turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Asparagus and dracaena - Species and varieties - Production technologyDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
FOLIAGE FILLERS - Asparagus and Dracaena - introduction and uses – varieties – propagation - planting systems and methods – nutrition and water management - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
A green house is a structure with walls and roof made
chiefly of transparent material, such as glass,in which
plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are
grown.
These structures range in size from small sheds to
industrial sized buildings. A miniature greenhouse is
known as a cold frame.
The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight
becomes significantly warmer than the external ambient
temperature,protecting from cold weather
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Timbers: Varieties of Indian timber, Characteristics and suitability
for different uses, Defects in timber, Diseases and decay in timber, Preservation and
Seasoning, Veneers, Fiber boards, Block boards
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Asparagus and dracaena - Species and varieties - Production technologyDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
FOLIAGE FILLERS - Asparagus and Dracaena - introduction and uses – varieties – propagation - planting systems and methods – nutrition and water management - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
A green house is a structure with walls and roof made
chiefly of transparent material, such as glass,in which
plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are
grown.
These structures range in size from small sheds to
industrial sized buildings. A miniature greenhouse is
known as a cold frame.
The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight
becomes significantly warmer than the external ambient
temperature,protecting from cold weather
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Timbers: Varieties of Indian timber, Characteristics and suitability
for different uses, Defects in timber, Diseases and decay in timber, Preservation and
Seasoning, Veneers, Fiber boards, Block boards
Weathering of wood is quite natural though it does not look good. For ensuring beauty and longevity of your lumber you should be choosing wood finishing products smartly. Enriching products when will be absorbed by wooden planks add years to their life. However it depends on the quality of stain how soon you will have to apply the maintenance coat.
THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY
Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, daylighting, mechanical
ventilation and/or fenestration will help distribute variability over space and time.
● Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable
design, especially in the face of climate change and rising energy costs. When Thermal
and Airflow Variability is implemented in a way that broadens people's perception of
thermal comfort, it may also help reduce energy demands for air conditioning and heating.
●●
Designing in features that allow users to easily adapt and modify their perceived thermal
conditions of their environment will increase the range of acceptable temperatures by two
degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol
and Humphreys, 2002).
● Coordination of design strategies among a project team (e.g., architect, lighting designer
and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design process will be particularly
important for achieving design intent
A farm house is a charming rural dwelling, typically situated in a pastoral setting surrounded by agricultural land. These homes often feature a traditional design with a focus on simplicity and functionality, providing a peaceful retreat away from urban life. With a close connection to nature, farm houses offer a unique blend of comfort and rustic appeal.
Metal sheet roofing is a durable and long-lasting option for residential and commercial buildings. It offers advantages such as resistance to harsh weather, low maintenance, and energy efficiency. With various types and styles available, metal roofing provides a modern and aesthetically pleasing solution for both new construction and roof replacements.
CII-SOHRABJI GODREJ
Office building Seminar hall Green Technology
Centre displaying the latest and emerging green
building materials and technologies in India Large
numbers of visitors are escorted on green building
tour Awarded the LEED platinum rating by U.S Green
building council
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Teak is tall evergreen tree. It has yellow
blonde reddish brown -wood. It attains the
height of about 30 metres.
Teak wood
Teak wood is found in Tropical and subtropical
climates. It is native to south and southeast
Asia mainly India, Indonesia Bangladesh,
Malaysia, Myanmar Thailand etc.
It is naturally resistant to outdoor elements
including rain, UV lights, drastic temperature
changes, wood eating insects etc.
3. Growing region It is mixed deciduous tree and
found in the forest area of Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra & Karnataka in India.
Growing season The best season to plant
the teak is monsoon, most probably after the
first shower.
Climatic Conditions Moist, warm tropical climate :
Minimum temperature :- 13˚C - 17˚C Maximum
temperature :- 39˚C - 44˚C Optimal rainfall :- 1,250
mm - 3,750mm For the production of good quality
timber the species require a season. At last four
months with less than 60 mm rainfall.
Suitable Soil Teak can grow in a variety of
soil. Need deep, well- drained & fertile soil.
Soil derived from limestone, seist, gniess &
shale rock.
Teak wood
5. Colour:
The sapwood of teak is yellowish-white, while
the hardwood may be golden-brown or dark
brown. Black lines (stripes) are sometimes clearly
visible on the heartwood.
