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Technical codes
- 1. Technical Codes Camerawork Here is a list of key technical terms you should know. You should try and include as many of these in your production as possible. To support you with this you are going to begin by researching and writing your own definition of each of the key terms below, you should also include the effect of the technical code too Camerawork and photography create meaning and communicate messages through: Framing Medium shot Frames the subject from the waist up. Close-up Used to portray a character’s emotions, while only framing their face Long shot typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings. Medium close-up Frames a subject's head and cuts off around mid-chest. The focus is on the subject. Reveals only a little of the surroundings. Extreme close-up The ECU gets right in to the object and shows extreme detail. Medium long shot Frames the whole subject from the knees up Establishing shot First shot of a new scene - designed to set the scene Overhead Angle directly above characters Point of view (POV) Camera moves with character as if it is in their eyes Two-shot Both characters have equal importance in shot Over shoulder shot 2 people talking – camera express emotions on ones face Angles High angle Camera looks down on the subject from a high angle Low angle Camera angle positioned low looking up at character Canted angle (Dutch) Camera angle is deliberately slanted to one side Movement Static Camera stays still throughout shot Pan Moving the camera horizontally from a fixed position. Whip pan Camera pans so quickly that the picture blurs. Tilt Camera deliberate tilted to one side Track camera moves alongside the object it is recording Dolly The camera is mounted on the dolly and records the shot as it moves
- 2. Crane Shot taken by a camera on a moving crane Hand-held (Steadicam®) camera is held in the camera operator's hands Zoom changing the focal length of a zoom lens Aerial A shot taken from an airborne device, generally while moving Composition Aspect ratio the ratio of the width to the height of an image or screen. Rule of thirds Image into 9 equal parts – to create interest and tension Depth of field (deep and shallow focus) the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects giving a focused image. Focus pulls change focus during a shot - adjusting the focus from one subject to another. Colour Warm hues from red through yellow, browns and tans Cold hues from blue green through blue violet and most greys Black and white Black and white colour – to show culture and setting Monochromatic palette tints, tones, and shades of a single hue. Exposure amount of light per unit area Filters a filter that absorbs and changes light of certain colours. Colour Hue pure spectrum of colours commonly referred to by the "colour names" - red, orange, yellow, blue, green violet - which appear in the hue circle or rainbow. Visual Effects Green/blue screen in front of which moving subjects are filmed and which allows a separately filmed background to be added to the final image. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) creation of still or animated visual content with imaging software. Slow motion the action of showing film or playing back video more slowly than it was recorded, so that the action appears much slower than in real life. Fast motion the action of showing film or playing back video faster than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears much faster than in real life. Freeze frame a single frame forming a motionless image from a film or videotape.
- 3. Lighting is used to create meaning and communicates messages through: Direction and Shadows Overhead lighting a light which throws light downwards by being situated on the ceiling or having a downward shade. Under lighting the approach of lighting a subject from a point below the subjects in the scene Side lighting Its purpose is to light a subject from the back or side, so they have a slight glow around them. Colour Warm hues from red through yellow, browns and tans included Cold cool colours are often said to be the hues from blue green through blue violet, most greys included Natural Don’t tamper with lighting – as lit in the setting – normally lit by sunlight Quality Hard lighting strong, well defined shadows – shows details of object Soft lighting soft light makes shadows that are barely visible. High key Lots of light in the scene Low key Not much light – lots of shadows Editing techniques create meaning and communicate messages through: Narrative sequencing Continuity editing combining related shots into a sequence Non-continuity editing when shots are mismatched to disrupt the setting 180-degree rule two characters in a scene should maintain the same left/right relationship to one another. Cutaways interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else Shot/reverse shot one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Eyeline match Audience want to view what the character is looking at beyond the camera Action match where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action.
- 4. Cross-cutting establish action occurring at the same time, and usually in the same place. Flashback or flashforward scene that takes the narrative forward in time or back from the current point of the story Intercutting alternate with contrasting scenes or shots to make one whole scene in a film Parallel editing technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. Elliptical editing editing that cuts unnecessary actions from a sequence Montage series of short shots are edited into a sequence. Transitions Continuity cuts different components cut from a single shot into a sequence Jump cuts An sudden transition from one shot to another Fade in and fade out (to black or white) used to describe a transition to and from a blank image Wipe one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the frame to another Dissolve gradual transition from one image to another Sound creates meaning and communicates messages through: Diegetic sound noise which has a source on-screen. Non-diegetic sound noise which does not have a source on-screen, they have been added in. Ambient sound background sounds which are present in a scene or location. Synchronous sound that is matched to certain movements occurring in the scene Asynchronous sound does not match with the actions or movements on screen Foley sound reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film. Sound bridges type of sound editing that occurs when sound carries on through several shots Music Soundtrack a recording of the musical accompaniment of a film. Score original music written specifically to accompany a film
- 5. Incidental music 1. music used in a film or play as a background to create or enhance atmosphere. Theme music piece that is often written specifically for media text and usually played during the intro. Sound/musical motifs Sound associated with character or place Dialogue Voice-over production technique where a voice, not part of narrative, speaks over action Mode of address how the text speaks to the audience and involves them. Direct address Character talking directly to audience Accent a distinctive way of pronouncing a language - regional way of voice sounding Audio Effects Reverberation prolongation of a sound Delay When the inputted sound has a short delay prior to outputting the sound Distortion Loud noises creating distress Echo Sound that is heard after it has been reflected off a surface