The document discusses glass fiber reinforced gypsum (GFRG) as an alternative building material. It notes that GFRG uses phosphogypsum, a byproduct of fertilizer production, in its production. This helps reduce environmental impacts while providing benefits like being lightweight, strong, crack-resistant and fire resistant. GFRG wall panel construction has been promoted in India as a way to provide more affordable housing through a faster construction process that uses less raw materials. Over 20 lakh square feet of construction has used GFRG wall panels. Research organizations like IIT Madras and the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council have evaluated and promoted GFRG technology.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
Sustainable approach of using higher percentage of stone dust, silica fume an...Bilcilintan Patel
It can give a idea of using a by- product for making a sustainable concrete and minimizing the natural resources by using a Stone dust, Silica fume and Glass powder
THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY
Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, daylighting, mechanical
ventilation and/or fenestration will help distribute variability over space and time.
● Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable
design, especially in the face of climate change and rising energy costs. When Thermal
and Airflow Variability is implemented in a way that broadens people's perception of
thermal comfort, it may also help reduce energy demands for air conditioning and heating.
●●
Designing in features that allow users to easily adapt and modify their perceived thermal
conditions of their environment will increase the range of acceptable temperatures by two
degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol
and Humphreys, 2002).
● Coordination of design strategies among a project team (e.g., architect, lighting designer
and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design process will be particularly
important for achieving design intent
Sustainable approach of using higher percentage of stone dust, silica fume an...Bilcilintan Patel
It can give a idea of using a by- product for making a sustainable concrete and minimizing the natural resources by using a Stone dust, Silica fume and Glass powder
THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY
Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, daylighting, mechanical
ventilation and/or fenestration will help distribute variability over space and time.
● Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable
design, especially in the face of climate change and rising energy costs. When Thermal
and Airflow Variability is implemented in a way that broadens people's perception of
thermal comfort, it may also help reduce energy demands for air conditioning and heating.
●●
Designing in features that allow users to easily adapt and modify their perceived thermal
conditions of their environment will increase the range of acceptable temperatures by two
degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol
and Humphreys, 2002).
● Coordination of design strategies among a project team (e.g., architect, lighting designer
and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design process will be particularly
important for achieving design intent
A farm house is a charming rural dwelling, typically situated in a pastoral setting surrounded by agricultural land. These homes often feature a traditional design with a focus on simplicity and functionality, providing a peaceful retreat away from urban life. With a close connection to nature, farm houses offer a unique blend of comfort and rustic appeal.
Metal sheet roofing is a durable and long-lasting option for residential and commercial buildings. It offers advantages such as resistance to harsh weather, low maintenance, and energy efficiency. With various types and styles available, metal roofing provides a modern and aesthetically pleasing solution for both new construction and roof replacements.
CII-SOHRABJI GODREJ
Office building Seminar hall Green Technology
Centre displaying the latest and emerging green
building materials and technologies in India Large
numbers of visitors are escorted on green building
tour Awarded the LEED platinum rating by U.S Green
building council
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. ABSTRACT
The Development and growth of our communities, has adversely affected the quality of environment and has become
a major threat to a sustainable society. Rapid industrialisation poses environmental issues, in terms of air, water
pollution and land degradation .For a sustainable socio-economic system, sustainable environment is a prerequisite.
The major challenge here is: how to ensure development in a sustainable manner by achieving a trade off between
environment and development.
In India around 11 million tonnes of by-product gypsum are annually. The average consumption of by product
gypsum is only half the quantity produced. Hence the pile up of phosphogypsum may end up as a threat to the
environment.
Utilisation of Phosphogypsum as building material will clean the environment and transform the society by way of
green ,affordable and rapid housing . Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) building technology reduces carbon
foot print , save natural resources and completely green . This technology has many advantages like Light weight,
Crack free, Termite/fire Resistant, Time saving and flexible in all aspects of home plan designs
In an attempt to bring new construction system for mass housing, Building Material and Technology Promotion
Council ( BMTPC ,Under the ministry of Urban Development ,Govt: of India) has identified and evaluated GFRG
technology as a building system which can help in providing safe, strong and quality housing in quick time.
In India housing using GFRG wall panel has crossed 20lakh Sft and it is helping to build a better society with
affordable and rapid housing .
