Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates using natural evidence, or proxies, left in tree rings, ice cores, pollen, and sediments. Scientists use tree ring analysis to determine past climate conditions from tree growth patterns. Pollen analysis identifies past vegetation by analyzing fossilized pollen grains. Isotope analysis of oxygen in fossils, ice cores, and sediments provides clues about past temperatures and ocean conditions. Current melting of sea ice and rising sea levels indicate warming may disrupt ocean circulation as seen in prior interglacial periods.
The document discusses the interconnected relationship between the atmosphere and ocean. Changes in one can affect the other through factors like unequal solar heating creating atmospheric circulation patterns and winds, which transport heat around the globe. This circulation moves warm, moist air upward near the equator and sinks in subtropical regions. Additionally, ocean currents redistribute heat in the ocean. Together, these mechanisms transfer thermal energy between the atmosphere and ocean and influence Earth's climate on a global scale.
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates using natural evidence, or proxies, left in tree rings, ice cores, pollen, and sediments. Scientists use tree ring analysis to determine past climate conditions from tree growth patterns. Pollen analysis identifies past vegetation by analyzing fossilized pollen grains. Isotope analysis of oxygen in fossils, ice cores, and sediments provides clues about past temperatures and ocean conditions. Current melting of sea ice and rising sea levels indicate warming may disrupt ocean circulation as seen in prior interglacial periods.
The document discusses the interconnected relationship between the atmosphere and ocean. Changes in one can affect the other through factors like unequal solar heating creating atmospheric circulation patterns and winds, which transport heat around the globe. This circulation moves warm, moist air upward near the equator and sinks in subtropical regions. Additionally, ocean currents redistribute heat in the ocean. Together, these mechanisms transfer thermal energy between the atmosphere and ocean and influence Earth's climate on a global scale.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
This document summarizes atmospheric circulation and pressure distributions. It describes the single-cell and three-cell models of atmospheric circulation, including the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell. It discusses global wind patterns, pressure systems like the subtropical high and Intertropical Convergence Zone, and factors that influence winds like solar heating and the Coriolis effect. It also mentions regional circulation features and pressure systems, ocean currents, and mesoscale and microscale atmospheric phenomena.
El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns characterized by fluctuations in sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. During El Niño, warm water shifts eastward, suppressing coastal upwelling and reducing nutrients. La Niña has the opposite effect, with stronger trade winds pushing warm water westward and enhancing coastal upwelling and nutrients. These changes impact global weather patterns and ocean productivity.
The document discusses the Earth's climate system and factors that can cause climate change. It defines climate as the long-term atmospheric conditions of an area, whereas weather refers to short-term conditions. Climate change occurs when factors like greenhouse gases, solar variability, volcanic eruptions, and human activities disrupt the global energy balance. The climate system includes interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, and land that influence heat distribution.
General circulation models (GCMs) are computer models that simulate the operation of the climate system. GCMs take into account factors like greenhouse gases, landforms, ocean currents, and their interactions. GCMs are used to both identify possible causes of climate change and predict future climate. Contemporary GCMs are complex, three-dimensional models with thousands of individual cells that simulate atmospheric and oceanic processes globally. GCMs are the best tools available for determining the potential impacts of climate change and informing conservation and policy responses.
This Presentation covers the following topics:-
-Radiation
-Albedo
-Factors affecting albedo
-Albedo-ice feedback
-Impacts of Albedo On Environment
-Heat island effect
-Innovative ways to reduce albedo
-Insolation effects
-Black body
-Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
Credits - Aditi Shah
Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planningJack Onyisi Abebe
This document discusses the components of climatic systems and their implications for agricultural planning. It defines climatic systems as consisting of five major components: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere. It describes each of these components and their interactions. The document then discusses how understanding climatic systems can inform various aspects of agricultural planning, such as selecting crop varieties suited to local climates, managing frost and drought risks, and adapting to climate change.
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed of several layers:
1) The troposphere, closest to Earth's surface and containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Temperature decreases with altitude.
2) The stratosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with altitude here.
3) The mesosphere where temperature decreases with altitude again.
4) The thermosphere, growing very hot due to solar activity.
5) The exosphere, the uppermost layer where molecules can escape into space.
This document discusses how energy from the sun interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. Solar radiation enters the atmosphere and is scattered, refracted, reflected, or absorbed. Atmospheric gases and particles influence these processes. Absorbed radiation is transferred within the atmosphere and at the surface via conduction, convection, and radiation. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and clouds contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping infrared radiation emitted from the surface. The surface and atmospheric energy budgets describe the distribution of solar energy after it passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface.
