and designing for target hosts.
This document provides an introduction to web development with the Django framework. It outlines Django's project structure, how it handles data with models, and its built-in admin interface. It also covers views, templates, forms, and generic views. Django allows defining models as Python classes to represent the database structure. It provides a production-ready admin interface to manage data. URLs are mapped to views, which can render templates to generate responses. Forms validate and display data. Generic views handle common tasks like displaying object lists.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the field of software engineering. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and disciplined approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance. The document discusses the importance of software engineering in producing reliable and economical software. It also summarizes essential attributes of good software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. Additionally, the document outlines a generic software engineering process framework involving activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It notes that the process should be adapted to the specific project.
This document discusses functional and non-functional requirements. Functional requirements describe the behavior of a system and support user goals, while non-functional requirements describe how the system works and make it more usable. Functional requirements should include data descriptions, screen operations, workflows, and access controls. Non-functional requirements should cover usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Non-functional requirements are further classified into categories like process, delivery, implementation, and external constraints.
The document provides an introduction to basic web architecture, including HTML, URIs, HTTP, cookies, database-driven websites, AJAX, web services, XML, and JSON. It discusses how the web is a two-tiered architecture with a web browser displaying information from a web server. Key components like HTTP requests and responses are outlined. Extension of web architecture with server-side processing using languages like PHP and client-side processing with JavaScript are also summarized.
The document discusses refactoring code to improve its internal structure without changing external behavior. It defines refactoring and provides reasons for refactoring like improving design and readability. It also categorizes different types of refactorings like decomposing methods, moving features between objects, and organizing data. Specific refactorings are explained like extract method, inline method, move method, and encapsulate field.
Buku ini membahas tentang implementasi sistem penjaminan kualitas (SQA) mulai dari komponen pre-proyek, selama siklus hidup proyek, infrastruktur pencegahan kesalahan dan peningkatan, standarisasi, sertifikasi, penilaian SQA, serta organisasi manusia untuk mendukung SQA. Buku ini memberikan panduan komprehensif untuk mengimplementasikan SQA secara sistematis.
Modeling requirements involves developing functional requirements from customer views into something translatable to software. Techniques like use cases, state diagrams, UI mockups, storyboards and prototypes are used to understand current systems, business processes, and how users will interact with new systems. The software requirements document specifies what is required of the system and should focus on what the system should do rather than how. Requirements modeling is iterative and requirements change in agile methods.
This document discusses structured programming, functional programming, programming style, coding guidelines, software documentation, and challenges in software implementation. Structured programming breaks problems down into smaller pieces and uses modular programming and structured coding. Functional programming uses mathematical functions and concepts like recursion. Good programming style and coding guidelines make code readable and understandable. Software documentation includes requirements, design, technical, and user documentation. Challenges include code reuse, version management, and designing for target hosts.
This document provides an introduction to web development with the Django framework. It outlines Django's project structure, how it handles data with models, and its built-in admin interface. It also covers views, templates, forms, and generic views. Django allows defining models as Python classes to represent the database structure. It provides a production-ready admin interface to manage data. URLs are mapped to views, which can render templates to generate responses. Forms validate and display data. Generic views handle common tasks like displaying object lists.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the field of software engineering. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and disciplined approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance. The document discusses the importance of software engineering in producing reliable and economical software. It also summarizes essential attributes of good software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. Additionally, the document outlines a generic software engineering process framework involving activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It notes that the process should be adapted to the specific project.
This document discusses functional and non-functional requirements. Functional requirements describe the behavior of a system and support user goals, while non-functional requirements describe how the system works and make it more usable. Functional requirements should include data descriptions, screen operations, workflows, and access controls. Non-functional requirements should cover usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Non-functional requirements are further classified into categories like process, delivery, implementation, and external constraints.
The document provides an introduction to basic web architecture, including HTML, URIs, HTTP, cookies, database-driven websites, AJAX, web services, XML, and JSON. It discusses how the web is a two-tiered architecture with a web browser displaying information from a web server. Key components like HTTP requests and responses are outlined. Extension of web architecture with server-side processing using languages like PHP and client-side processing with JavaScript are also summarized.