Key words:
GFRG : Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum
BMTPC: Building Material & Technology promotion council of India
IIT : Indian Institute of Technology
A.1 INTRODUCTION
The building sector accounts for about 40% of Co2 emissions. As per the estimate by the ministry of Urban
development, the total housing shortage in Urban India alone is 20 million. These figures give an approximate affect
on the carbon footprint by the construction industry alone. During the process of building dwelling houses, the
3. scarce raw materials available in the environment get depleted. So it is essential to find building materials which are
green and adopt a green building methodology to protect the environment.
GFRG wall panels are completely green and help to save the rare natural resources . Technology was adapted with
suitable modifications and improvements to manufacture GFRG wall panels from PhosphoGypsum . Building
Material Technology promotion council ( BMTPC) of India ( under the ministry of Urban Development and
poverty alleviation ,Gov: Of India) has certified the product and extensive research is conducted at Indian Institute
Of Technology ( IIT ) ,Madras .
A.2 GYPSUM
Gypsum consists of layers of calcium atoms and sulphate groups separated by sheets of water molecules. The effect
of heating the mineral and setting the decomposition product by adding water has been known for thousands of years.
PhosphoGypsum is a by-product in the manufacture of phosphoric acid from rock phosphate by extraction with
sulphuric acid . For every ton of phosphoric acid made, from the reaction of phosphate rock with sulphuric acid, about
5 tons of phosphogypsum are generated. The amount of phosphogypsum being generated each year is directly
proportional to the industrial production of P2O5 . It is proved that phosphogypsum can be used in the manufacture
of building products and in India there is a huge shortage of dwelling houses.
A.3 PROPERTIES OF GYPSUM
Gypsum has a monoclinic crystal structure with a hardness of 1.6-2.2 on the Mohr scale and it is a natural insulator
due to its low thermal conductivity. It is a good fire retarder because of its non-combustible property and stop the
chances of spreading fire which ensure life safety. The hydration of hemihydrates can be achieved by increasing
nucleation by seeding action. During hydration of hemihydrates calcium sulphate, Gypsum crystallisation takes place
and develops strength.
Gypsum is one of the first known binders of mankind .The oldest evidence of its presence is dated to 9000 BC even
though the construction using plaster became publically known from the eighteen century only. The rate of movement
of calcium and sulphate ions in the lattice can be modified when the Gypsum plaster is finely ground.
The particle size distribution of the Gypsum plaster helps in lower porosity and aid smoother finish. The porosity
increases with water content as it was generated due to the evaporation of water from calcium sulphate dihydrate. The
property of faster setting will aid Gypsum as a good building material by reducing the production life cycle .
The plaster properties may vary depending on the source and type of Gypsum.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Sl No: size Plaster from
PhosphoGypsum ( % by
weight)
Ground Plaster from
PhosphoGypsum ( % by
weight)
4. 1 2mm 2.18 0.654
2 300micron 4.05 0.581
3 212micron 0.69 0.153
4 150micron 1.35 0.571
5 106micron 42.93 2.320
6 90micron 25.94 2.880
7 75micron 11.44 5.571
8 Below 63 micron 11.42 87.27
A.4 GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED GYPSUM WALL PANEL (GFRG)
When Gypsum is heated under normal atmospheric conditions between 40 & 200C, it loses some of its combined
water and recrystalises to a rombohedral shaped crystal to form Beta Gypsum plaster .This Beta Gypsum plaster is
used for manufacturing load bearing Glass Fibre reinforced Gypsum ( GFRG) wall panels . The wall panels are
cellular in form and produced on a flat bed table to a size of 12mx3mx124mm.
Gypwall is light weight when compared with brick or concrete .GFRG panel walling system serves as both internal
and external wall and eliminates the need for bricks and reduces the consumption of cement ,steel ,sand and water .
Presently this material is widely accepted and constructions are going on throughout India
A.5 REINFORCEMENT WITH GLASS FIBRE
Gypsum plaster is strong in compression but weak in tensile properties. Glass fibres are used to reinforce the Gypsum
plaster matrix and produce a strong composite material having improved tensile and impact properties.