The document discusses how solar radiation interacts with the Earth's atmosphere and maintains the planet's energy balance. It explains that the sun radiates energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, which interact with gases in the atmosphere through scattering, absorption, and transmission. Some solar energy is scattered back into space by particles, while some reaches the Earth's surface. Gases like ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor absorb radiation at different wavelengths. Together with radiation laws like Stefan-Boltzmann and Planck's law, this governs the spectrum of solar radiation that reaches the Earth and is re-radiated back to space, maintaining the planet's temperature.
Sea level changes over geological timescales are reconstructed using a wide range of techniques. Relative sea level rises are indicated by submerged coastal features, while falls are shown by raised beaches and shorelines. Oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments also reveal changes in global sea level during the Quaternary period, with average sea levels 50-60m lower during glacial periods. More recently, sea levels rose rapidly following the last glacial maximum but have been relatively stable over the past 5,000-6,000 years. Future sea level rise is projected to have significant environmental and economic impacts through coastal flooding and erosion.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
This document summarizes key concepts about temperature and radiation budgets:
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude according to the environmental lapse rate. Temperature also varies daily, seasonally, and with location.
- Solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface varies with factors like latitude, day length, cloud cover, altitude, aspect, and albedo of the surface.
- Heat is transferred around the globe by ocean currents and winds, which move warm water and air toward the poles and cold water and air toward the equator. Evaporation and condensation also transfer heat via the latent heat of water vapor.
- Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some outgoing long-wave radiation, contributing to the natural greenhouse effect
This document discusses energy pathways and balances at Earth's surface. It explains that 51% of incoming solar energy (insolation) is absorbed at the surface on average, while 29% is absorbed directly and 22% is absorbed after scattering. About 4% of insolation is reflected from the surface. The greenhouse effect occurs as the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates heat, warming the planet. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb and retain heat, creating urban heat islands.
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The global atmospheric circulation system transports heat around the Earth's atmosphere and affects climate and weather patterns. It involves warm air rising at the equator and cold air sinking at the poles, creating circulation cells. Without this system, temperatures would become more extreme between the tropics and poles.
Atmospheric stability and plume behaviourAratiSavant
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
structure and composition of lithosphereDebasis Ray
The document discusses the lithosphere, which is the outermost solid shell of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the lithosphere and describes its composition and structure. The lithosphere consists of oceanic and continental crust and the upper mantle. The second section discusses various geological processes that affect the lithosphere like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. The third section describes the chemical composition and types of rocks found in the lithosphere.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
The sun is the primary energy source for Earth's climate system. It emits radiation isotropically that decreases with the inverse square of distance. At the top of the atmosphere, the solar irradiance is approximately 1361 W/m^2. The atmosphere absorbs and transmits parts of the solar spectrum. Earth's climate is maintained by a balance between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. There are spatial and seasonal variations in this energy budget due to Earth's orbit and tilt.
The document discusses solar radiation and presents a mathematical model for predicting global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. It describes how solar radiation reaches Earth from the sun and the amount of energy received. The model calculates hourly, daily, and monthly global radiation based on factors like Julian date, cloudiness, and sun position. Validation shows the model estimates daily radiation within 4.5% accuracy and monthly radiation within 0.34% compared to experimental data.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
This document summarizes atmospheric circulation and pressure distributions. It describes the single-cell and three-cell models of atmospheric circulation, including the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell. It discusses global wind patterns, pressure systems like the subtropical high and Intertropical Convergence Zone, and factors that influence winds like solar heating and the Coriolis effect. It also mentions regional circulation features and pressure systems, ocean currents, and mesoscale and microscale atmospheric phenomena.
El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns characterized by fluctuations in sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. During El Niño, warm water shifts eastward, suppressing coastal upwelling and reducing nutrients. La Niña has the opposite effect, with stronger trade winds pushing warm water westward and enhancing coastal upwelling and nutrients. These changes impact global weather patterns and ocean productivity.
The document discusses the Earth's climate system and factors that can cause climate change. It defines climate as the long-term atmospheric conditions of an area, whereas weather refers to short-term conditions. Climate change occurs when factors like greenhouse gases, solar variability, volcanic eruptions, and human activities disrupt the global energy balance. The climate system includes interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, and land that influence heat distribution.