The document discusses refactoring code to improve its internal structure without changing external behavior. It defines refactoring and provides reasons for refactoring like improving design and readability. It also categorizes different types of refactorings like decomposing methods, moving features between objects, and organizing data. Specific refactorings are explained like extract method, inline method, move method, and encapsulate field.
Buku ini membahas tentang implementasi sistem penjaminan kualitas (SQA) mulai dari komponen pre-proyek, selama siklus hidup proyek, infrastruktur pencegahan kesalahan dan peningkatan, standarisasi, sertifikasi, penilaian SQA, serta organisasi manusia untuk mendukung SQA. Buku ini memberikan panduan komprehensif untuk mengimplementasikan SQA secara sistematis.
Token, Pattern and Lexeme defines some key concepts in lexical analysis:
Tokens are valid sequences of characters that can be identified as keywords, constants, identifiers, numbers, operators or punctuation. A lexeme is the sequence of characters that matches a token pattern. Patterns are defined by regular expressions or grammar rules to identify lexemes as specific tokens. The lexical analyzer collects attributes like values for number tokens and symbol table entries for identifiers and passes the tokens and attributes to the parser. Lexical errors occur if a character sequence cannot be scanned as a valid token. Error recovery strategies include deleting or inserting characters to allow tokenization to continue.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses how software serves both as a product that delivers computing potential and as a vehicle for delivering other products. The document defines what constitutes software and discusses different types of software applications. It also covers software engineering practices, including communication, planning, analysis and design modeling, construction, and principles related to each practice. Overall, the document gives a high-level overview of key concepts in software engineering.
This document summarizes a Java-based chat application created by DVS Technologies. It discusses what chatting and chat applications are, how they allow real-time communication, and how they are used on websites and mobile devices. It then explains the technical details of how sockets allow for two-way communication between client and server programs by binding to specific port numbers, allowing the server to listen for connection requests and the client to identify the server to connect to. Diagrams demonstrate how a port scanner can find the port a chat server is listening on so the client can connect and authenticate with the server.
1. The document provides a lab manual for computer networks and operating systems labs containing 8 programs to implement various networking and security algorithms.
2. The programs include implementing data link layer framing methods, CRC polynomials, Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, distance vector routing, DES encryption, breaking the DES code, and RSA encryption/decryption.
3. The document contains instructions for 8 programs to implement computer network and security algorithms as part of a lab course covering topics like data link layer, routing, encryption, and public key cryptography.
( ** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python ** )
This Edureka PPT on Tkinter tutorial covers all the basic aspects of creating and making use of your own simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Python. It establishes all of the concepts needed to get started with building your own user interfaces while coding in Python.
We have designed this website with the purpose of allowing the students to give exams and view their results. This site is an attempt to remove the existing flaws in the manual system of conducting exams.
Students are provided the flexibility to choose among different types of aptitude and programming language tests.
Top Libraries for Machine Learning with Python Chariza Pladin
This document discusses top machine learning libraries for Python. It begins with introducing artificial intelligence and machine learning. It then discusses why machine learning is important when explicit programming is not possible, scaling is an issue, or tracking data is difficult. The document introduces Python and discusses several key machine learning libraries for Python, including NumPy for numerical computing, Pandas for working with labeled data, Matplotlib for plotting, Scikit-learn for common machine learning algorithms, and NLTK for natural language processing. It concludes with a Q&A section on Python and machine learning.
What is professional software development and definition of software engineering. Who is a software engineer. Difference between Computer Science and Systems Engineering
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
Lex is officially known as a "Lexical Analyser".
Yacc (for "yet another compiler compiler." ) is the standard parser generator for the Unix operating system.
This document summarizes LOC (lines of code), function points, COCOMO I and COCOMO II cost estimation models. It defines LOC and function points for measuring software size. It then describes the Basic, Intermediate and Detailed COCOMO models, which use regression formulas to estimate software development effort based on project size and characteristics. COCOMO II models include Application Composition, Early Design and Post Architecture models. An example calculation is provided for each model.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
Algorithms Lecture 1: Introduction to AlgorithmsMohamed Loey
We will discuss the following: Algorithms, Time Complexity & Space Complexity, Algorithm vs Pseudo code, Some Algorithm Types, Programming Languages, Python, Anaconda.