5. The properties of glass fibre like linear weight of roving, filament diameter an tensile strength need to be strictly
adhered . In order to achieve the strength glass fibres need to be uniformly dispersed in the matrix to form a
composite material with high degree of stress distribution by fibres . This will also give improved resistance to micro
cracking and crack progression.
A.6. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
For the production / manufacture of Gypwall building panels, main raw material is the calcined gypsum (hemi-
hydrate) called gypsum plaster. The gypsum is calcined in a fluidised bed calciner for uniform product quality.
Required quantity of water, water resistant emulsions and retarder are mixed with plaster to produce slurry of required
viscosity. By mixing water into the calcined gypsum it re-convert and form an efficient building material and which
is reinforced by micro-strand glass rovings. The slurry is poured into casting tables to produce the panels. Micro-
strand glass rovings is provided into the inner and outer flanges and inter connecting webs through an auto-computer
controlled mechanical process supported by technicians and skilled factory workers.
Gypwall building panels are made through casting process in which the Gypwall ingredients sets itself to form large
building panel. A unique design of Core pullers and plugs are monitored through computer network to provide
cavities. After casting the Gypwall panel, it is lifted up and dried using the latest state-of-the-art drying system.
A.7. ADVANTAGES OF GYPWALL
Prefab Gypwall is a Greener product made from Gypsum and it has many advantages like Light weight,
Crack free, Termite/fire Resistant, Time saving and flexible in all aspects of home plan designs. In an
attempt to bring new construction system for mass housing, BMTPC has identified and evaluated our
technology as a building system which can help in providing safe, strong and quality housing in quick time.
FRBL Wall Plaster reduces plastering/finishing time by 60%, improves durability and provides a level
surface like putty finish with crack/shrinkage free wall/ceilings.GYPWALL comes under Green building
concept and aid in faster construction. This is the best solution to provide affordable houses to the masses
for the betterment of the society.
A.8 PROCESS MODELLING
Gypsum plaster when mixed with sufficient water it recrystalises to form gypsum. This property of the plaster is
utilised in the manufacture of plaster boards and Gypwall ( GFRG). The strength of Gypwall ( GFRG) depend on
the setting properties of gypsum plaster and the material used as reinforcement . When gypsum plaster sets it forms
6. an interlocking mass of gypsum crystals that exhibit high strength and hardness. The setting property of gypsum
plaster depends on various factors.
Generally casting wall panels is carried out using natural Gypsum . In the world itself conversion of phosphor
Gypsum to wall panels is not so common. The properties of PhosphoGypsum depend on the rock source and the
process . In the case of Phospho gypsum the free water content is generally on the higher side . Hence experimental
data pertaining to a particular source of PhosphoGypsum along with its mathematical modeling is essential for
understanding plaster properties and transforming it to a building product..
Slno
:
Type of
Gypsum
Combine
d water
(%)
Water to
plaster
ratio(%)
Retarding
agent(%)
Slurry
Temperature
( c )
Knife
set(m)
Initial
Gilmore(
m)
Final
Gilmore(m)
1 Phospho
Gypsum
5.0 58 0.07 33 22 36 44
2 Phospho
Gypsum
5.6 62 0.23 35 19 32 38
3 Phospho
Gypsum
5.9 62.5 0.27 35 21 35 41
The particle size varies with source. Phosphogypsum has a tendency of forming lumps depending on the age of the
stock pile. The Gypsum need to be firmly ground dried and screened for better fluidization properties. Uniform
mobility of the gypsum particle shall be ensured through equipments.
Higher water contend tend the particulate to get adhered to the surface which shall be avoided. The
PhosphoGypsum feed bin shall be accommodated with a vibrating and a breaker mechanism to ensure uniform
flow of particles . Conveying methods need to be designed wider to aid mobility and the quantity fed shall be
regulated with adjustable openings.
During calcinations of phosphogypsum , proper controlling of temperature profiles inside the equipment is very
important to get a uniform plaster . The combined water range of the calcined plaster is very important for nuclei
formation and to develop binding properties. The study on plaster properties will help to fix the water content for
various seasons . E glass fibers are used to reinforce gypsum plaster matrix to improve tensile and impact properties
.Glass fibers need to be uniformly dispersed in the matrix to form a homogeneous mixture which ensures a high
degree of stress distribution by the fibers and give improved resistance to micro cracking and crack propagation .
