The document discusses Wi-Fi and WiMax technologies. It provides an overview of Wi-Fi, including its standards, topologies, and limitations. It then covers WiMax, defining it as a broadband wireless technology specified by IEEE 802.16. Key aspects of WiMax discussed include its spectrum bands, mobility support, and applications. The relationship between Wi-Fi and WiMax is also addressed.
Competing technologies have a time-to-market advantage
- Many mobile operators have invested heavily in 3G systems.
Multiple technologies will co-exist as they meet different needs
Mobility may become a powerful differentiating factor when competing with DSL or Cable
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It uses radio waves in the 2-11 GHz range to transmit data, allowing it to provide coverage over large areas of up to 50 km from the base station. WiMAX was developed to provide wireless internet access similar to cable or DSL but over longer distances and in more rural areas. It allows for speeds of up to 70 Mbps and can support both fixed and mobile broadband applications. While WiFi is better suited for short range indoor use due to its lower power and speeds of up to 54 Mbps.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband access over long distances. It allows users to access the internet without wires by connecting to a WiMAX base station. Key points:
- WiMAX provides high-speed internet access to homes and businesses without wires using wireless technology outlined in IEEE 802.16 standards.
- It can be used for various applications including connecting Wi-Fi hotspots, providing broadband access, and providing mobile data for 4G services.
- WiMAX uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum and has an architecture with subscriber stations, access networks, and connectivity networks interconnected by standardized interfaces.
- It aims to eliminate constraints of Wi-Fi by providing greater mobility over longer distances and
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi technology, including its standards, architecture, security features, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It describes the IEEE 802.11 standards for Wi-Fi networks, including 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g. It also outlines the basic components of a Wi-Fi network including access points and wireless cards. Additionally, it discusses how Wi-Fi networks function, different topology types, configurations, applications, and compares Wi-Fi to other wireless technologies like WiMAX.
Wi-Fi allows wireless networking connectivity within homes and offices without wires, using radio signals to connect devices within 100 feet of each other. WiMAX provides broader wireless coverage over distances of up to 50km to serve as a wireless alternative to wired broadband. While Wi-Fi is best for small indoor coverage areas, WiMAX is designed for larger outdoor metropolitan coverage as a wireless option for last mile internet access to homes and businesses. Both technologies will continue to evolve and work together, with WiMAX complementing Wi-Fi for broader range wireless connectivity and Intel integrating their capabilities into single chips.
The presentation contains slides regarding various functions, components & uses of Wi-MAX. It compares the advantages of Wi-MAX over other technologies.
WIMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connectivity over long distances in a variety of ways. It uses towers to transmit high-speed internet access to receivers within a range of up to 50 km. WIMAX has several advantages over existing wireless technologies like WiFi and 3G, such as higher speeds, broader coverage areas, and lower infrastructure costs. While WIMAX adoption is still in early stages, it promises to deliver wireless broadband to more users at lower prices than current options.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It operates using towers and receivers. WiMAX works by transmitting signals from towers that can cover large areas, up to 50 km. Receivers pick up the signal and can be internal cards or external boxes. The document outlines key features of WiMAX including scalability to support thousands of users, quality of service guarantees, long ranges of up to 50 km, and broad coverage areas supported by its tower infrastructure. Advantages over WiFi are also discussed such as better performance, quality of service, range, coverage, and security. Potential future uses of WiMAX include providing fixed wireless connections initially, then
Competing technologies have a time-to-market advantage
- Many mobile operators have invested heavily in 3G systems.
Multiple technologies will co-exist as they meet different needs
Mobility may become a powerful differentiating factor when competing with DSL or Cable
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It uses radio waves in the 2-11 GHz range to transmit data, allowing it to provide coverage over large areas of up to 50 km from the base station. WiMAX was developed to provide wireless internet access similar to cable or DSL but over longer distances and in more rural areas. It allows for speeds of up to 70 Mbps and can support both fixed and mobile broadband applications. While WiFi is better suited for short range indoor use due to its lower power and speeds of up to 54 Mbps.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband access over long distances. It allows users to access the internet without wires by connecting to a WiMAX base station. Key points:
- WiMAX provides high-speed internet access to homes and businesses without wires using wireless technology outlined in IEEE 802.16 standards.
- It can be used for various applications including connecting Wi-Fi hotspots, providing broadband access, and providing mobile data for 4G services.
- WiMAX uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum and has an architecture with subscriber stations, access networks, and connectivity networks interconnected by standardized interfaces.
- It aims to eliminate constraints of Wi-Fi by providing greater mobility over longer distances and
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi technology, including its standards, architecture, security features, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It describes the IEEE 802.11 standards for Wi-Fi networks, including 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g. It also outlines the basic components of a Wi-Fi network including access points and wireless cards. Additionally, it discusses how Wi-Fi networks function, different topology types, configurations, applications, and compares Wi-Fi to other wireless technologies like WiMAX.
Wi-Fi allows wireless networking connectivity within homes and offices without wires, using radio signals to connect devices within 100 feet of each other. WiMAX provides broader wireless coverage over distances of up to 50km to serve as a wireless alternative to wired broadband. While Wi-Fi is best for small indoor coverage areas, WiMAX is designed for larger outdoor metropolitan coverage as a wireless option for last mile internet access to homes and businesses. Both technologies will continue to evolve and work together, with WiMAX complementing Wi-Fi for broader range wireless connectivity and Intel integrating their capabilities into single chips.
The presentation contains slides regarding various functions, components & uses of Wi-MAX. It compares the advantages of Wi-MAX over other technologies.
WIMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connectivity over long distances in a variety of ways. It uses towers to transmit high-speed internet access to receivers within a range of up to 50 km. WIMAX has several advantages over existing wireless technologies like WiFi and 3G, such as higher speeds, broader coverage areas, and lower infrastructure costs. While WIMAX adoption is still in early stages, it promises to deliver wireless broadband to more users at lower prices than current options.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It operates using towers and receivers. WiMAX works by transmitting signals from towers that can cover large areas, up to 50 km. Receivers pick up the signal and can be internal cards or external boxes. The document outlines key features of WiMAX including scalability to support thousands of users, quality of service guarantees, long ranges of up to 50 km, and broad coverage areas supported by its tower infrastructure. Advantages over WiFi are also discussed such as better performance, quality of service, range, coverage, and security. Potential future uses of WiMAX include providing fixed wireless connections initially, then
Definition:WiMAX is a fourth generation (4G) technology.WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX is technically also known as “IEEE 802.16”WiMAX is a wireless communications standard designed for creating Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs).A Broadband Wireless Access(BWA) technique offering fast broadband connection.It allows a user, to browse the internet on a laptop without physically connecting it to a router.It involves microwaves for the transfer of data wirelessly.Founded by Ensemble, CrossSpan, Harris & Nokia.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), which is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. WiMAX uses towers similar to cell towers to provide internet access over an area of up to 50 km without needing cables. It offers faster, more affordable and more widespread broadband access compared to options like DSL or cable. WiMAX connections are beginning to be provided in Pakistan and will allow for portable broadband access over large areas.
Wimax - Opportunites for Developing Nationskamalmittal1
The document provides an overview of WiMAX technology, standards, and deployments. It discusses key WiMAX concepts like OFDM, adaptive modulation and coding. It also covers spectrum bands used for WiMAX around the world and advantages/challenges of licensed vs unlicensed spectrum. Market drivers and the ecosystem supporting WiMAX are described.
This presentation introduces WiMax, a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over long distances at low cost. WiMax uses towers and receivers to connect users within a few miles to the internet via microwave signals. It has advantages over wired connections like quick installation and flexibility in pricing and bandwidth. While WiMax can support high speeds over large areas, it cannot do both simultaneously. In the future, WiMax is expected to provide affordable, widespread broadband access and become the dominant wireless networking technology within 5 years. It is compared to other wireless technologies like WiFi, 3G, and broadband, with each having their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, range, and cost.
WiMAX is an emerging wireless broadband technology that aims to connect the next 5 billion people globally. It uses adaptive modulation and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to provide broadband connectivity over both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight environments. WiMAX faces challenges around flexibility, security, and efficiency that it addresses through features like terminal authentication, user authentication, data encryption, and being a more spectrum-efficient solution compared to other wireless technologies. If successful, WiMAX could bring broadband access to underserved rural and developing areas and make portable internet access a reality.
The document discusses WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), which is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances at speeds up to 70 megabits per second without needing line-of-sight access to a base station. It is based on IEEE 802.16 standards and is expected to replace or complement existing wireless technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth by offering higher speeds and longer ranges. The document covers WiMax's technical details, working mechanisms, applications and its potential to enable widespread wireless broadband access.
Presentation @ MoMo Hyderabad in Decemeber. Discusses about wimax, alternatives to wimax, evolution of wimax.
This needs a In Person Presentation Support.
The document introduces WiMAX technology and Banglalion Communications Ltd, the first company to obtain a WiMAX license in Bangladesh. It discusses how WiMAX provides high-speed wireless internet access with larger coverage compared to 3G. Banglalion currently offers various internet packages and plans to provide additional services like IP telephony and IP TV using its WiMAX network.
The document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. WiMAX can provide broadband access to both fixed and mobile users, with speeds up to 70 Mbps. It has advantages over existing technologies like WiFi by providing broader coverage over distances of up to 50 km for lower costs. The document explores how WiMAX works, its standards, characteristics compared to WiFi, advantages and disadvantages, and its potential future applications in providing universal broadband connectivity.
1. WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over wide areas. It uses radio waves to transmit data and can provide connectivity up to 50km from transmission towers.
2. WiMAX offers high-speed data transmission rates and supports both fixed and mobile internet access. It is designed to be interoperable on a global scale.
3. Some applications of WiMAX include providing home/residential broadband access, connectivity for small/medium businesses, and as backhaul networks to connect cellular base stations to the core network.
Wireless communication systems provide mobility and connectivity anywhere through high data rates, quality of service, and extended ranges of up to 50km. WiMAX is a wireless technology that can deliver broadband access through fixed and mobile networks in an economical way. It transforms mobile broadband by supporting up to 75Mbps for devices like laptops. Key capabilities include centralized coordination, high-speed IP services, quality of service, and compatibility between equipment. WiMAX uses OFDM to optimize delivery of services and enables applications like voice, video, and Internet access over wide metropolitan areas.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband access over long distances. It can deliver high-speed internet access to both fixed and mobile users. WiMAX uses radio signals to transmit data between an antenna mounted on a structure like a tower and a wireless device. This allows it to provide broadband connectivity to areas where cable or DSL internet is unavailable or too expensive. WiMAX has advantages over WiFi like greater range, higher speeds, and less interference. While it promises high speeds and long ranges, its real-world performance depends on factors like line of sight, number of users, and environmental conditions. WiMAX can help provide emergency communications networks that are difficult to disrupt.
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless technology that can provide broadband connections over long distances. It uses towers to broadcast a signal that can reach up to 31 miles. Customers need a WIMAX receiver, such as a small box or computer card, to connect to the network. WIMAX offers faster speeds than broadband, wireless connectivity without cables, and broader coverage than WiFi. It has advantages over 3G like higher throughput, lower costs, and cheaper spectrum usage. While WIMAX may replace 3G networks in the future, it can also complement existing 2G and 3G networks.