This document provides an overview of web technology concepts and requirements for developing a website. It discusses how the web works from a user perspective, including necessary hardware, software, and internet connections. It then explains in more detail how information is transmitted and received through web requests and responses. Examples are given of common web applications and how e-commerce transactions are processed securely. Lastly, it outlines key requirements to collect from business owners regarding the goals and functionality needed for their website.
The document describes how to create a multi-user chat system using Java sockets where multiple client machines can connect to a dedicated server to communicate, with the server listening on a port for incoming connections from clients and handling each connection in a separate thread to allow simultaneous communication between multiple clients. Socket programming uses client and server sockets to connect the clients to the server and allow transmission of messages between clients via the server.
A socket represents a connection between two programs on a network and allows them to communicate. The document discusses sockets and how they enable client-server applications like a chat application. It provides code examples of how a chat client would connect to and send messages to a chat server, which would listen for incoming connections and send messages to connected clients. The key aspects are that the server binds to a port and listens for clients to connect, and then messages can be sent bidirectionally between the client and server over their socket connection.
Templates in C++ allow functions and classes to operate on different data types in a generic way. Function templates define generic functions that can work on different types, while class templates define generic classes. Templates promote code reuse by defining functions and classes independently of specific types. Function templates and class templates can be overloaded and classes can inherit from class templates.
Templates in C++ allow the construction of generic functions and classes that can work with different data types. Some key points:
- Templates support generic programming and reusable components like functions and classes that can handle different data types.
- Function templates define functions that can work with a generic data type T, while class templates define classes that can work with generic data types.
- Templates allow defining functions and classes like stacks once that can work with data types like int, float, char etc. instead of separate definitions for each type.
Token, Pattern and Lexeme defines some key concepts in lexical analysis:
Tokens are valid sequences of characters that can be identified as keywords, constants, identifiers, numbers, operators or punctuation. A lexeme is the sequence of characters that matches a token pattern. Patterns are defined by regular expressions or grammar rules to identify lexemes as specific tokens. The lexical analyzer collects attributes like values for number tokens and symbol table entries for identifiers and passes the tokens and attributes to the parser. Lexical errors occur if a character sequence cannot be scanned as a valid token. Error recovery strategies include deleting or inserting characters to allow tokenization to continue.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses how software serves both as a product that delivers computing potential and as a vehicle for delivering other products. The document defines what constitutes software and discusses different types of software applications. It also covers software engineering practices, including communication, planning, analysis and design modeling, construction, and principles related to each practice. Overall, the document gives a high-level overview of key concepts in software engineering.
This document summarizes a Java-based chat application created by DVS Technologies. It discusses what chatting and chat applications are, how they allow real-time communication, and how they are used on websites and mobile devices. It then explains the technical details of how sockets allow for two-way communication between client and server programs by binding to specific port numbers, allowing the server to listen for connection requests and the client to identify the server to connect to. Diagrams demonstrate how a port scanner can find the port a chat server is listening on so the client can connect and authenticate with the server.
1. The document provides a lab manual for computer networks and operating systems labs containing 8 programs to implement various networking and security algorithms.
2. The programs include implementing data link layer framing methods, CRC polynomials, Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, distance vector routing, DES encryption, breaking the DES code, and RSA encryption/decryption.
3. The document contains instructions for 8 programs to implement computer network and security algorithms as part of a lab course covering topics like data link layer, routing, encryption, and public key cryptography.
( ** Python Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/python ** )
This Edureka PPT on Tkinter tutorial covers all the basic aspects of creating and making use of your own simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Python. It establishes all of the concepts needed to get started with building your own user interfaces while coding in Python.
We have designed this website with the purpose of allowing the students to give exams and view their results. This site is an attempt to remove the existing flaws in the manual system of conducting exams.
Students are provided the flexibility to choose among different types of aptitude and programming language tests.
Top Libraries for Machine Learning with Python Chariza Pladin
This document discusses top machine learning libraries for Python. It begins with introducing artificial intelligence and machine learning. It then discusses why machine learning is important when explicit programming is not possible, scaling is an issue, or tracking data is difficult. The document introduces Python and discusses several key machine learning libraries for Python, including NumPy for numerical computing, Pandas for working with labeled data, Matplotlib for plotting, Scikit-learn for common machine learning algorithms, and NLTK for natural language processing. It concludes with a Q&A section on Python and machine learning.
