Structures that span distances include: - River banks - Roads - Parts of buildings Large structures like bridges require beams to span distances and support the structure. Beams are horizontal structural elements that are placed on supports at both ends to carry loads across an open space. Alternative bridge supports include suspension bridges, which can span very large distances, and cable-stayed bridges, which are a more modern option for both short and long spans.

1. Eenheid 3
Strukture wat oor
afstande span

2.  Rivieroewers
 Paaie
 Dele van geboue

3. A sea bridge over misty waters: The immense £1billion
structure which is supported by more than 5,000 pillars
stretches for 24 miles along China's eastern port city of
Qingdao to the offshore island Huangdao (1 mile =1,6km) ?

4. Balke in strukture
I balke
Lateie
Balk-en-kolom

5. Balke
 Balke, draagbalke
 Laste oor afstand te stut
 Balke is solied
 Lê horisontaal
 Spanwydte van balk is afstand tussen
stutte

6. Dwarsprofiel:
Vorm van die deel wat jy
sien as jy die deel
dwarsoor sy lengte sal
sny.
I- Balk:
Sterkte en stewigheid,
gebruik minste staal,
kos minder,

7. Lateie:
Materiaal: Hout of
beton, kom bo deure en
vensters voor.

8. Balk-en-Kolom-Brue:
Mees algemeenste brȗe
oor hoofweë.
Brug met lang
spanwydte gebruik.
Stel korter balke wat
ook toelaat vir uitsetting
en inkrimping.

10. Onvolledige of foutiewe brug in Kaapstad

11. Alternatiewe
brugstutte
Hangbrug
Kabelankerbrug

12. Alternatiewe
Brugstutte
Hangbrȗe – oorspan
groot afstande waar
balk-brȗe nie sal werk
nie (figuur 1.30)
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge
Kabelankerbrȗe -
meer modern, kort-
en langspan.
The Russky Bridge, the world's longest
cable-stayed bridge

13. Hangbrȗe
Hierdie brȗe het
twee soorte
kabels nl, die
hoofkabel en die
hangkabels.
Die brugdek
Die spanwydte
is die afstand
tussen die
torings.

14. Kabelankerbrȗe
 Een soort kabel wat die dek direk van die toring af stut

15. Nelson Mandela Brug Johannesburg

17. China set to open world’s highest glass-
bottomed bridge

18. Boë in strukture
Versterkte beton
Beginsel van ‘n boog

19. Versterkte beton
 Klippe was gebruik voor die ontdekking
van versterkte beton.
 Versterkte beton kan swaar laste dra en
word deur staalstawe binne die beton
ondersteun.

20. Betonboogbrug

22. Beginsels van n boog
 Sluitsteen
 Bevoegdheidstaak 1.6 LB bl. 11 – benodig
Bakstene, papier, pen

24. Boë moet tot op die einde versterk word
tydens die bou-proses.

25. St Mary de Castro Church, Leicester: Looking east along the
nave to the chancel, the arches are mostly Victorian rebuilds.

26. Enkelboogdamwal
Kariba Dam – Zambezi rivier:The decades old
wall, on which construction began in 1955,
will send billions of tonnes of water crashing
towards various rural communities that have
their lives set along the Zambezi river.
The gigantic structure, which stands 128
metres tall and 579 metres wide and is a key
feature in the world’s largest man-made lake
and water reservoir, has been operational for
more than 50 years.
Time has taken its toll on the landmark, with
its concrete walls swelling due to slow
chemical reactions, which is impeding the
passage of water through the floodgates.
There have been warnings that the failure to
rehabilitate the wall would pose a risk to the
lives of some 3,5 million people downstream
in the two countries in which the dam is
located – Zimbabwe and Zambia – as well as
Malawi and Mozambique further downstream.
The loss of a key source of electricity for
Zambia and Zimbabwe pales into
insignificance when the prospect of the
possible loss of life is taken into account.
Wildlife and flora would also suffer potentially
devastating losses.

27. Kantelbalke
Eenvoudige kantelbalke
Kabelanker-kantelbalke

28. Kantelbalke
 Kantelbalke is
soortgelyk aan
balke MAAR word
net aan die EEN
kant gestut.
 ‘n STUTSTRUKTUUR
is wel nodig

29. Kabelanker-kantelbalke
 Kabels versterk en
stabiliseer sulke
strukture.
 Figuur 1.41 Stadion
stut

30. Velo Park, Lee Valley

31. Eenheid 4
Strukturele mislukking

34. Strukture misluk
as gevolg van:
Strukture FAAL as gevolg van ‘n
 Mislukking deur ‘n Fraktuur
(breuk) wat beteken dat die
struktuur nie sterk genoeg was om
die inwerkende kragte te weesrtaan
nie.
Mislukking deur buiging
(visstokke, geboue in
aardbewingstreke, meegee)
Mislukking deur kanteling
(omval, swaar aan bokant. Smal
basis en breë bokant, smal en hoog)
 Vereistes
vir ‘n
veilige
struktuur
(die 3 s’e)
a) Sterk
b) Stewig
c) Stabiel

36. Hersiening LB bl.15-16
 Leer die opsomming op bl15 vir ‘n klastoets
(20 punte)
 Voltooi al die hersieningsvrae in jou skrif as
huiswerk (25 punte)