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi and WiMAX wireless technologies. It describes Wi-Fi as a wireless local area network standard based on IEEE 802.11 that provides connectivity within 300 feet of an access point. It also outlines WiMAX as a wireless broadband standard based on IEEE 802.16 that can provide connectivity up to 30 km and mobile broadband up to 3 km from a base station. The document discusses the history, standards, components, strengths and weaknesses of both Wi-Fi and WiMAX networks.
The document presents information on WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). It defines WiMAX as a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances, in accordance with the IEEE 802.16 standard. WiMAX uses towers to broadcast a signal that can cover up to 50 km, allowing users to access the Internet wirelessly. It offers benefits over wired broadband like lower costs and broader coverage for rural areas. While it has advantages over 3G like higher throughput, it also has disadvantages such as higher costs and signal degradation in bad weather.
WIMAX is a new wireless technology that can provide broadband internet access over long distances at speeds comparable to cable internet. It uses licensed spectrum to transmit data between towers and customer devices over distances up to 30 miles. This allows it to provide broadband access to rural areas currently without wired internet options. WIMAX has advantages over existing technologies like lower costs, no need for direct line of sight, and ability to serve many users from a single tower.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology based on IEEE 802.16 standards that can provide broadband connections over long distances. It defines key terms, describes applications of WiMAX for both fixed and mobile use, how WiMAX systems work, competing technologies, current deployments, benefits compared to other options, and initiatives to bring WiMAX to Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of WiMAX technology, including the differences between fixed and mobile WiMAX. It discusses the IEEE 802.16 standards for fixed (802.16d) and mobile (802.16e) WiMAX. Fixed WiMAX uses OFDM and operates between 2-11 GHz for fixed wireless connections, while mobile WiMAX uses scalable OFDMA and enables handoffs between base stations for mobility below 100 km/h. Mobile WiMAX also introduces improved quality of service for real-time applications like voice. The document outlines the physical layer specifications and protocols of each standard.
The document discusses the growing demand for wireless internet access and how WiMAX is well-suited to meet this demand. It outlines how WiMAX provides broadband connectivity anywhere, uses an all-IP architecture for efficiency, and is seeing wide deployment by operators around the world. Over 250 trials and deployments in 65 countries demonstrate the momentum behind WiMAX as a leading solution for mobile internet access.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over long distances. It uses radio waves to transmit data and can provide connectivity up to 30 miles from a base station. WiMAX uses the IEEE 802.16 standard and consists of components like the base station, receiver, and antennas. It establishes connections like cellular networks but provides faster speeds than WiFi for connecting larger areas.
WiMax is a wireless technology that provides broadband connectivity over long distances at speeds up to 70 Mbps. It operates between 2-66GHz and can connect users within a radius of 50 km. Pakistan has seen significant adoption of WiMax, with the largest network operated by Wateen Telecom covering over 17 major cities. Key benefits of WiMax include long range, high speeds, low cost of deployment compared to wired networks, and ability to provide connectivity to remote areas. While interference and lack of widespread adoption present challenges, WiMax is projected to become a dominant wireless technology for connectivity within the next 5 years.
Definition:WiMAX is a fourth generation (4G) technology.WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX is technically also known as “IEEE 802.16”WiMAX is a wireless communications standard designed for creating Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs).A Broadband Wireless Access(BWA) technique offering fast broadband connection.It allows a user, to browse the internet on a laptop without physically connecting it to a router.It involves microwaves for the transfer of data wirelessly.Founded by Ensemble, CrossSpan, Harris & Nokia.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), which is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. WiMAX uses towers similar to cell towers to provide internet access over an area of up to 50 km without needing cables. It offers faster, more affordable and more widespread broadband access compared to options like DSL or cable. WiMAX connections are beginning to be provided in Pakistan and will allow for portable broadband access over large areas.
Wimax - Opportunites for Developing Nationskamalmittal1
The document provides an overview of WiMAX technology, standards, and deployments. It discusses key WiMAX concepts like OFDM, adaptive modulation and coding. It also covers spectrum bands used for WiMAX around the world and advantages/challenges of licensed vs unlicensed spectrum. Market drivers and the ecosystem supporting WiMAX are described.
This presentation introduces WiMax, a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over long distances at low cost. WiMax uses towers and receivers to connect users within a few miles to the internet via microwave signals. It has advantages over wired connections like quick installation and flexibility in pricing and bandwidth. While WiMax can support high speeds over large areas, it cannot do both simultaneously. In the future, WiMax is expected to provide affordable, widespread broadband access and become the dominant wireless networking technology within 5 years. It is compared to other wireless technologies like WiFi, 3G, and broadband, with each having their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, range, and cost.
WiMAX is an emerging wireless broadband technology that aims to connect the next 5 billion people globally. It uses adaptive modulation and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to provide broadband connectivity over both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight environments. WiMAX faces challenges around flexibility, security, and efficiency that it addresses through features like terminal authentication, user authentication, data encryption, and being a more spectrum-efficient solution compared to other wireless technologies. If successful, WiMAX could bring broadband access to underserved rural and developing areas and make portable internet access a reality.
The document discusses WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), which is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances at speeds up to 70 megabits per second without needing line-of-sight access to a base station. It is based on IEEE 802.16 standards and is expected to replace or complement existing wireless technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth by offering higher speeds and longer ranges. The document covers WiMax's technical details, working mechanisms, applications and its potential to enable widespread wireless broadband access.
Presentation @ MoMo Hyderabad in Decemeber. Discusses about wimax, alternatives to wimax, evolution of wimax.
This needs a In Person Presentation Support.
The document introduces WiMAX technology and Banglalion Communications Ltd, the first company to obtain a WiMAX license in Bangladesh. It discusses how WiMAX provides high-speed wireless internet access with larger coverage compared to 3G. Banglalion currently offers various internet packages and plans to provide additional services like IP telephony and IP TV using its WiMAX network.