What is professional software development and definition of software engineering. Who is a software engineer. Difference between Computer Science and Systems Engineering
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
Lex is officially known as a "Lexical Analyser".
Yacc (for "yet another compiler compiler." ) is the standard parser generator for the Unix operating system.
This document summarizes LOC (lines of code), function points, COCOMO I and COCOMO II cost estimation models. It defines LOC and function points for measuring software size. It then describes the Basic, Intermediate and Detailed COCOMO models, which use regression formulas to estimate software development effort based on project size and characteristics. COCOMO II models include Application Composition, Early Design and Post Architecture models. An example calculation is provided for each model.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
Algorithms Lecture 1: Introduction to AlgorithmsMohamed Loey
We will discuss the following: Algorithms, Time Complexity & Space Complexity, Algorithm vs Pseudo code, Some Algorithm Types, Programming Languages, Python, Anaconda.
This document provides an overview of web technology concepts and requirements for developing a website. It discusses how the web works from a user perspective, including necessary hardware, software, and internet connections. It then explains in more detail how information is transmitted and received through web requests and responses. Examples are given of common web applications and how e-commerce transactions are processed securely. Lastly, it outlines key requirements to collect from business owners regarding the goals and functionality needed for their website.
The document describes how to create a multi-user chat system using Java sockets where multiple client machines can connect to a dedicated server to communicate, with the server listening on a port for incoming connections from clients and handling each connection in a separate thread to allow simultaneous communication between multiple clients. Socket programming uses client and server sockets to connect the clients to the server and allow transmission of messages between clients via the server.
A socket represents a connection between two programs on a network and allows them to communicate. The document discusses sockets and how they enable client-server applications like a chat application. It provides code examples of how a chat client would connect to and send messages to a chat server, which would listen for incoming connections and send messages to connected clients. The key aspects are that the server binds to a port and listens for clients to connect, and then messages can be sent bidirectionally between the client and server over their socket connection.
Templates in C++ allow functions and classes to operate on different data types in a generic way. Function templates define generic functions that can work on different types, while class templates define generic classes. Templates promote code reuse by defining functions and classes independently of specific types. Function templates and class templates can be overloaded and classes can inherit from class templates.
Templates in C++ allow the construction of generic functions and classes that can work with different data types. Some key points:
- Templates support generic programming and reusable components like functions and classes that can handle different data types.
- Function templates define functions that can work with a generic data type T, while class templates define classes that can work with generic data types.
- Templates allow defining functions and classes like stacks once that can work with data types like int, float, char etc. instead of separate definitions for each type.
The document discusses templates in C++. It begins by explaining function overloading and how templates provide a better approach than overloading by allowing identical operations to be performed on different data types with a single function. It then covers the different types of templates, including function templates and class templates. Examples are provided of bubble sort and linked lists implemented using templates. The key advantages of templates over macros are also summarized.
This is an intermediate conversion course for C++, suitable for second year computing students who may have learned Java or another language in first year.
C++ functions require prototypes that specify the return type and parameters. Function overloading allows multiple functions to have the same name but different signatures. Default arguments allow functions to be called without providing trailing arguments. Inline functions expand the function body at the call site for small functions to reduce overhead compared to regular function calls.
The document discusses C++ functions. It defines what functions are and their uses in breaking down problems into smaller tasks. There are two types of functions: standard functions that are part of the C++ language and user-defined functions. A function has a signature defining its return type and parameters. Functions are declared and defined in two steps - declaration and implementation. Data can be shared between functions through parameters, which come in two varieties: value parameters that copy argument values, and reference parameters that can modify the original argument values.
This document discusses functions in C++. It covers:
- The definition of a function as a subprogram that can act on data and return a value.
- Functions come in two varieties: user-defined and built-in.
- Functions must be declared before use with a prototype specifying the return type and parameters.
- A function is defined by providing the body of code that performs the task.
- Functions can interact through calls where parameters are passed by value or by reference.