Properties
Grain:
The grain pattern of the teak wood is
usually straight (Burmese teak is the best
example of this). But it can also have
wavy grain lines in some cases.
Density, strength & resistance
Teak has a firm structure. The wood is well-known for its
above-average durability, which makes teak wood objects
easily last 40 years or more. It is fairly resistant to
termites, decay and rot. However, marine borers can cause
damage to untreated teak sapwood.
6. Properties
Weight:
The average air-dry specific gravity of teak wood is
about 0.65, i.e. it is moderately heavy. Therefore, a
simple test to find out if the furniture is made of teak
wood is to check how heavy it is. Particleboards and
teak veneered MDF are lighter in weight compared to
solid teak wood.
Fragrance:
Teak wood contains natural oils that help fight
termites, insects and rot. It is this oil in its wood
that makes teak wood so durable. This oil has a
faint but distinctive aroma and smells like skin.
So this is one of the ways used to determine if
the wood used in the furniture is teak wood.
7. Very good resistance to humidity and attack by fungi and
insects. It is even possible to leave it in the open without
treatment thanks to its natural oils. It is difficult to find
woods that offer similar durability being so light, they
are usually much denser. In this sense, there are
important differences between cultivated teak and that
which grows naturally, the latter being the one with the
best durability.
High durability
Mechanical Properties :
Compressive strength: 570 kg / Cum
Static bending strength: 1,000 kg /Cum
Modulus of elasticity: 140,000 kg /Cum
Properties
8. Sawn: No problem. Due to its
high silica content, it can
accelerate tool wear.
Glueing Some problems may be
encountered due to its resins or
natural oils. In these cases, it will
be necessary to clean the surface.
Workability
Teak is a hardwood which is relatively easier to work with because of
its firm structure. However, its high silica content can sometimes make
the cutting edges blunt, which is why using tungsten-carbide blades is
recommended. Nailing and screwing is easy. The natural presence of
oils in teak can sometimes make gluing difficult, and it's recommended
to glue timber surfaces when freshly dressed. Teak fares well against
painting, staining, polishing and waxing, however, steam bending teak
is not possible
Brushing: No problem. It has the
smell of leather after being cut or
brushed.
Drying: Slow, practically without
risk of decay or cracking
9. Teak outdoor furniture is able to last for many years in any open spaces such as lawn, garden, patios, decking, or
conservatory room. Compared to other wood furniture for outdoors, teak is more durable in term of usage.
Superiority that teak has is nature from its characteristics supported with proper production process to transform
the wood into quality, strong as well as durable furniture product.
The most critical issue in transforming teak wood to piece of furniture is the production process. The top notch quality
will not be gained if there is any skipped stages arise. To produce quality outdoor furniture, manufacturing companies
need quality material as well. To achieve quality teak outdoor furniture, the first step should be done is to source good
grade of teak wood like A or B grade.
Kiln Dried Process
Teak has moisture content and it is a must to lower it down to achieve longevity and durability during manufacturing
process, transportation, and end customer’s usage. Kiln dry is performed after teak log is cut into planks of the desired
size or before the assembling process. For teak, it needs three weeks to kiln dry in order to achieve 8% before used in
manufacturing of teak outdoor furniture. The drying process increases the stability and hardness of the wood so there
will not be any wood splitting or cracking once becomes a finished product.
Manufacturing Process
10. Assembling Process
In this stage, each plank cut into smaller size such as panels and construct them into raw products. The assembling
process of outdoor furniture is shorter than indoor as it has simpler design or less carving.
Finishing Process
In finishing stage, outdoor furniture needs less treatment compared to indoor furniture. The outdoor piece needs only
sanding process with minimal finishing (coloring) touch. The skillful workers have to re-sand every surface of the
wood until smooth in order to obtain fine sanding finish.
Accessories Process
If the furniture requires handles, latches, or any minor hardware installments, it can be performed after finishing
process. Once everything is properly done, it goes to packaging process.
Teak wood
11. Packaging Process
Once quality control person accepts the final product, the final process before shipment is the packaging stage.
Usually wood furniture is wrapped with single face paper to optimize arrangement in container space or in carton
box to adjust customer’s requirements and standard.
Wood furniture manufacturing companies has to provide checking person in every process to follow production
standard. After a long chain of manufacturing processes, then teak outdoor furniture packages are ready to be
shipped around the world to satisfy furniture market demand.
Teak wood