The document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. WiMAX can provide broadband access to both fixed and mobile users, with speeds up to 70 Mbps. It has advantages over existing technologies like WiFi by providing broader coverage over distances of up to 50 km for lower costs. The document explores how WiMAX works, its standards, characteristics compared to WiFi, advantages and disadvantages, and its potential future applications in providing universal broadband connectivity.
1. WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over wide areas. It uses radio waves to transmit data and can provide connectivity up to 50km from transmission towers.
2. WiMAX offers high-speed data transmission rates and supports both fixed and mobile internet access. It is designed to be interoperable on a global scale.
3. Some applications of WiMAX include providing home/residential broadband access, connectivity for small/medium businesses, and as backhaul networks to connect cellular base stations to the core network.
Wireless communication systems provide mobility and connectivity anywhere through high data rates, quality of service, and extended ranges of up to 50km. WiMAX is a wireless technology that can deliver broadband access through fixed and mobile networks in an economical way. It transforms mobile broadband by supporting up to 75Mbps for devices like laptops. Key capabilities include centralized coordination, high-speed IP services, quality of service, and compatibility between equipment. WiMAX uses OFDM to optimize delivery of services and enables applications like voice, video, and Internet access over wide metropolitan areas.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband access over long distances. It can deliver high-speed internet access to both fixed and mobile users. WiMAX uses radio signals to transmit data between an antenna mounted on a structure like a tower and a wireless device. This allows it to provide broadband connectivity to areas where cable or DSL internet is unavailable or too expensive. WiMAX has advantages over WiFi like greater range, higher speeds, and less interference. While it promises high speeds and long ranges, its real-world performance depends on factors like line of sight, number of users, and environmental conditions. WiMAX can help provide emergency communications networks that are difficult to disrupt.
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless technology that can provide broadband connections over long distances. It uses towers to broadcast a signal that can reach up to 31 miles. Customers need a WIMAX receiver, such as a small box or computer card, to connect to the network. WIMAX offers faster speeds than broadband, wireless connectivity without cables, and broader coverage than WiFi. It has advantages over 3G like higher throughput, lower costs, and cheaper spectrum usage. While WIMAX may replace 3G networks in the future, it can also complement existing 2G and 3G networks.
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi and WiMAX wireless technologies. It describes Wi-Fi as a wireless local area network standard based on IEEE 802.11 that provides connectivity within 300 feet of an access point. It also outlines WiMAX as a wireless broadband standard based on IEEE 802.16 that can provide connectivity up to 30 km and mobile broadband up to 3 km from a base station. The document discusses the history, standards, components, strengths and weaknesses of both Wi-Fi and WiMAX networks.
The document presents information on WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). It defines WiMAX as a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances, in accordance with the IEEE 802.16 standard. WiMAX uses towers to broadcast a signal that can cover up to 50 km, allowing users to access the Internet wirelessly. It offers benefits over wired broadband like lower costs and broader coverage for rural areas. While it has advantages over 3G like higher throughput, it also has disadvantages such as higher costs and signal degradation in bad weather.
WIMAX is a new wireless technology that can provide broadband internet access over long distances at speeds comparable to cable internet. It uses licensed spectrum to transmit data between towers and customer devices over distances up to 30 miles. This allows it to provide broadband access to rural areas currently without wired internet options. WIMAX has advantages over existing technologies like lower costs, no need for direct line of sight, and ability to serve many users from a single tower.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology based on IEEE 802.16 standards that can provide broadband connections over long distances. It defines key terms, describes applications of WiMAX for both fixed and mobile use, how WiMAX systems work, competing technologies, current deployments, benefits compared to other options, and initiatives to bring WiMAX to Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of WiMAX technology, including the differences between fixed and mobile WiMAX. It discusses the IEEE 802.16 standards for fixed (802.16d) and mobile (802.16e) WiMAX. Fixed WiMAX uses OFDM and operates between 2-11 GHz for fixed wireless connections, while mobile WiMAX uses scalable OFDMA and enables handoffs between base stations for mobility below 100 km/h. Mobile WiMAX also introduces improved quality of service for real-time applications like voice. The document outlines the physical layer specifications and protocols of each standard.
The document discusses the growing demand for wireless internet access and how WiMAX is well-suited to meet this demand. It outlines how WiMAX provides broadband connectivity anywhere, uses an all-IP architecture for efficiency, and is seeing wide deployment by operators around the world. Over 250 trials and deployments in 65 countries demonstrate the momentum behind WiMAX as a leading solution for mobile internet access.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over long distances. It uses radio waves to transmit data and can provide connectivity up to 30 miles from a base station. WiMAX uses the IEEE 802.16 standard and consists of components like the base station, receiver, and antennas. It establishes connections like cellular networks but provides faster speeds than WiFi for connecting larger areas.
WiMax is a wireless technology that provides broadband connectivity over long distances at speeds up to 70 Mbps. It operates between 2-66GHz and can connect users within a radius of 50 km. Pakistan has seen significant adoption of WiMax, with the largest network operated by Wateen Telecom covering over 17 major cities. Key benefits of WiMax include long range, high speeds, low cost of deployment compared to wired networks, and ability to provide connectivity to remote areas. While interference and lack of widespread adoption present challenges, WiMax is projected to become a dominant wireless technology for connectivity within the next 5 years.
This document provides an overview of WiMAX technology, including defining WiMAX as a wireless broadband technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. It describes fundamental WiMAX concepts such as the base station, subscriber station, modes of communication including line of sight and non-line of sight. The document also outlines benefits of WiMAX such as faster speeds than broadband, wireless connectivity without cables, and broad coverage compared to WiFi hotspots. It concludes that WiMAX can bring broadband access to more users in rural and developing areas.
WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment.
1) WIMAX is a wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard that can provide broadband internet access over long distances, much farther than traditional WiFi networks.
