Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly affects the lungs. It can be latent, meaning the person carries the bacteria but is not infectious, or active where the bacteria multiply causing symptoms and ability to spread. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance. Nursing focuses on preventing spread, improving nutrition and compliance with the long treatment regimen.
Diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough)Rizwan S A
1) Diphtheria and pertussis are acute infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis respectively. Both diseases are vaccine preventable and capable of outbreaks.
2) Diphtheria presents as membranous sore throat and can affect other sites. Pertussis has three stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal coughing, and convalescence. Complications can be serious.
3) Control relies on early detection, isolation, treatment, and immunization. Cases and carriers of diphtheria require treatment and surveillance. Contacts of both diseases may need prophylactic antibiotics or immunization depending on vaccination status
Common respiratory diseases and disorders are described including their signs and symptoms, causes, diagnostic procedures, treatment options and prevention methods. Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria or viruses. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a functional diagnosis given to any pathological process that decreases lung function, such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, often due to smoking or air pollution. Asthma is characterized by recurrent attacks of wheezing and shortness of breath triggered by factors like allergens or infections.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lung parenchyma but can spread to other organs. Risk factors include close contact with an active case, immunocompromised status, substance abuse, poor living conditions, and coming from a country with high TB rates. The bacteria are transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest x-ray, and sputum culture and analysis. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent resistance and includes isoniazid, rifampin,
This document discusses the management of patients with chronic respiratory system disorders such as asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It provides learning objectives, definitions, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic methods, medical and nursing management approaches, and prevention methods for each condition. Key points covered include the definition of asthma as a reversible expiratory airflow limitation, common triggers for asthma attacks, classifications of asthma severity, diagnostic tests for asthma, quick relief versus long-term control treatments, and nursing care priorities. TB is defined as an infectious disease most commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can infect the lungs and other organs. Epidemiology, vulnerable groups, etiology,
The document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including its causes, risk factors, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing management. PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnostic testing includes a tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and other tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. Nursing care focuses on isolation precautions, education, and ensuring adherence to the medication regimen.
This document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is an airborne infectious disease. The document defines PTB and outlines learning outcomes which include describing the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and management of PTB. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment which involves medication administration and directly observed therapy, and nursing management are all discussed in relation to PTB.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The document discusses the pathogenesis, stages, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical management including drug therapy, and nursing care of patients with pulmonary TB. It also covers complications, education on respiratory hygiene and home care considerations for patients.
Diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough)Rizwan S A
1) Diphtheria and pertussis are acute infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis respectively. Both diseases are vaccine preventable and capable of outbreaks.
2) Diphtheria presents as membranous sore throat and can affect other sites. Pertussis has three stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal coughing, and convalescence. Complications can be serious.
3) Control relies on early detection, isolation, treatment, and immunization. Cases and carriers of diphtheria require treatment and surveillance. Contacts of both diseases may need prophylactic antibiotics or immunization depending on vaccination status
Common respiratory diseases and disorders are described including their signs and symptoms, causes, diagnostic procedures, treatment options and prevention methods. Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria or viruses. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a functional diagnosis given to any pathological process that decreases lung function, such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, often due to smoking or air pollution. Asthma is characterized by recurrent attacks of wheezing and shortness of breath triggered by factors like allergens or infections.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lung parenchyma but can spread to other organs. Risk factors include close contact with an active case, immunocompromised status, substance abuse, poor living conditions, and coming from a country with high TB rates. The bacteria are transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest x-ray, and sputum culture and analysis. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent resistance and includes isoniazid, rifampin,
This document discusses the management of patients with chronic respiratory system disorders such as asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It provides learning objectives, definitions, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic methods, medical and nursing management approaches, and prevention methods for each condition. Key points covered include the definition of asthma as a reversible expiratory airflow limitation, common triggers for asthma attacks, classifications of asthma severity, diagnostic tests for asthma, quick relief versus long-term control treatments, and nursing care priorities. TB is defined as an infectious disease most commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can infect the lungs and other organs. Epidemiology, vulnerable groups, etiology,
The document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including its causes, risk factors, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing management. PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnostic testing includes a tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and other tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. Nursing care focuses on isolation precautions, education, and ensuring adherence to the medication regimen.
This document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is an airborne infectious disease. The document defines PTB and outlines learning outcomes which include describing the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and management of PTB. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment which involves medication administration and directly observed therapy, and nursing management are all discussed in relation to PTB.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The document discusses the pathogenesis, stages, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical management including drug therapy, and nursing care of patients with pulmonary TB. It also covers complications, education on respiratory hygiene and home care considerations for patients.