This document discusses different types of functions in C++, including user-defined functions, library functions, function parameters, return values, function prototypes, and function overloading. It provides examples to illustrate key concepts like defining functions with different parameters and return types, passing arguments to functions, and returning values from functions. Storage classes like local, global, static local and register variables are also briefly covered. The document is an introduction to functions in C++ programming.
The document outlines a lecture plan for object oriented programming. It covers topics like structures and classes, function overloading, constructors and destructors, operator overloading, inheritance, polymorphism, and file streams. It provides examples to explain concepts like structures, classes, access specifiers, friend functions, and operator overloading. The document also includes questions for students to practice these concepts.
The document discusses various concepts related to functions and operator overloading in C++, including:
1. It describes how functions can be divided into smaller modules to more easily design, build, debug, extend, modify, understand, reuse, and organize large programs.
2. It explains that C++ supports defining multiple functions with the same name but different argument lists through function overloading.
3. It provides examples of overloading operators like +, -, <, <=, assignment (=), increment (++), and decrement (--) operators for user-defined classes.
This lecture covers functions and modules in Python. It discusses built-in functions, writing user-defined functions, function parameters and return values, and scope. It also discusses modules as a way to organize Python code and introduces some of Python's standard library modules like math and random. The key points are:
1) Functions allow for code reuse and abstraction by encapsulating repeatable processes. Built-in functions perform common tasks while user-defined functions can be created for custom tasks.
2) Functions are defined using def and have parameters to pass in inputs and return values to produce outputs. Variables inside functions have local scope while global variables can be accessed everywhere.
3) Modules help structure Python programs and provide
The document discusses different types of storage classes in C++ that determine the lifetime and scope of variables:
1. Local variables are defined inside functions and have scope limited to that function. They are destroyed when the function exits.
2. Global variables are defined outside all functions and have scope in the entire program. They are destroyed when the program ends.
3. Static local variables are local variables that retain their value between function calls. Register variables are local variables stored in processor registers for faster access.
4. Thread local storage allows defining variables that are local to each thread and retain their values similar to static variables. The document provides examples to illustrate local, global, and static variables.
The document discusses templates in C++. It explains that templates allow functions and classes to work with different data types using a single code definition. Template functions are called function templates, and template classes are called class templates. The document provides examples of defining class and function templates, and overloading template functions. It demonstrates how templates can be used to create generic functions that operate on multiple types of data.
This document discusses C++ functions. It begins by defining what a function is and describing standard and user-defined functions. It then covers the structure of C++ functions including the function signature, parameters, return values, and body. Examples are provided of defining, declaring, calling and overloading functions. The document also discusses scope of variables, passing data between functions, and inline functions.
This document discusses C++ functions. It begins by defining what a function is and describing standard and user-defined functions. It then covers the structure of C++ functions including the function signature, parameters, return values, and body. Examples are provided of defining, declaring, calling and overloading functions. The document also discusses scope of variables, passing data between functions, and inline functions.
This document discusses object oriented programming concepts in C++ including string handling, copy constructors, polymorphism, and dynamic memory allocation. It provides examples of:
1) Using string class functions like append(), find(), length(), replace(), and swap() as well as string operators like =, +, +=, ==, <, and >.
2) Defining and using a copy constructor to initialize an object using another object of the same class.
3) Compile-time polymorphism through function and operator overloading allowing functions or operators to work with multiple types.
4) Dynamic memory allocation using new and delete to allocate and free memory for objects at runtime rather than compile-time.
C++ templates allow functions and classes to operate on multiple types of data. Templates define placeholders that are substituted by template arguments. This allows defining functions and classes once that can work with different data types. Function templates define a single function that generates multiple versions based on the template arguments. Class templates generate distinct classes from a single definition. Exceptions represent errors and are thrown using throw statements. Exception handlers use try-catch blocks to catch exceptions and provide error handling.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
java packages and its types with exampleMuskanSony
This document discusses packages in Java. It defines packages as a way to organize Java code and provides examples of built-in Java packages like java.lang and java.awt. It explains the different types of packages, the rules for packages, and how to create and access custom packages. Examples are provided to demonstrate importing and using classes from packages in an applet program.