2) A WIMAX system includes WIMAX towers that can provide coverage over large areas up to 3000 square miles, and WIMAX receivers that allow devices to connect to the internet wirelessly.
3) WIMAX has several advantages over existing technologies like WiFi and 3G networks, including faster speeds, broader coverage areas, and lower implementation costs for internet service providers.
The document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), which provides wireless broadband connectivity. It aims to provide high-speed broadband over long distances like cellular networks, addressing limitations of existing broadband and Wi-Fi technologies. Key aspects covered include the IEEE 802.16 standard defining WiMAX, its physical layer, medium access control layer, convergence layer, supported features like quality of service, mobility, and security.
This document discusses wireless technology and WiMAX. It begins with an introduction to wireless technology and its characteristics like mobility, reachability, maintainability and simplicity. It then discusses different wireless network topologies and technologies classified by range, including WWAN, WPAN, WLAN and WMAN. The document introduces WiMAX as a wireless broadband technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard that supports broadband speeds up to 75 Mbps within a range of up to 50 km. It compares WiMAX to other wireless technologies and discusses WiMAX's vision of providing broadband everywhere as well as its benefits like replacing copper wire networks and providing high-speed connectivity.
WiMax was introduced to address limitations of existing wireless technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi that have short ranges and lower data rates. WiMax provides broadband connectivity over distances of up to 50km with data rates comparable to cable. It allows for quick deployment of wireless networks without the need for cables. Key features of WiMax include flexible network architectures, high security, support for multiple service levels, interoperability between equipment vendors, portability between base stations, and soon mobility for users.
This document discusses WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a wireless technology that can provide broadband internet access over long distances. It describes WiMAX's ability to connect devices using wireless signals instead of cables. The document outlines WiMAX's history, how it works by transmitting signals between towers and receivers, its applications for broadband internet access, and its advantages of low cost and wide coverage though it has disadvantages like needing line of sight and being power intensive.
WiMAX technology allows for wireless broadband connectivity over long distances in a more economical way than other wireless technologies. It works by using towers to transmit high-speed network signals up to 30 miles to both fixed and mobile receivers. Key benefits include serving many users at once from a single tower, faster deployment than wired networks, large coverage areas, standardization allowing interoperability between equipment, and providing high-speed broadband access at lower costs than other options. However, it also has drawbacks like needing line-of-sight for long-distance connections, susceptibility to weather interference, and high installation costs for equipment.
1) WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances, with a range of up to 50 km. It uses towers similar to cell phone towers and receivers or chips in devices to connect them to the Internet.
2) WiMAX has advantages over existing technologies like higher speeds, broader coverage from towers, and not requiring wired connections. It also has advantages over 3G like higher throughput, lower costs, and latency.
3) While WiMAX shows promise for broadband access, issues remain in its deployment competing against established 3G networks and achieving widespread coverage. It may become more viable as costs decline and the technology standard matures.
WiMAX and LTE are wireless broadband technologies. WiMAX is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard and uses a scalable wireless platform to provide broadband internet access over wide areas at speeds up to 15 Mbps for a 3 km cell. It uses components like base stations, receivers, and backhaul and can operate in spectrum bands from 2.3GHz to 5.8GHz. LTE is a 4G wireless standard that increases the speed and capacity of mobile networks using an improved radio interface and core network. Both technologies aim to deliver high-speed wireless internet as an alternative or complement to wired broadband networks.
The document discusses mobile communication systems and standards. It provides a history of communication networks beginning with Marconi's invention of wireless telegraph in 1896. It describes the evolution of technologies including wired and wireless communication technologies. Key concepts discussed include orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), WiMAX features, and challenges for WiMAX system design. The document is a technical report on mobile communication systems that was prepared by Dr. T. Deepa.
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that allows devices to connect to the internet and exchange data wirelessly using radio waves. It was invented in 1991 and standardized as IEEE 802.11. Wi-Fi uses radio frequencies between 2.4GHz and 5GHz to transmit data over distances of up to 150 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors. It enables wireless internet access through base stations called access points that broadcast signals for wireless devices to connect to. The technology has various applications and advantages like mobility and reduced installation costs but also faces limitations like interference and security issues.
Wi-Fi and WiMAX are wireless networking technologies. Wi-Fi uses radio waves to connect devices in local areas like homes and offices, while WiMAX can connect devices over longer distances of up to 30 miles, making it suitable for connecting entire cities. Both technologies transmit data using radio signals in specific frequency ranges and support various transmission speeds and encryption standards. Wi-Fi devices connect directly to a local wireless router or access point, while WiMAX uses wireless towers similar to cellular networks to connect multiple users over wider areas.
A wireless network uses radio waves to connect devices like laptops to the internet and business networks without cables. It provides mobility and flexibility compared to wired networks. Common benefits of wireless networks for small businesses include convenience, mobility, productivity gains, low installation costs, and the ability to easily expand network access points. Wireless standards like 802.11 have continually improved network speeds and security.
Wi-Fi and WiMAX are wireless networking technologies that use radio waves and have standards specified by IEEE. Wi-Fi provides short range connectivity using technologies like 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n. WiMAX is a wireless broadband technology that provides longer range connectivity using standards like 802.16 and 802.16e. Both have advantages like mobility and convenience but Wi-Fi has limitations in range and speed while WiMAX installations have higher costs.
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi, including its history, standards, topologies, security, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It discusses how Wi-Fi works using radio frequencies to connect devices wirelessly. Key standards include 802.11a, b, g, and n, with newer versions providing higher speeds and improved security. Wi-Fi is commonly used both privately and publicly to access the internet via routers and hotspots.
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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless industry coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks.