This document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on pneumonia. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory/diagnostic investigations, treatment approaches, and complications of pneumonia. Pneumonia remains a common cause of severe sepsis and a leading infectious cause of death. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting the likely causative pathogens, with choices dependent on patient age, location of infection (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated), and risk of drug-resistant organisms. Patient education on prevention, symptom management, and completing antibiotic courses is also emphasized.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. M. tuberculosis can infect any organ but commonly causes pulmonary or latent infections. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets. Once inhaled, macrophages recruit lymphocytes to form granulomas around the bacteria. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance. Primary tuberculosis commonly affects children while secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of dormant bacteria that typically causes apical lesions in adults.
This document provides objectives and information about tuberculosis (TB) for students. It defines TB and identifies risk factors. It explains how TB is transmitted and defines latent TB and drug-resistant TB. It describes the history of TB, scientific discoveries about it, and breakthroughs in treatment. It outlines the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and patient monitoring for TB.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lungs. There are two main types: lobar pneumonia, which affects one lung lobe, and bronchopneumonia, which causes patches throughout both lungs. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or viruses and risks factors include age, smoking, and pre-existing medical conditions. Symptoms may include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and cultures. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and symptom relief. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest cavity.
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the lungs and central nervous system. It is transmitted through inhalation of airborne particles. The bacteria spread via the lymphatic system and blood after initial infection of the lungs. Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, cough, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves the Mantoux skin test. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide over several months to kill active and dormant bacteria. Patients are counseled on medication side effects, lifestyle changes and preventing transmission.
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. India has a high burden of TB cases, with 0.37 million people dying from the disease annually. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance, with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide given for 2 months followed by continued treatment for at least 4 more months. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring treatment adherence to prevent spread, and managing nutrition to aid recovery.
This document provides information on common infectious diseases including malaria, dengue fever, measles, mumps, and tuberculosis. It discusses the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. Malaria remains a major public health issue in developing countries, causing over 1 million deaths annually. Measles is highly contagious and a leading cause of death in children under 5 despite available vaccines. Mumps is transmitted through saliva and commonly causes swelling of the salivary glands.
Pneumonia is a leading cause of illness and death in Nepal, particularly among young children and the elderly. This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of pneumonia in Nepal, including the causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options.
Through powerful images and personal stories, we showcase the impact of pneumonia on individuals, families, and communities in Nepal. We highlight the challenges of accessing healthcare in remote and impoverished areas, the lack of awareness and education about the disease, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
The presentation provides detailed information about the various types of pneumonia and the risk factors associated with each. We also discuss the diagnostic procedures, including chest x-rays and blood tests, and the treatment options, such as antibiotics and oxygen therapy.
In addition, we explore the efforts being made to prevent and control pneumonia in Nepal. We highlight the importance of vaccination, particularly among children and high-risk groups, and the role of community-based interventions in improving access to healthcare and promoting healthy behaviors.
Through this PowerPoint presentation, we aim to raise awareness about pneumonia in Nepal and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. We showcase the latest research and innovations in pneumonia prevention and treatment, and the importance of collaboration and partnership to address the disease.
We urge the audience to take action in the fight against pneumonia, whether it be through spreading awareness, supporting organizations working on the ground, or advocating for policy change. Let us come together to create a world where no one has to suffer from the devastating effects of pneumonia.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
- M. tuberculosis is spread through inhaled aerosolized droplets from infected individuals and lodges in the lungs, initiating a macrophage and lymphocyte response. Granulomas form to wall off infection.
- Granulomas can aggregate to form primary lesions or spread to lymph nodes. Fibrosis then limits spread and lesions may calcify. Rarely, infection may disseminate hematogenously.
- Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture and chest imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-12 months to prevent resistance, though some adverse effects can occur.
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze or talk. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
2. Risk factors include a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, diabetes or malnutrition. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, tuberculin skin tests, and sputum smear microscopy.
3. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months under DOTS therapy to prevent drug resistance. Prevention strategies include BCG vaccination, mask wearing around infected individuals, and the WHO's tuberculosis elimination program aiming to eliminate TB globally
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which commonly affects the lungs. The disease is characterized by a cough lasting over 3 weeks, production of sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves sputum examination, chest x-rays, and the Mantoux skin test. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months to prevent development of drug resistance. India has a high burden of tuberculosis with an estimated annual incidence of 1.96 million new cases.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). It discusses various types of LRTIs including pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and others. It covers causative organisms, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, treatment including medications, nursing diagnoses, and patient education.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. There are several drug regimens used to treat TB, with the primary first-line drugs being isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Treatment must continue for a sufficient time, such as 6-9 months, to fully cure the infection and prevent relapse or development of drug resistance. Second-line drugs are used for cases of drug-resistant TB or in cases where patients cannot tolerate first-line drugs. The goals of TB treatment are to cure the patient, prevent death, prevent relapse
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
This document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on pneumonia. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory/diagnostic investigations, treatment approaches, and complications of pneumonia. Pneumonia remains a common cause of severe sepsis and a leading infectious cause of death. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting the likely causative pathogens, with choices dependent on patient age, location of infection (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated), and risk of drug-resistant organisms. Patient education on prevention, symptom management, and completing antibiotic courses is also emphasized.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. M. tuberculosis can infect any organ but commonly causes pulmonary or latent infections. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets. Once inhaled, macrophages recruit lymphocytes to form granulomas around the bacteria. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance. Primary tuberculosis commonly affects children while secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of dormant bacteria that typically causes apical lesions in adults.
This document provides objectives and information about tuberculosis (TB) for students. It defines TB and identifies risk factors. It explains how TB is transmitted and defines latent TB and drug-resistant TB. It describes the history of TB, scientific discoveries about it, and breakthroughs in treatment. It outlines the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and patient monitoring for TB.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lungs. There are two main types: lobar pneumonia, which affects one lung lobe, and bronchopneumonia, which causes patches throughout both lungs. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or viruses and risks factors include age, smoking, and pre-existing medical conditions. Symptoms may include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and cultures. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and symptom relief. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest cavity.
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the lungs and central nervous system. It is transmitted through inhalation of airborne particles. The bacteria spread via the lymphatic system and blood after initial infection of the lungs. Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, cough, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves the Mantoux skin test. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide over several months to kill active and dormant bacteria. Patients are counseled on medication side effects, lifestyle changes and preventing transmission.
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. India has a high burden of TB cases, with 0.37 million people dying from the disease annually. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance, with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide given for 2 months followed by continued treatment for at least 4 more months. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring treatment adherence to prevent spread, and managing nutrition to aid recovery.
This document provides information on common infectious diseases including malaria, dengue fever, measles, mumps, and tuberculosis. It discusses the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. Malaria remains a major public health issue in developing countries, causing over 1 million deaths annually. Measles is highly contagious and a leading cause of death in children under 5 despite available vaccines. Mumps is transmitted through saliva and commonly causes swelling of the salivary glands.
Pneumonia is a leading cause of illness and death in Nepal, particularly among young children and the elderly. This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of pneumonia in Nepal, including the causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options.
Through powerful images and personal stories, we showcase the impact of pneumonia on individuals, families, and communities in Nepal. We highlight the challenges of accessing healthcare in remote and impoverished areas, the lack of awareness and education about the disease, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
The presentation provides detailed information about the various types of pneumonia and the risk factors associated with each. We also discuss the diagnostic procedures, including chest x-rays and blood tests, and the treatment options, such as antibiotics and oxygen therapy.
In addition, we explore the efforts being made to prevent and control pneumonia in Nepal. We highlight the importance of vaccination, particularly among children and high-risk groups, and the role of community-based interventions in improving access to healthcare and promoting healthy behaviors.
Through this PowerPoint presentation, we aim to raise awareness about pneumonia in Nepal and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. We showcase the latest research and innovations in pneumonia prevention and treatment, and the importance of collaboration and partnership to address the disease.
We urge the audience to take action in the fight against pneumonia, whether it be through spreading awareness, supporting organizations working on the ground, or advocating for policy change. Let us come together to create a world where no one has to suffer from the devastating effects of pneumonia.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
- M. tuberculosis is spread through inhaled aerosolized droplets from infected individuals and lodges in the lungs, initiating a macrophage and lymphocyte response. Granulomas form to wall off infection.
- Granulomas can aggregate to form primary lesions or spread to lymph nodes. Fibrosis then limits spread and lesions may calcify. Rarely, infection may disseminate hematogenously.
- Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture and chest imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-12 months to prevent resistance, though some adverse effects can occur.
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze or talk. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
2. Risk factors include a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, diabetes or malnutrition. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, tuberculin skin tests, and sputum smear microscopy.
3. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months under DOTS therapy to prevent drug resistance. Prevention strategies include BCG vaccination, mask wearing around infected individuals, and the WHO's tuberculosis elimination program aiming to eliminate TB globally
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which commonly affects the lungs. The disease is characterized by a cough lasting over 3 weeks, production of sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves sputum examination, chest x-rays, and the Mantoux skin test. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months to prevent development of drug resistance. India has a high burden of tuberculosis with an estimated annual incidence of 1.96 million new cases.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). It discusses various types of LRTIs including pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and others. It covers causative organisms, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, treatment including medications, nursing diagnoses, and patient education.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. There are several drug regimens used to treat TB, with the primary first-line drugs being isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Treatment must continue for a sufficient time, such as 6-9 months, to fully cure the infection and prevent relapse or development of drug resistance. Second-line drugs are used for cases of drug-resistant TB or in cases where patients cannot tolerate first-line drugs. The goals of TB treatment are to cure the patient, prevent death, prevent relapse
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
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Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, Full Service includes individualized care for every client. We specifically design each massage session for the individual needs of the client. Our therapists are always willing to adjust the treatments based on the client's instruction and feedback. This guarantees that every client receives the treatment they expect.
By offering a variety of massage services, our Ajman Spa Massage Center can tackle physical, mental, and emotional illnesses. In addition, efficient identification of specific health conditions and designing treatment plans accordingly can significantly enhance the quality of massaging.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, we firmly believe that everyone should have the option to experience top-quality massage services regularly. To achieve that goal we offer cheap massage services in Ajman.
If you are interested in experiencing transformative massage treatment at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, you can use our Ajman Massage Center WhatsApp Number to schedule your next massage session.
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NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
2. INTRODUCTION
•Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused
by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
•The lungs are the most common site of primary infection
by tuberculosis and are a major source of spread of the
disease and of individual morbidity and mortality.
Neo-latin word : -
•Tubercle” - Round nodule/Swelling
•“Osis” - Condition
2
3. Pulmonary tuberculosis
•Is a contagious bacterial infection caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis that involves the lungs.
•It may spread to other organs.
Causes
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis : Human
Mycobacterium Bovis : Animals
Mycobacterium Africanism
Mycobacterium micros
3
5. Tuberculosis is either latent or active
Latent TB
• Person carries the TB bacteria within their
body, but the bacteria are present in very small
numbers and are kept under control by the
body’s immune system.
• People with latent TB don't have any
symptoms of TB and can't spread the disease to
others.
5
6. Contn…
Active TB
•Occurs when the TB bacteria have started to multiply
and they become numerous enough to overcome the
body’s immune system.
• It causes a person to feel ill and able to spread the
disease to others.
Incubation period:
•Varies between 4-12 weeks.
6
7. Risk factors
•Close contacts of patients with smear-positive
pulmonary tuberculosis
•Overcrowding
•Poor environment and malnutrition
•Primary infection < 1 year previously
•IV drugs abusers, alcoholic, smokers, homeless
people and health workers
•Immigrants from high-prevalence countries
7
11. Pathophysiology
Primary infection occurs in the lungs, resulting in
granuloma formation
11
Inhalation of infected droplets
Inflammatory response occurs, bacteria are engulfed
by macrophages
The lesion develop in lungs is called Ghon’s Focus
(primary lesion)
Transfer of bacilli to the hilar lymph node via
lymphatic, involving the lymph node(Ghon’s complex)
12. Contn…
The macrophage phagocytes the bacilli then ingested bacilli
aggregate and enlarge the lesion
12
At 2-4weeks two distinct T-cell mediated immune response
start
A delayed type hypersensitivity reaction that destroy non
activated macrophages containing bacilli but also results in
necrosis an caseation
Granuloma formation which is a soft tubercle with central
caseation necrosis surrounded by epitheloid cells.
20. Tuberculin test
Tuberculin skin test (also called a PPD test)
Injection of fluid into the skin of the lower arm.
48-72 hours later – checked for a reaction.
Diagnosis is based on the size of the wheal.
1 dose = 0.1 ml contains 0.04µg Tuberculin PPD.
21
21. Interpretation of Mantoux test
Size of induration <5 mm : Negative; no active
disease
5-10 mm : Borderline; consider positive in
immunocompromised host; contact with adult
patient with sputum AFB positive tuberculosis.
≥10 mm :Positive; suggests disease in presence
of clinical features.
22
22. Drug resistent tuberculosis
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB):
•Tuberculosis caused by organisms that are
resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, two first-
line anti -TB drugs is defined as MDR TB.
Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB):
•Defined as MDR-TB that is resistant as well to
any one of the fluoroquinolones and to at least
one of three injectable second-line drugs
(amikacin, capreomycin or kanamycin),
23
29. WHO updates of tuberculosis
regimen
Only 2 regimen
Drug susceptibility regimen
Drug resistant regimen
1. All forms of new TB cases
2HRZE+4HR
2. Severe case ( CNS TB, Pericarditis TB, Musculoskeletal TB, Miliary
TB)
2HRZE+7-10 HRE
30
30. WHO updates of tuberculosis regimen
3. Retreatment all type of TB cases
2HRZE+ 4HR
4. Isoniazide Resistant + Rifampicin Sensitive
6RZE + Levofloxacin
5. Isoniazide not known + Rifampicin sensitive
6HRZE
6. Rifampicin sensitive ISH resistant and fluroquinolones resistant
6RZE
31
31. Main adverse reaction of drugs
Name of drug Adverse reaction
Isoniazid Peripheral neuropathy
Hepatitis
Rash
Rifampicin Febrile reactions
Hepatitis
Rash
Gastrointestinal disturbance
Red discoloration of all body
fluids
32
33. Second Line Drugs
Drugs used in MDR
For intensive phase, 8months duration
•Injection Kanamycin
•Tab Cycloserine
•Tab Levofloxacin
•Tab Ethionamide
•Tab Pyrizinamide
•For continuation phase, 12 months duration: Except
inj Kanamycin, all oral drugs are used.
34
34. Drugs used in XDR
•For intensive phase, 12months duration
•Injection Capreomycin
•Tab PAS (4 gm sachet)
•Tab Moxifloxacin
•Tab Clofazimine
•Tab Cycloserine
•Tab Pyrizinamide
•Tab Clavuam ( Amoxicillin 500mg+ Clavulanate 125mg)
•For continuation phase, 12-18 months duration:
Except inj capreomycin, all oral drugs are used.
35
35. Supportive management
•Vitamin supplementation (esp. Vit B6)
•Rest and sleep
•Nutrition – High protein diet
•Oxygen therapy (if required)
Prognosis
•Symptoms often improve in 2 to 3 weeks after starting
treatment.
•A chest x-ray will not show this improvement until
weeks or months later
36
36. DOTS AND TREATMENT OF TB IN NEPAL
Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) is
the most effective strategy available today for
tuberculosis control.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended
treatment strategy for detection and cure of TB.DOTS
service was implemented in Nepal from 1996.
37
37. Contn..
•Total of 4,321 TB treatment centers ( including BPKIHS),
96 urban health centers, 581 microscopy centers and 27
Gene Xpert centers have been providing the TB services
in the country.
•The drug resistant TB have been provided through 14
drug resistant TB treatment centers and 81 sub-centers.
• Vision of END TB Strategy-2016-35:
38
39. Nursing assessment
•Obtain history of exposure to TB.
Assess symptoms like
•productive cough,
•night sweats,
•afternoon temperature elevation,
• weight loss,
•chest pain.
Auscultate lungs for crackles
40
40. Nursing Diagnosis
•Ineffective breathing pattern related to pulmonary
infection and potential for long-term scarring with
decreased lung capacity
•Risk for infection related to nature of the disease and
patient's symptoms
•Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements
related to poor appetite, fatigue and productive cough
•Noncompliance related to lack of motivation and long-
term treatment
41
41. Improving breathing pattern
•Provide adequate rest and avoidance of
exertion.
•Monitor breath sounds, respiratory rate,
sputum production, and dyspnea.
•Provide supplemental oxygen as ordered.
•Administer and teach self-administration
of medications as ordered
42
42. Preventing transmission of infection
•Enforce rule that all staff and visitors use well-fitted
standard masks for contact with patient.
•Use high-efficiency particulate masks, such as HEPA
filter masks,
43
44. Contn…
•Use standard precautions for additional protection.
•Educate the patient to control spread of infection through
secretions.
•Cover mouth and nose with double-ply tissue when
coughing or sneezing.
•Do not sneeze by bare hand.
•Wash hands after coughing or sneezing.
•Dispose of tissues promptly into closed plastic bag.
45
45. Improving nutritional status
•Explain the importance of eating a nutritious diet to
promote healing and improve defense against infection.
•Provide small, frequent meals and liquid supplements
during symptomatic period.
•Monitor weight.
•Administer vitamin supplements, as ordered, particularly
pyridoxine (vitamin B6) to prevent peripheral neuropathy
in patients taking isoniazide.
46
46. Improving compliance
•Stress the importance of continuing to take medicine.
•Review adverse effects of the drug therapy.
•Question the patient specifically about common
toxicities of drugs being used.
•Immediate reporting of toxicities.
•Participate in observation of medication taking,
weekly pill counts.
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47. Patient Education and Health Maintenance
• Review possible complications
• Instruct patient on avoidance of job-related exposure to excessive
amounts of silicone
• Encourage patient to report at specified intervals for bacteriologic
(smear) examination of sputum
• Educate asymptomatic people about PPD testing and treatment of
latent TB for positive results, based on risk grouping.
49