The document discusses transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), which allow drugs to be delivered through the skin for systemic circulation, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. It covers various components, types of patches, advantages, disadvantages, recent advancements, and marketed products, detailing methods like iontophoresis, microneedles, and ultrasound to improve drug penetration. Research continues to innovate in TDDS to enhance disease prevention and improve patient health outcomes.

1. TRANSDERMAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY ; R. SHIVA SAI KIRAN
HALL . NO ; 256418881004
B.PHARMASY 4 TH YEAR
WORKED UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF MR.RAJ KUMAR M. PHARM PH. D
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MOTHER TERESA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Drug delivery system
• Transdermal drug delivery
system
• Anatomy and physiology of
skin
• Route of drug permeation
through skin
• Ideal properties of drugs for
TDDS
• Components used in TDDS
• Types of patches
• Recent advancement in TDDS
• Marketed products of TDDS

3. INTRODUCTION
• The concept of delivering drugs through the skin was first
introdused in the early 1950s
• The first generation ,passive , transdermal patches were designed to
controle nausea, vomiting , angina , however failed to succeed in
the market
• Today transdermal patches are widely used to deliver hormones and
pain management medications.

4. DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
• It refers to formulations , technologies , and systems for
transporting a pharmaceutical compound to a specific site
in the body at certain rate to safely achieve its desired
therapeutic effect.

5. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (TDDS)
It is defined as the topically administered in self contained , discrete
dosage forms of patches which when applied to the skin deliver the
drug through the skin to systemic circulation at a predetermined and
controled rate over prolonged period of time in order to increase the
the therapeutic efficacy and reduse the side effect of drug .

6. ADVANTAGES
• Self administration
• It avoids first pass metabolism
• Improved patient compliance
• Redused side effects
• No interaction with gastrointestinal fluids
• Flexibility of termination .

7. DISADVANTAGES
• Molecular size restriction(<500 Daltons )
• Formulations are expensive
• Local irritation may observed
• Rapid drug release is not possible
• Low drug levels may observed in blood .

8. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN
• Skin is multi-layered organ composed of many histological layers.
• It covers about 16 % of total body weight in adults.
• Thikness is in range of 0.5mm(on eyelids) to 4.0mm(on sole and
palms).
• The main function of the skin is to provide protection from external
environment , microorganisms UV radiation , chemicals , allergens
and reduses the loss of water .

9. LAYERS OF SKIN
• EPIDERMIS : it is the outer most layer (superficial) which is
keratinized and composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
• DERMIS : it is the middle layer which contains collagen fibers
(provide strength) , elastic fibers (provide flexibility) , reticular fibers
(provide support) .
• HYPODERMIS : it is the inner most layer .

11. ROUTES OF DRUG PERMEATION OF SKIN
TRANSCORNEAL PENETRATION :
• Intracellular penetration(between the cells) : drug molecule passes
through the stratum corneum. It is generally seen in case of
hydrophilic drugs.
• Intercellular penetration(across lipid rich region) : These molecules
dissolve in and diffuse through the non-aqueus lipid matrix imbibed
between the protein filaments.

12. ROUTES OF DRUG PERMEATION OF SKIN
• TRANSAPPENDEGEAL PENETRATION :
• This is also called the shunt pathway .
• In this route , the drug molecule may transverse through
the hair follicles , the sebaceous glands or the aqueous
pathway of the salty sweat glands .

13. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF DRUGS FOR TDDS
parameters properties
Dose Shuold be low (less then 20 mg/day)
Half-life 10 hours or less
Molecular weight < 400 daltons
Partition coefficient Log p (octanol-water) between 0.1 and 4.0
lipophilicity High
Oral bioavalibility Low
Therapeutic index Optimum
Melting point < 200 celcious
PH Between 5.0 and 9.0

14. BASIC COMPONENTS OF TDDS
• Polymer matrix / drug reservoier
• Membrane
• Drug
• Permeation enhancers
• Backing laminates
• Release liner
• Other excipients : like plasticizers and solvents

15. TYPES OF TRANSDERMAL PATCH
• Old / first generation (passive)
• Recent advancement (active)

16. OLD / FIRST GENERATION (PASSIVE)
• Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive
• Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive
• Reservoir
• Matrix

17. 1.SINGLE – LAYER DRUG-IN-ADHESIVE
• In this type of patch the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere
the various layers together , along with the entire system to the skin
,but is also responsible for the releasing of the drug .
• The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and a
backing

18. 2. MULTI LAYER DRUG IN ADHESIVE
• The multi-layer drug-in adhesive patch is similar to the single layer
system in that both adhesive layers are also responsible for the
releasing of the drug.
• The multi-layer system is different however that it adds another
layer of drug in adhesive usually separated by a membrane ( but not
in all cases) .
• This patch also have a liner layer and a permanent backing layer

19. 3. RESERVOIR
• The drug layer is a liquid compartment containing a drug solution
or suspension separated by the adhesive layer .
• This patch is also backed by the backing layer .
• In this type of system the rate of release is zero order .

20. 4. MATRIX
• The matrix system has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix containing
a drug solution or suspension .
• The adhesive layer in this patch surrounds the drug layer partially
overlaying it .

21. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN TDDS
• iontophoresis • Skin abrasion
• electroporation • Laser radiation
• Micro needle • Thermophoresis
• sonophoresis • Electro-osmosis
• Needle less injection • Micrporation

23. 1. IONTOPHORESIS
• It involves passing of current (few milli amperes) to a limited area of
the skin using electrode .
• The electrode remains in contact with the formulation to be
administered.
• Pilocarpine delivery can be taken as example to induce sweat in the
diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and iontophoresis delivery of lidocaine is
considered to be a nice approach for rapid onset of anesthesia .

24. IONTOPHORESIS

25. IONTOPHORESIS

26. 2.ELECTROPORATION
• It involves the application of high voltage pulses to induce skin
perturbation .
• High voltages (> 100 V) and short treatment durations
(milliseconds) are most frequently employed .
• The increase in skin permeability is suggested to be caused by the
generation of transient pores during electroporation .
• The technology has been successfully used to enhance the skin
permeability of molecules with differing lipophilicity and size ( i.e .,
small molecules , proteins , peptides , oligo nucleotides .

27. ELECTROPORATION
• Anticancer drugs such as bleomycin can be administered through
this method .

28. 3. MICRO NEEDLES
• Drug is delivered into the skin by invasive manner .
• Solid micro needles have been shown to painlessly pierce the skin
to increase skin permeability to a variety of small molecules ,
nanoparticles and proteins from an extended-release patch .
• Micro needles are needles that are 10 to 200 micro meter in hight
and10 to 50 micro meter in width .
• Micro needles do not stimulate the nerves ,so the patient does nt
experience pain .

29. MICRO NEEDLES
• They are usually drug coated projections of solid silicon or hollow ,
drug filled metal needles .
• Micro needles have been dip coated with a variety of compounds
such as small molecules , DNA , proteins , and virus particles .

30. MICRO NEEDLES

31. 4. ULTRASOUND (PHONOPHORESIS,SONOPHORESIS)
• This technique was used originally in physiotherapy and sports
medicine .
• It uses an ultrasound sources to increase drug permeation through
the skin .
• The procedures was extended to transdermal drug delivery studies .
• The ultrasonic energy (at low frequency) disturbs the lipid packing
in SC by cavitation .
• Shock waves of collapsing vaccum cavities increase free volume
space in biomolecular leaflets and thus enhance drug penetration
into the skin .

32. SONOPHORESIS
• Drug like hydrocarbons can be used to enhanced penetration
through the skin .

33. 5. NEEDLE- LESS INJECTION
• In this transdermal drug delivery system , the liquid or solid
particles are fired at supersonic speeds through the outer layers of
the skin using a reliable energy source for delivering the drug .
• The mechanism is basically , forcing compressed gas (helium) via a
nozzle , such that the resultant drug particles entrained with in the
jet flow that travels at sufficient velocity for skin penetration .

34. NEEDLE-LES INJECTION

35. NEEDLE-LESS INJECTION

36. 6. SKIN ABRASION
• In this technique , the upper layers of the skin is directly removed so
that it easily helps in permeation of topically applied medicaments .
• There are also some devices that are based on this technique which
are employed by dermatologists for superficial skin resurfacing ( e.g
micro dermabrasion) .
• They have use in the treatment of acne , scars , hyper pigmentation
and other skin blemishes .

37. SKIN ABRASION

38. 7.LASER RADIATION
• This method involves direct and controlled exposure of laser to the
skin which results in the abrasion of the stratum corneum without
significantly damaging the underlying epidermis .
• Removal of the stratum corneum using this method has been shown
to enhance the delivery of lipophilic drugs .
• Photomechanical waves significantly increase stratum cornea
permeability to drug substance through a possible permeability
mechanism due to development of transient channels .

39. LASER RADIATION

40. 8. THERMOPHORESIS
• Controlled heat aided drug delivery (CHADD) SYSTEM :
• In CHADD system , the transfer of drug substance to the blood
circulatin takes place by applying heat to the skin .
• That increases the temperature and ultimately leads to increase in
microcirculation and permeability of the blood vessel.
• The skin surface temperature is usually maintained at 32 degree
celcius tetracaine and fentanyl from transdermal patches with
attached heating devices was shown to increase as a result of the
elevated temperature at the site of delivery .

41. 9. ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
• To the porous membrane which is having some charge , a
voltage difference is applied to it , thus a bulk fluid or
volume flow takes place with no concentration gradients .
• This process is known as electro-osmosis .

42. 10. MICROPORATION
• Microporation involves the use of micro needles that are applied to
the skin so that they pierce only the stratum corneum and increase
skin permeability .
• The most effective strategy for overcoming the skins barrier
properties has been to focus on the creation of micropores in the
stratum corneum .
• Microchannels or micropores can be created by external means such
as micro needles , ultrasound , electroporation , radiofrequency and
laser .

43. MICROPORATION

44. MARKETED PRODUCTS OF TDDS
products Manufactur
d by
Active drug Type of
patch
Indication
Estraderm Alza/Norvati
s
Estradiol Membrane Postmenstru
alsyndrome
Duragesic Alza/Janssen Fentanyl Reservoir Pain relief
patch
Depoint Schwarz-
pharma
Nitroglycerin Drug in
adhesive
Angina
pectoris
Androderm Thera
tech/GSK
Testosterone Reservoir Hypogonad-
ism

45. MARKETED PRODUCTS

46. CONCLUSION
• Many researches are going on in the present day to
incorporate newer drugs via this system .
• In time , it is hoped that technological advancements in
TDDS will lead to enhanced disease prevention , diagnosis
and control , with concomitant improvement in health –
related quality of life for patients world wide .