The document discusses the COCOMO model, which stands for Constructive Cost Model. It was developed by Barry Boehm to estimate effort, cost, and schedule for software projects. The COCOMO model has three types - basic, intermediate, and detailed - that estimate effort based on lines of code and complexity factors. The basic model uses equations to calculate effort, time, and personnel needed based on project size. The intermediate model extends this by incorporating cost drivers. The detailed model further divides the project into phases and modules to provide more granular estimates.
The document summarizes the steps of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. AES uses a 128-bit block size and 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit keys. It has an initial key expansion step that expands the input key into multiple round keys. Each round consists of subbytes, shiftrows, mixcolumns, and addroundkey transformations. Subbytes performs byte substitution using a lookup table. Shiftrows shifts the rows of the state array. Mixcolumns multiplies bytes by a fixed matrix. Addroundkey XORs the round key with the state. There are 10 rounds total for 128-bit keys.
Bca 5th sem seminar(software measurements)MuskanSony
This document discusses software measurement and different types of metrics. It covers size-oriented metrics like lines of code, function-oriented metrics like function points that measure functionality, and extended function point metrics. Software measurement provides quantitative attributes of software products and processes to assess quality and assist with project management decisions. Measures can be direct, measured from the project itself, or indirect, where attributes are not immediately quantifiable.
This document discusses different network topologies:
1. A network topology is the arrangement of how computer systems and network devices are connected to each other. There are physical and logical topologies.
2. Common physical topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. A bus topology connects all devices to a single cable or backbone, but if the cable fails the whole network fails.
3. A star topology connects all nodes to a central hub. If a node fails it does not affect other nodes, and the topology is easy to modify. However, if the hub fails the whole connection is stopped and installation costs are high.
The document discusses various types of network attacks, including buffer overflow attacks and TCP session hijacking. It provides details on:
- Passive attacks like traffic analysis that aim to release confidential message contents.
- Active attacks like interruption, modification, and fabrication that can disrupt network services.
- Buffer overflow occurring when a program writes more data to a fixed-length memory block, potentially corrupting data or executing malicious code.
- TCP session hijacking where an attacker gains access to an active session between two machines by predicting sequence numbers or using a man-in-the-middle attack to intercept packets.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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2. • Need of templates
• Introduction
• Function template
• Examples
• Class template
• Examples
• Advantages and disadvantages
2
Objectives
3. • In general if we want to add two integer no we create a function which receive the int values. If we want to
add two float no’s we have to create another function and for double values we again create another function.
• For different data types we create different-different functions for performing the task.
• This create more line of code.
• Program become complex.
3
Why Template is used?
4. 4
Program :-
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void show(int a)
{
cout<<“n value of a=”<<a;
}
void show(float a)
{
cout<<“n value of a=”<<a;
}
void main()
{
int x=234;
float y=34.56f;
clrscr();
Output :-
value of a =234
value of a=34.56
show(x);
show(y);
getch();
}
5. So can we use one function for all the datatypes?
ANSWER
is
TEMPLATES
5
6. • Template is a one of the most important and useful feature of C++.
• It provide the idea of generic classes.
• Use of one function or class that works for all data types is generalization.
• Template is a mechanism which allows us to declare generic classes and functions.
6
Template
7. • A template created for function so a function works for variety of data types is termed as
function template.
• For example a function template max is written which finds maximum of two integers, two
floats, two chars etc. similarly when a template is written for a class so one single class works
for variety of data types is termed as class templates.
7
Contd…
8. • Function template is created when we write one definition of function which works with
different type of data types.
• A function template does not occupies space in memory.
• When function is called with specific data type the actual definition of function template
is generated.
8
Function Template
9. Syntax:-
template<class name>
function definition;
• Template is a keyword.
• In the brackets we write class and any name which serves as the generic type.
• The name may be a single character or word.
• The name usually in capital letter but may be in small case too.
9
Contd…
10. Displaying different types of variables with the help of single function
using function template.
10
Example
14. • The FUNC is generic data type name. It is replaced by the actual data type when a specific data type is
used with the function call.
• For 5 different data types with function template show five different versions of show are generated in
memory.
• Function template does not save memory.