The continuous research work on the available PhosphoGypsum will only help to fix the setting time without any
loss of workability and strength .It is very important to set the right water /plaster ratio for ensuring proper bonding
of plaster and fiber .
7. A.9 STRENGTH OF GYPSUM WALL PANEL
Gypsum is widely used as a binding material as it quickly sets and hardens .The Egyptians were the first to use the
gypsum as the building material .The set plaster strength depends on the size, amount of water used, impurities
present ,degree of interlocking and bonding of gypsum crystals . Mixing time, temperature, speed & efficiency are
very important factors in achieving maximum strength. Other requirements include good impregnation and coating
of the fibres with slurry, uniform dispersion of fibres and reasonable compaction to achieve a dense material.
Slno: Mechanical Property Nominal value unit
1 Unit Weight 49 Kg/m2
2 Compressive strength 160 Kn/m
3 Moment capacity ,Rib parallel to
span
2.1 kNm/m
Particle size distribution affects the water demand there by influencing the nature of recrystalising gypsum matrix.
The factors effecting the disintegration of gypsum include the type, calcinations method, impurities present, aging
and mixing.
The water repellency can be increased by adding additives or by means of membrane coatings .
A.10 GFRG METHODOLOGY
Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) wall panel is energy efficient, load bearing and have high compressive and
flexural strength. It has very high level of fire resistance, Thermal resistance, Termite proof and earthquake
resistance. Instead of Brick by Brick construction, Gypsum panel enables wall by wall construction leading to
considerable savings in Bricks, steel, cement, river sand and construction time. The modular cavities in combination
with concrete form a composite material by which the strength increases many folds. The Buildings designed with
wall panels can resist natural disasters like earth quakes and cyclones.
The wall panels which are of size 12mx3mx124mm weigh around 1.8 tons only. Meanwhile the standard brick wall
of 23cm thick weighs around 19 tons. The construction methodology helps to reduce the construction time by 50 %
and cost by 20%.
A.11 AFFORDABLE HOUSING
In India construction using GFRG wall panels has crossed 20lakh Sft . GFRG construction methodology is faster
than conventional methods and can adopt any type of plans and designs. Traditional Building products is around for
a very long time but there are serious concerns about the impacts of these products on the environment. Hence it is
time to think above the traditional building products so that the people and the whole world are benefitted.
8. GFRG building technology is completely green and help to save the rare natural resources and reduces carbon
footprint. This concept uses load bearing design technology and it is gaining acceptance in India which can provide
affordable houses in a reasonable time frame.
A.12 CONCLUSION
It is essential to find building materials which are green and adopt a green building methodology to protect the
environment.
Green building materials and fast construction methods are the only solution to provide affordable mass
housing in India by protecting the environment . BMTPC has identified GFRG technology as one of the
potential technologies for providing safe, strong and quality housing in quick time.
REFERENCES:
Journal of Material science (1969) –Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber – Reinforced
Gypsum,M.A.ALI,F.J.GRIMER, Building Research Station ,Garston,Watford,Herts,UK
IS 3809:1979 – Fire Resistant Test Of Structures
Journal of Material science (1994) – The Setting Of Gypsum Plaster part 111 - The Effect Of Additives &
Impurities , A.J.LEWRY ,J.WILLIAMSON ,Materials Department ,Imperior College ,London.
SERC (2002), Evaluation of seismic performance of gypcrete building panels, Structural Engineering Research
Centre, Chennai, India.
Construction And Building Materials (2009) , The Structural Behavior and Design Methodology For a New
Building System Consisting Of Glass Fibre reinforced Gypsum Panels ,Y.W.WU ,Department of Building And
Construction, City University Of HongKong.
FRBL (2011) GFRG wall panel , Construction Manual,
BMTPC (2012) Building Material And Technology Promotion Council ( under the ministry of Urban Development
and poverty alleviation ,Gov: Of India ) Performance appraisal certificate , PAC NO: 1009-s/2012 dt 31.05.2012
IIT (Indian Institute Of Technology ) Madras (2013) GFRG Building, Structural Design Manual, Building
Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of
India.