General circulation models (GCMs) are computer models that simulate the operation of the climate system. GCMs take into account factors like greenhouse gases, landforms, ocean currents, and their interactions. GCMs are used to both identify possible causes of climate change and predict future climate. Contemporary GCMs are complex, three-dimensional models with thousands of individual cells that simulate atmospheric and oceanic processes globally. GCMs are the best tools available for determining the potential impacts of climate change and informing conservation and policy responses.
This Presentation covers the following topics:-
-Radiation
-Albedo
-Factors affecting albedo
-Albedo-ice feedback
-Impacts of Albedo On Environment
-Heat island effect
-Innovative ways to reduce albedo
-Insolation effects
-Black body
-Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
Credits - Aditi Shah
Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planningJack Onyisi Abebe
This document discusses the components of climatic systems and their implications for agricultural planning. It defines climatic systems as consisting of five major components: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere. It describes each of these components and their interactions. The document then discusses how understanding climatic systems can inform various aspects of agricultural planning, such as selecting crop varieties suited to local climates, managing frost and drought risks, and adapting to climate change.
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed of several layers:
1) The troposphere, closest to Earth's surface and containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Temperature decreases with altitude.
2) The stratosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with altitude here.
3) The mesosphere where temperature decreases with altitude again.
4) The thermosphere, growing very hot due to solar activity.
5) The exosphere, the uppermost layer where molecules can escape into space.
This document discusses how energy from the sun interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. Solar radiation enters the atmosphere and is scattered, refracted, reflected, or absorbed. Atmospheric gases and particles influence these processes. Absorbed radiation is transferred within the atmosphere and at the surface via conduction, convection, and radiation. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and clouds contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping infrared radiation emitted from the surface. The surface and atmospheric energy budgets describe the distribution of solar energy after it passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface.
The document discusses how solar radiation interacts with the Earth's atmosphere and maintains the planet's energy balance. It explains that the sun radiates energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, which interact with gases in the atmosphere through scattering, absorption, and transmission. Some solar energy is scattered back into space by particles, while some reaches the Earth's surface. Gases like ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor absorb radiation at different wavelengths. Together with radiation laws like Stefan-Boltzmann and Planck's law, this governs the spectrum of solar radiation that reaches the Earth and is re-radiated back to space, maintaining the planet's temperature.
Sea level changes over geological timescales are reconstructed using a wide range of techniques. Relative sea level rises are indicated by submerged coastal features, while falls are shown by raised beaches and shorelines. Oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments also reveal changes in global sea level during the Quaternary period, with average sea levels 50-60m lower during glacial periods. More recently, sea levels rose rapidly following the last glacial maximum but have been relatively stable over the past 5,000-6,000 years. Future sea level rise is projected to have significant environmental and economic impacts through coastal flooding and erosion.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
This document summarizes key concepts about temperature and radiation budgets:
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude according to the environmental lapse rate. Temperature also varies daily, seasonally, and with location.
- Solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface varies with factors like latitude, day length, cloud cover, altitude, aspect, and albedo of the surface.
- Heat is transferred around the globe by ocean currents and winds, which move warm water and air toward the poles and cold water and air toward the equator. Evaporation and condensation also transfer heat via the latent heat of water vapor.
- Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some outgoing long-wave radiation, contributing to the natural greenhouse effect
This document discusses energy pathways and balances at Earth's surface. It explains that 51% of incoming solar energy (insolation) is absorbed at the surface on average, while 29% is absorbed directly and 22% is absorbed after scattering. About 4% of insolation is reflected from the surface. The greenhouse effect occurs as the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates heat, warming the planet. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb and retain heat, creating urban heat islands.
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The global atmospheric circulation system transports heat around the Earth's atmosphere and affects climate and weather patterns. It involves warm air rising at the equator and cold air sinking at the poles, creating circulation cells. Without this system, temperatures would become more extreme between the tropics and poles.
Atmospheric stability and plume behaviourAratiSavant
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
structure and composition of lithosphereDebasis Ray
The document discusses the lithosphere, which is the outermost solid shell of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the lithosphere and describes its composition and structure. The lithosphere consists of oceanic and continental crust and the upper mantle. The second section discusses various geological processes that affect the lithosphere like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. The third section describes the chemical composition and types of rocks found in the lithosphere.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
The sun is the primary energy source for Earth's climate system. It emits radiation isotropically that decreases with the inverse square of distance. At the top of the atmosphere, the solar irradiance is approximately 1361 W/m^2. The atmosphere absorbs and transmits parts of the solar spectrum. Earth's climate is maintained by a balance between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. There are spatial and seasonal variations in this energy budget due to Earth's orbit and tilt.