FINGERNAIL DISORDER DETECTION FOR DISEASE ANALYSISShiraz316
The document describes the development of an AI model using deep learning techniques to detect nail disorders for disease analysis. The proposed model uses the YOLOv4 object detection framework and is trained on a dataset of 12,000 annotated nail disorder images from 12 classes. The model architecture includes 106 convolutional layers and is trained over multiple batches to optimize detection of the nail disorders. Results show the model achieves high precision and recall scores, indicating it can accurately detect different nail disorders.
K neareast neighbor algorithm presentationShiraz316
The document summarizes the K-nearest neighbors (K-NN) machine learning algorithm. K-NN is a simple algorithm that stores all available training data and classifies new data based on similarity. It finds the K closest examples in the training data for a new data point and assigns the most common class among those K examples to the new data point. The document discusses how K-NN works, selecting an appropriate value for K, and the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm, which include its simplicity but also high computational costs.
This document summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, but not all far points.
2) Latency was below targets for all sectors.
3) Dynamic KPI targets for setup success and drop rates were met.
4) Coverage maps show sectors achieve maximum coverage area with some null spots.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project site. Key findings include:
1) Throughput testing achieved the target values for all three sectors at both near and far points.
2) Latency and call setup success rates met the specified thresholds.
3) Coverage maps and plots show the site achieves maximum coverage of the surrounding area through optimal antenna placement and tilts.
4) The site meets all key performance indicators for throughput, latency, and call setup success.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, with sector A achieving up to 74.1 Mbps downlink.
2) Average downlink throughput was lower at far points, ranging from 26.3 to 32.2 Mbps.
3) Latency and KPI targets for call setup and handoff success were met.
4) Coverage maps show sectors achieve maximum coverage area with antenna azimuths of 30, 150, and 270 degrees.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test of a Wi tribe LTE TDD site. Key findings include: throughput targets were achieved at near points for all sectors but not all far points; latency was higher than targets for some sectors; and coverage was verified to reach the expected distances of 600m, 350m, and 430m for each sector respectively. Dynamic parameters like SINR and modulation were also analyzed to validate site performance.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test of a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, with sector C achieving the highest throughput.
2) Throughput was lower at far points as expected due to signal degradation with distance.
3) Latency was below targets for all sectors.
4) The site configuration achieved maximum coverage of routes with sectors oriented at 30, 150, 270 degrees.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key results include:
1) The site achieved its throughput targets of 75Mbps and 6.5Mbps for downlink and uplink near the site.
2) Latency was higher than the target of 35ms, measuring up to 118ms for some sectors.
3) Coverage maps show that the site provides maximum coverage of the surrounding area with its antenna configuration.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) The site achieved its throughput targets, with sector averages of 68.7-78.8 Mbps downlink and 4.0-9.5 Mbps uplink.
2) Latency was below targets, averaging 40-48 ms.
3) Dynamic KPIs like handover and drop call rates met their targets.
4) Coverage maps show the site provides good azimuthal coverage through its three sectors.
This report summarizes the single site verification test results for site KHI 156. Key results include:
1) Throughput targets were achieved at near points for all sectors, averaging 64.8-84.8 Mbps downlink and 8.5-10.8 Mbps uplink.
2) Downlink and uplink throughput dropped off significantly at far points as expected, averaging 25.6-31.7 Mbps and 1.1-2.4 Mbps respectively.
3) Latency metrics met targets, with pings under 50ms for 32 byte packets and under 60ms for 128 byte packets.
4) Coverage maps show sectors achieve over 600 square meters of coverage each with
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, with sector A achieving the highest near point throughput.
2) Coverage was maximized by setting antenna azimuths to 40, 150, and 270 degrees.
3) The site achieved its maximum potential throughput and covered a total area of 1680 square meters, with minimal null areas.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) The site achieved its throughput targets, with sector C reaching maximums of 56.4 Mbps downlink and 6.8 Mbps uplink.
2) Latency tests showed results under 40ms meeting the target of 35ms or less.
3) Coverage maps indicate the site's three sectors achieve good route coverage with their antenna placements.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors but not all far points.
2) Latency was higher than the target of 35ms.
3) Dynamic KPI targets for RRC setup success, ERAB setup success, and handoff success were met.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, with sector C achieving the highest throughput.
2) Latency was below targets.
3) Coverage was assessed to reach the desired radii of 450m for sectors A and B, and 600m for sector C.
4) The site configuration was found to provide maximum route coverage through its antenna placements.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, but not all far points.
2) Latency was below targets for most tests.
3) Coverage from the three sectors was able to achieve a maximum route with minimal null areas.
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput targets were met or exceeded at near points for all sectors, with averages of 68.1-77.7 Mbps downlink and 7.6-10.4 Mbps uplink.
2) Far point throughput was lower as expected but still met requirements, with averages of 30.4-39.6 Mbps downlink and 2-9.6 Mbps uplink.
3) Latency was below targets, with averages of 46-548 ms for 32 byte and 46 ms for 128 byte tests.
4) KPI targets for R
This report summarizes the results of a single site verification test for a Wi tribe LTE TDD project. Key findings include:
1) Throughput testing achieved the target values for all three sectors at near points and exceeded targets for some sectors at far points.
2) Latency was below targets for most tests.
3) Coverage maps show the three sectors together maximize the area covered by the site with some null areas.
LTE is an IP-based broadband network technology developed by 3GPP as an evolution of 3G mobile networks. It provides higher data rates and an improved end-to-end solution for delivery of voice, data and multimedia to users. Key aspects of LTE include support for wider channel bandwidths up to 20MHz, OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink, peak data rates of 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, and backward compatibility with 2G and 3G networks. LTE Advanced further enhances LTE through the use of carrier aggregation to bond multiple component carriers, support for higher order MIMO up to 8x8, and theoretical peak data rates
The document provides an overview of LTE technology and discusses why TDD-LTE is a good choice for wireless broadband (WBB). Key points include:
1) TDD-LTE offers flexibility in configuring downlink and uplink bandwidth ratios to match traffic usage, and provides 3 times the throughput of WiMAX.