14
Explanation
16. void main()
{
int x=10, y=20;
float f1=2, f2=4.5;
char ch=‘A’, ch1=‘B’;
cout<<“n Max of two integers ” << x << “ & ” <<y<< “ is t“;
cout<<max(x,y);
cout<<“n Max of two floats ” <<f1<< “ & “ <<f2<<“ is t”;
cout<<max (f1,f2);
cout<<“n Max of two characters ” <<ch<< “ & “ <<ch1<<“ is t”;
cout<<max (ch,ch1);
getch();
}
16
Continue....
17. 17
Output
Max of two integers 10 & 20 is 20
Max of two floats 2.4 & 4.5 is 4.5
Max of two chars A & B is B
21. • In the program we have a function template show which takes two generic types as
arguments.
• Many more generic types can be declared separating by comma but each must be declared
using class keyword.
21
Explanation
22. Checking equality of data type of two variables using function
template.
22
Example
30. • In the function show the first argument of any type but second argument is fix which must be of char* type.
• We can fix any number of arguments in the function template.
• Fix argument must not be written in the template declaration.
• It must be written as function argument.
30
Explanation
33. 33
Output
***** Good Morning *****
int parameter =12
***** Good Morning *****
double parameter =34.45
*****GoodAfter Noon*****
int parameter=123
34. • Template is created for class.
• The class template are used for creating container classes.
• By this it can contains varieties of objects of any type.
• Example
template <class T>
class demo
{
T x,y;
public:
……….;
};
34
Class Template
35. 35
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<typeinfo.h>
template <class PAR>
class demo
{
PAR n1,n2;
public:
demo{}
demo(PAR x,PAR y)
{
n1=x;
n2=y;
show();
}
void show()
{
cout<<typeid(PAR) .name()<<“Data“;
cout<<n1<<“/n”<<n2<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
demo<int>d1(10,20);
demo<float>d2(2.4f,4.5f);
demo<char>d3(‘P’,’T’);
demo<char*>d4(“One”,”Two”);
getch();
}
Example- Display of different types of data using class template.
37. 37
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<typeinfo.h>
template <class T1,class T2>
class demo
{
T1 n1;
T2 n2;
public:
demo{}
demo(T1 x,T2 y)
{
n1=x;
n2=y;
show();
}
void show()
{
cout<<n1<<" is of type"<<typeid(T1).name()<<"/n"<<endl;
cout<<n2<<"is of
type"<<typeid(T2).name()<<"/n"<<endl;
}
};
Example- Display of 2 different types of data using class template.
39. 39
Output
10 is of type int
20.54 is of type float
2.4 is of type float
R is of type char
K is of type char
Boom is of type char*
One is of type char*
2 is of type int
40. • Templates are easier to write. We can create only one generic version of our class or function
instead of manually creating specializations.
• Templates can be easier to understand, since they can provide a straightforward way of abstracting
type information.
• Templates are typesafe. Because the types that templates act upon are known at compile time, the
compiler can perform type checking before errors occur.
• No need to declaration of any extra header file.
40
Advantages
41. • Some compilers exhibited poor support for templates. So, the use of templates could
decrease code portability.
• It can be difficult to debug code that is developed using templates. Since the compiler
replaces the templates, it becomes difficult for the debugger to locate the code.
41
Disadvantages
43. • If any class have multiple function with the same names but
different parameters then they are said to be overloaded.
• Function overloading allows we to use the same name for
different functions , to perform , either same or different functions
in the same or different functions in the same class .
44. If we have to perform one single operation but with
different number or types of arguments ,then we can
simply overload the function.
45. function overloading is an example of
polymorphism.
[ polymorphism-> Greek meaning “having multiple
forms” such as a function have more than one form.
46. WAY TO OVERLOAD A FUNCTION
• WHEN MORE THEN ONE FUNCTION NAME IS SAME THEN
THEY SHOULD BE DIFFER IN THE FOLLOWING
MANNER:-
1. By changing number of argument.
2. By changing order of argument.
3. By having different datatypes of arguments (return type
does not matter).
53. DATA TYPE OF ARGUMENT
#include < iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class sum
{
public:
void addition(int a,int b)
{
cout<<a+b;
}
void addition(float a,float b)
{
cout<<a+b;
}
54. Data type of argument continue
void addition(double a,double b)
{
cout<<a+b;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
sum s1;
s1.addition(10,20);
s1.addition (10.5f,3.5f);
s1.addition(10.05,1.20);
getch();
}