The document discusses solar radiation and presents a mathematical model for predicting global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. It describes how solar radiation reaches Earth from the sun and the amount of energy received. The model calculates hourly, daily, and monthly global radiation based on factors like Julian date, cloudiness, and sun position. Validation shows the model estimates daily radiation within 4.5% accuracy and monthly radiation within 0.34% compared to experimental data.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and solar radiation concepts. It discusses topics like solar radiation geometry, measurement of solar radiation, extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, scattering and absorption in the atmosphere, air mass, and formulas for calculating the angle of incidence and solar day length. It also includes examples of calculating the angle of incidence and sunshine hours at different locations and dates. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning outcomes for a course on renewable energy systems with a focus on solar energy.
Principles of Solar radiation unit 1- Renewable Energy sourcesRamesh Thiagarajan
The document discusses solar energy and its various applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using technologies to capture and distribute it. It then provides details on the different types of solar technologies, including passive solar and active solar. It also discusses topics like the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives, how solar radiation is characterized, and instruments used to measure solar radiation. The document then covers environmental impacts of solar power generation and steps that can be taken to address those impacts. Finally, it discusses additional topics such as the physics of the sun, characteristics of the sun, and types of solar collectors.
Introduction and Solar Resource Estimation.pdfPranavCP1
This document provides information about a Renewable Energy Systems course taught by Dr. Arun P. The course covers various renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. It includes 3 modules that will estimate renewable energy potential, illustrate applications of renewable systems, and assess techno-economic viability. Students will learn to compute energy conversion efficiencies and be evaluated based on exams, assignments, and a mid-semester test. References are provided for further reading on related topics.
This document discusses molecular absorption of radiation and its application to measuring gas concentrations from space. It covers the basic properties of molecular absorption spectra including absorption coefficients and pressure broadening. It describes different forms of gas concentration and column measurements. It explains that molecules can absorb radiation based on their structure and dipole moment. The document outlines the rotational-vibrational transition types that produce absorption features in the visible and infrared spectrum. It discusses different types of absorption spectra and applications including measuring gas concentrations and temperature profiles from thermal infrared emission and sunlight reflection measurements.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1) Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves without a medium and travels at the speed of light. The amount radiated and wavelengths depend on an object's temperature according to Stefan-Boltzmann and Planck's laws.
2) Solar radiation reaches Earth's surface through reflection, scattering, absorption and transmission in the atmosphere. Gases like ozone and oxygen absorb most harmful UV rays while scattering by air molecules causes blue skies.
3) On Earth's surface, radiation is mostly absorbed and re-emitted, with some reflected depending on surface albedo. The atmosphere emits terrestrial radiation both upwards, lost to space, and downwards to the surface.
The document discusses three main ways that energy can be transferred: conduction, convection, and radiation. Radiation is the only form that can occur in a vacuum and is therefore important for remote sensing. Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. Remote sensing uses EMR from an energy source like the sun to illuminate targets. EMR interacts with and is affected by the atmosphere and earth's surface in complex ways like absorption, scattering, and reflection before being detected by sensors.
The document discusses solar energy, including how it is generated by the sun, its different forms (heat and electricity), and how it can be harnessed and converted for useful purposes. Some key points made include:
- Solar energy is an inexhaustible and environmentally clean source of energy that is freely available in many parts of the world.
- It can be captured and converted into heat or electricity through various technologies like solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, and concentrating solar power systems.
- Capturing solar energy involves collecting, converting, and storing it since it is a diffuse source that varies over time and location.
Studying the factors affecting solar power generation systems performance ( S...IJERA Editor
Solar energy is a huge, clean and renewable source of energy. It is also available everywhere on the earth. However, there are many technical and economic difficulties need to be solved so that solar energy becomes a strong competition against the traditional energy sources. Energy from the sun can be used successfully in electric power generation systems. Depending on the climate conditions and the use of a properly designed, installing and maintained system can meet a large demand in this request. Work plane for this research will include many steps, the first step will include an introduction to solar energy. The second step will be a short review of the solar energy availability, geometry, fields of applications and the largest commercial application of solar energy is the solar thermal power generation. In addition, the most common types of solar thermal power plants, the solar field, heat transfer fluid and the power conversion system types will be explained in detail. The third step, a simple analysis for the solar thermal power plant will be explained in order to predict the optimum conditions leading to maximum performance. Discussions of results will be the fourth step. The last step a conclusion and recommendation for future work will also be included.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on fundamental renewable energy supply. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The lecture covers energy balance of the Earth, solar radiation principles, wind energy principles, and is given on Wednesdays from 10:20-11:50 in Room 208. Solar energy provides over 99.9% of the energy converted on Earth, with the sun's radiation passing through the atmosphere and being weakened through processes like diffusion and absorption before reaching the Earth's surface. The document discusses various aspects of solar radiation in detail, including the spectral range, direct and diffuse radiation, and radiation levels on tilted surfaces oriented towards the sun.