2) The 3.5GHz spectrum band has abundant available spectrum that is well-suited for large-scale LTE TDD commercialization.
3) LTE TDD is a standard evolution of WiMAX that benefits from 3GPP standards and continued advancement. Mature ecosystems have been established for 3.5GHz LTE TDD commercialization.
Witribe Customer Premises Equipment Training for LTEShiraz316
This document provides instructions for configuring and using a Wi-Tribe LTE CPE device. It describes how to view the device and network status, configure Wi-Fi and network settings like port forwarding and firewall rules, perform a factory reset, and find information like the serving site ID and device IP address. Key settings and status pages are outlined, including mobile network status, Wi-Fi settings, LAN/WAN network status, port forwarding, and basic firewall configuration.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
1. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
INSTRUCTED BY
MUHAMMAD NAVEED SHAIKH
Broadband Communication and
Networks
2. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Wireless Networks
• In Wireless networks all devices communicate by using radio
frequencies.
• Phone line networks are great, but their connection points are
limited to the rooms that are equipped with telephone jacks.
• With a wireless network, you are not bound to any one location
• You are free to roam about the house and still have access to the
network. i.e. it provides mobility
3. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Wi-Fi: The Predecessor of WiMax
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that
are based on the IEEE 802.11a,b, and g standards.
• Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely
deployed fixed broadband wireless networks.
• The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that
wireless hosts connect to in order to access network
resources.
• As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the
fixed wireless access point, they can maintain
broadband wireless connectivity.
4. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Strengths of Wi-Fi
• Simplicity and ease of deployment given that it
uses unlicensed radio spectrum which does not
require regulatory approval.
• Cost of rolling out this wireless solution is low.
• Users are able to be mobile for up to 300 feet from
the access point.
• There are many Wi-Fi compatible products that
are available at a low cost and can interoperate
with other network technologies. Wi-Fi clients can
work seamlessly in other countries with minimal
configuration.
5. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Weaknesses of Wi-Fi
• Limited level of mobility.
• Susceptible to interference.
• Designed technically for short-range
operations and basically an indoors
technology.
• Security is a concern.
6. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiFi
• Wifi stands for Wireless Fidelity.
• Wireless devices are operate in two basic
modes
• Peer to peer ( without Access Point)
• Client server (with an Access Point)
7. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiFi Topologies
• Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
• Basic Service Set (BSS)
• Distribution System (DS)
• Extended Service Set (ESS)
8. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Independent Basic Service Set
(IBSS)
• Two or more wireless devices that are
recognized each other can begin
communicating within a single cell without
the presence of access point.
• This mode of operation is called an ad hoc
network or an independent basic service set
9. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Basic Service Set (BSS)
• A BSS is a cell that normally includes one or more
wireless devices and an access point (AP).
• AP supports upto 250 stations, depending on the
configuration.
• Once an AP is present, all communication between
wireless devices flows through the AP.
• The devices cease direct communication with each other.
• In other words, they quit operating as an Independent basic
service set or an ad-hoc network.
• Hence the method of communication changes from a peer
to peer mode to client/server approach.
10. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Infrastructure mode
• When an AP is connected to a wired LAN,
the wireless network is considered to be
operating in Infrastructure mode.
• The connection between two APs, or an AP
and a wired device, is called the distribution
system (DS).
11. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Extended Service Set (ESS)
• Multiple APs can be deployed in a way that
allows overlapping of cells
• Overlapping BSSs, to increase coverage
and decrease congestion, thereby forming
an extended service set.
12. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Wi-Fi Standards
Standard Throughput Range Frequency
802.11a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft Between 5
and 6 Ghz
802.11b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 2.4 Ghz
802.11g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 2.4 Ghz
14. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
What is WiMax?
• WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) is a standards-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to
cable and DSL.
• The technology is specified by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., as the
IEEE 802.16 standard.
15. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Forum
• It is a non-profit industry body dedicated to promoting the
adoption of this technology and ensuring that different
vendors’ products will interoperate.
• It is doing this through developing conformance and
interoperability test plans and certification program.
• WiMAX Forum Certified™ means a service provider can
buy equipment from more than one company and be
confident that everything works together.
16. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Technology
• WiMAX is expected to provide fixed , nomadic, portable
and, eventually, mobile wireless broadband connectivity
without the need for direct line-of-sight (LOS) with a base
station.
• In a typical cell radius deployment of three to ten kilometers,
WiMAX Forum Certified™ systems can be expected to
deliver capacity of up to 40 Mbps per channel, for fixed and
portable access applications.
• Mobile network deployments are expected to provide up to
15 Mbps of capacity within a typical cell radius deployment
of up to three kilometers.
17. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Why is it Interesting?
• Simultaneously support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed
connectivity and thousands of homes with DSL speed
connectivity.
• Promise of potential low cost and flexibility in building
broadband networks.
• Scalability, as extra channels and base stations can be added
incrementally as bandwidth demand grows.
• Support for both voice and video as well as Internet data.
• Semiconductor vendors envisage WiMax-enabled chips
appearing in PCs in 2006 and in notebook computers and
PDAs by 2007
18. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax is well suited to offer
both fixed and mobile access
19. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Relation of Wi-Fi and WiMax
• WiMax eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi.
• Unlike Wi-Fi, WiMax is intended to work outdoors
over long distances.
• WiMax is a more complex technology and has to
handle issues of importance such as QoS guarantees,
carrier-class reliability, NLOS.
• WiMax is not intended to replace Wi-Fi. Instead, the
two technologies complement each other.
20. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Standards
802.16 802.16a 802.16-
2004
802.16e-2005
Date
Completed
December
2001
January
2003
June 2004 December
2005
Spectrum 10-66 GHz < 11 GHz < 11 GHz < 6 GHz
Operation LOS Non-LOS Non-LOS Non-LOS and
Mobile
Bit Rate 32-134 Mbps Up to 75
Mbps
Up to 75
Mbps
Up to 15 Mbps
Cell Radius 1-3 miles 3-5 miles 3-5 miles 1-3 miles
21. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
How WiMax Works
• WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless service:
- Non-LOS, Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a
computer connects to the tower. Uses lower frequency range (2 to
11 GHz).
- LOS, where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower
from a rooftop or pole. The LOS connection is stronger and more
stable, so it is able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Uses
higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz.
Through stronger LOS antennas, WiMax transmitting stations
would send data to WiMax enabled computers or routers set up
within 30 (3,600 square miles of coverage) mile radius.
22. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Rollout
• WiMax Forum anticipates rollout of its
technology in 3 phases:
- Phase 1: Fixed Location, Private Line Services,
Hot Spot Backhaul.
- Phase 2: Broadband Wireless Access/Wireless
DSL
- Phase 3: Mobile/Nomadic Users.
23. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Spectrum
• Broad Operating Range
• WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global
deployment:
• Unlicensed 5 GHz: Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85 GHz.
In the upper 5 GHz band (5.725 – 5.850 GHz) many countries
allow higher power output (4 Watts) that makes it attractive for
WiMax applications.
• Licensed 3.5 GHz: Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have been
allocated for BWA in majority of countries.
• Licensed 2.5 GHz: The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz have
been allocated in the US, Mexico, Brazil and in some SEA
countries. In US this spectrum is licensed for MDS and ITFS.
24. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Challenges to Overcome in
WiMax Deployment
• RF Interference: Disrupts a transmission and decreases
performance. Common forms are multi-path interference and
attenuation. Overlapping interference generate random noise.
• Infrastructure Placement: The physical structure that houses
or supports the base station must be RF friendly. A metal farm
silo, for example, may distort signals, or a tree swaying in the
wind may change signal strength. Obstacles such as trees and
buildings frequently block signal paths. High RF activity in the
area can cause interference.
25. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Solving the challenges in WiMax
Deployment
• Proper network design and infrastructure placement are
critical for solving the challenges.
- Subscriber Site Survey, Statistics Gathering, coordination of RF
use with neighbouring providers.
- Antennas (Type, Tilt Angles, Array Gain, Diversity Gain)
- Proper design and deployment of the provider’s NOC.
- Well deployed base station or cells with 24/7 access, RF
friendly structure, and shielding from weather elements.
26. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Mobility Issues
• Device availability is a major issue
- Market introduction may be delayed
- High initial costs will limit adoption growth
In some markets spectrum availability is limited
- Bands < 3 GHz is better suited for mobile access
- Licenses for fixed WiMAX may not allow service provider to
offer mobile services
Current demand for WiMax is mostly for fixed services.
- Underserved Regions, Developing Markets
27. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Mobility Issues (Continued)
• Demand for wireless data is growing, but still it is limited
- Mobile operators may see need for a data-only
technology when demand is higher
- Demand may drive additional spectrum allocations for
wireless mobile data service
WiMax is not going to supplant other wireless
technologies
- It will not replace Wi-Fi in the LAN
- Cellular technologies may still be needed for voice
and data in the WAN
28. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Mobility Issues (Continued)
• Competing technologies have a time-to-market
advantage
- Many mobile operators have invested heavily in 3G
systems.
Multiple technologies will co-exist as they meet
different needs
Mobility may become a powerful differentiating factor
when competing with DSL or Cable
29. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
ITU Definitions
• Fixed wireless access (FWA)
– Wireless access application in which the location of the end-user
termination and the network access point to be connected to the end-
user are fixed.
• Mobile wireless access (MWA)
– Wireless access application in which the location of the end-user
termination is mobile.
• Nomadic wireless access (NWA)
– Wireless access application in which the location of the end-user
termination may be in different places but it must be stationary while
in use.
30. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Fixed and Nomadic Mapping
Based on ITU-R Definitions
Fixed Nomadic
Use • Service limited to installed
area
• No roaming between service
areas or operators
Location of end user terminal
may change but stationary
when in use
Device Standalone outdoor subscriber
station
• Indoor modems
• Laptops
31. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
WiMax Applications
• According to WiMax Forum it supports 5
classes of applications:
1. Multi-player Interactive Gaming.
2. VOIP and Video Conference
3. Streaming Media
4. Web Browsing and Instant Messaging
5. Media Content Downloads
33. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Technical Similarities and Differences Between
Licensed and License-Exempt Bands
• Both solutions are based on IEEE 802.16-2004
standard, which uses OFDM in the physical (PHY)
layer.
• OFDM provides benefits such as increased SNR of
subscriber stations and improved resiliency to multi-
path interference.
• For creating bi-directional channels for uplink and
downlink, licensed solutions use FDD while license
exempt solutions use TDD.
34. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Description A duplexing technique used in license-exempt
solutions, which uses a single channel for uplink
and downlink.
Advantages Enhanced flexibility, easier to pair with smart
antenna technologies, asymmetrical.
Disadvantages Cannot transmit and receive at the same time.
Usage “Bursty”, asymmetrical data applications,
environments with varying traffic patterns, where
RF efficiency is more important than cost.
35. By: Muhammad Naveed Shaikh
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
Description A duplexing technique used in licensed solutions that
uses a pair of spectrum channels, one for the uplink
and another for the downlink.
Advantages Proven technology for voice, designed for
symmetrical traffic, require guard time.
Disadvantages Cannot be deployed where spectrum is unpaired,
spectrum is usually licensed, higher cost associated
with spectrum purchase.
Usage Environments with predictable traffic patterns, where
equipment costs are more important than RF
efficiency.