This document discusses solar radiation and standard solar spectra. It provides details on:
- The solar constant of 1367 W/m^2 that represents the irradiance outside Earth's atmosphere.
- How the solar spectrum is modified as it passes through the atmosphere, being absorbed and scattered.
- Standard spectra models published by CIE and ASTM that are used to model solar irradiance for different conditions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in remote sensing including:
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths are used in remote sensing.
- How electromagnetic radiation interacts with the atmosphere, including scattering, absorption, and transmission.
- How radiation interacts with the Earth's surface through reflection, absorption, and transmission.
- Spectral reflectance curves and how the reflectance of materials like vegetation, soil, and water vary across the electromagnetic spectrum.
- The basic principles and elements of remote sensing systems, from the energy source and sensors to data analysis and applications.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in remote sensing including:
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths are used in remote sensing.
- How electromagnetic radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering, absorption, and transmission and how this affects data collection.
- How radiation interacts with the Earth's surface through reflection, absorption, and transmission and how this varies for different surface materials.
- Spectral reflectance curves and how they can be used to distinguish different surface features like vegetation, soil, and water based on their reflectance patterns across wavelengths.
Ch.2 Solar radiation and the greenhouse effectUsamaAslam21
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and the geometry of the Earth-Sun relationship. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves carrying energy. The spectrum of solar radiation contains ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs in the visible region. Solar radiation that reaches Earth without passing through the atmosphere is known as extraterrestrial radiation. Upon entering the atmosphere, solar radiation is reduced and consists of both direct beam radiation and diffuse sky radiation scattered by atmospheric constituents. The document also describes key geometric relationships between Earth and the Sun including latitude, longitude, declination angle, and hour angle.
This document discusses solar energy and its applications. It covers topics like solar radiation components, applications of solar energy in areas like solar heating and cooling and power generation, and factors that affect solar radiation intensity like geographical location and weather conditions. It also provides information on concepts like extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar collectors, and how solar geometry and angles help determine the amount of direct radiation received on Earth's surface.
Climate models are mathematical representations of physical processes that determine climate. They are used to understand climate processes and project future climate scenarios. Simplifications are needed due to complex interactions and limited computational capabilities. Models have improved over time with increased resolution and process representation. Observational evidence shows unequivocal warming globally with some regional precipitation variability. Projections show continued warming and changes in precipitation patterns for South Asia over the 21st century, but models have uncertainties. Continued improvements aim to better capture regional climate impacts.
The document discusses electromagnetic remote sensing and the electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the remote sensing process which involves energy sources, propagation through the atmosphere, interaction with earth surfaces, sensors to record reflected energy, and generation of sensor data. It also discusses the electromagnetic spectrum in detail, including different wavelength regions, wave and particle theories of electromagnetic radiation, blackbody radiation laws, and energy interactions within the atmosphere and with earth surfaces.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
1. The Energy Balance
A zero dimensional greenhouse model
•The sun makes life on earth possible. It is also the
driving force behind the changes in weather and
climate.
•Therefore studying the radiation balance between
incoming solar radiation and outgoing radiation from
the earth is important for climate modeling.
2. Cont…
• Atmospheric scientists derive from their
observations a simplified model for the
radiation balance between the surface and
atmosphere of the earth.
• The incoming solar radiation averaged
over the earth is given as 100 units. The
radiation is partly absorbed by the
atmosphere or partly scattered back or
reflected back to space.
8. Parameters of the zero dimensional
greenhouse model
Short Wave length Long Wave length
Parameter Symbol
& value
Parameter Symbol
& value
Albedo of
the surface
as =0.11 Transmittance of
the atmosphere
t’a =0.06
Albedo of the
atmosphere
aa =0.30 Albedo of the
atmosphere
a’a =0.31
Transmittanc
e of the
atmosphere
ta =0.53
9. Where is emissivity of the Earth
The earth’s radiation measured at
TOA is the intensity I
4
sI Tεσ=
ε
1for black bodyε =
10. Where is emissivity of the Earth
The earth’s radiation measured at
TOA is the intensity I
4
sI Tεσ=
ε
1for black bodyε =