2. TASK 1: GM CROPS - FRANKENSTEIN FOOD ?
ENGLISH TEXT (PARAGRAPH 1) SPANISH TEXT (PARRAFO 1)
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe, militant
"greens" and angry small-farmers have attacked and destroyed
of experimental "GM" crops, seeing them both as symbols of
multinational agribusiness, and as a threat to the world's natural
environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the protestors'
fears, or are the protests largely motivated by ignorance? Is the
GM movement progressive, or is it a form of fundamentalism,
by fear of the unknown? Different people have different views on
matter, but history shows that quantum developments in science or
technology have always provoked a backlash motivated by fear or
misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British factories
over 200 years ago, factory-owners were wildly enthusiastic; so
many workers. But there were other people who took a different
view. Groups known as the Luddites, opposed to the mechanisation
of factories, sprang up across Britain, adopting commando tactics
break up new machinery in factories - claiming that it would
jobs and change people's lives for the worse.
Los cultivos genéticamente modificados son controversiales (GM).
En Europa los activistas “verdes” y pequeños agricultores furiosos
atacaron y destruyeron los terrenos experimentales de los GM ya
que son considerados como símbolos multinacionales del agro
negocio y como una amenaza para el medio ambiente mundial.
¿Existe alguna evidencia científica que respalde los temores de los
manifestantes o los manifestantes están motivados en gran parte
por la ignorancia? ¿Es el movimiento anti GM progresista o es una
forma de fundamentalismo causado por el miedo o por lo
desconocido?
Diferentes personas tienen diversos puntos de vista sobre el
pero la historia demuestra que los desarrollos cuánticos en ciencia
tecnología siempre han provocado una reacción negativa por el
miedo o la desinformación.
Cuando la maquinaria industrial comenzó a aparecer en las
industrias británicas hace doscientos años, los propietarios de las
fábricas estaban extremadamente entusiasmados así como
trabajadores. Pero hubo otras personas con un punto de vista
diferente. Grupos conocidos como los Luditas se opusieron a la
mecanización de las fábricas que surgieron en Gran Bretaña,
adoptando tácticas de comando para destruir las nuevas
maquinarias en las fábricas argumentando que destruirían los
trabajos y cambiarían a la gente para mal.
3. ENGLISH TEXT (PARAGRAPH 2) SPANISH TEXT (PARRAFO 2)
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they
provoked violent reactions too; opponents claimed
were dangerous, noisy and dirty, would destroy cities by fire,
and kill people through speed. Some landowners resolutely
refused to allow lines to be built over their land. Fifty years
later, the arrival of the motor car was met with a
similar mixed response - opponents arguing that "horseless
carriages" were far too dangerous to be allowed on Britain's
roads. For a while, the opponents almost won the battle,
until 1896, cars on Britain's roads had to be preceded by a
man walking with a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress is
full of examples of resistance to progress - in a paradoxical
illustration of Newton's third law of motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain and
several other countries against the introduction of
modified crops is not surprising; indeed, it is probably
inevitable. Since the catastrophe of "Mad Cow Disease", -
in spite of the enormous benefits brought about by modern
agricultural practice - agribusiness and scientific modern
farming methods are seriously contested in many quarters.
Cuando los primeros trenes a vapor aparecieron en la década de 1830,
también provocaron reacciones violentas, los oponentes afirmaban que
eran peligrosos, ruidosos y sucios, destruirían las ciudades por el fuego y
matarían personas por medio de la velocidad.
Algunos terratenientes resueltamente se negaron a permitir que se
construyeran líneas sobre sus tierras. Cincuenta años después, la llegada
automóvil se encontró con una respuesta mixta similar –oponentes
argumentando que los "carruajes sin caballos" eran demasiado peligrosos
para ser permitidos en las carreteras de Gran Bretaña. Durante un tiempo,
los oponentes casi ganaron la batalla y hasta 1896, los coches en las
carreteras británicas tuvieron que ser precedidos por un hombre
con una bandera roja.
Realmente, la historia del progreso científico y técnico está llena de
ejemplos de resistencia al progreso – en una ilustración paradójica de la
tercera ley del movimiento de Newton*.
Siendo este el caso, no es sorprendente la vigorosa reacción en Gran
Bretaña y en otros países contra la introducción de cultivos modificados
genéticamente; Desde la catástrofe de “la enfermedad de las vacas locas”,
y a pesar de los enormes beneficios que trae consigo la práctica agrícola
moderna- los agronegocios y los métodos científicos modernos de
agricultura son seriamente cuestionados en muchos sectores.
4. ENGLISH TEXT (PARAGRAPH 3) SPANISH TEXT (PARRAFO 3)
In Britain, the argument over GM crops has become the most
scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. In 1998 a public
opinion poll showed that 77% of British people did not want
modified crops to be grown in Britain - though only 58% were
genetic modification in principle. And in spite of historic parallels that
tend to suggest that resistance to change is rarely effective in the long
run, the controversy over genetically modified crops is perhaps more
critical than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK governments have continued to
support research into GM crops, and today hundreds of hectares of
genetically engineered plants are growing in Britain, mostly in
agricultural research centres, universities and plant laboratories. Here
and there, fields of genetically modified crops have been planted and
the passer-by, they look no different from other fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not really very different from others.
Scientists have been selecting and "improving" crops for hundreds of
years, often by the slow and dubious method of "trial and error". Most
the crops and fruit growing in today's fields are very different from the
varieties grown two centuries ago, and far more productive; far from
being "natural" plants, they are new strains that have been developed
genetic selection of the best. "Genetic Modification" just takes the
process one stage further, allowing agricultural scientists to produce
varieties with specific required qualities.
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre los cultivos genéticamente modificados
se ha convertido en la disputa científica mas controvertida desde el llegada de
bomba atómica. En 1998 una opinión publica mostró que el 77% de los
no quería que los cultivos genéticamente modificados fueran cultivados en Gran
Bretaña, aunque sólo 58% se oponían a la modificación genética en principio. Y
pesar de los paralelos históricos que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia al
rara vez es efectiva a largo plazo, la controversia sobre cultivos modificados
genéticamente es quizás más crítica que la mayoría.
A pesar de la aprehensión pública, los gobiernos del Reino Unido han
apoyando la investigación sobre cultivos GM, y hoy cientos de hectáreas de
plantas genéticamente modificadas están creciendo en Gran Bretaña,
principalmente en centros de investigación agrícola, universidades y laboratorios
de plantas. Aquí y allá, campos de cultivos modificados genéticamente han sido
plantados y al transeúnte, no parecen diferentes de otros campos.
En muchos sentidos, los cultivos GM no son realmente muy diferentes de otros.
Los científicos han estado seleccionando y "mejorando" los cultivos durante
cientos de años, a menudo por el método lento y dudoso de "ensayo y error".
mayoría de los cultivos y frutales en los campos actuales son muy diferentes de
variedades cultivadas hace dos siglos, y mucho más productivas; lejos de ser
plantas "naturales", son nuevas cepas que han sido desarrolladas por selección
genética de los mejores. "Modificación genética" sólo lleva el proceso una etapa
más, permitiendo a los científicos agrícolas producir nuevas variedades con
cualidades específicas requeridas.
5. ENGLISH TEXT (PARAGRAPH 4) SPANISH TEXT (PARRAFO 4)
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain plants
to make them resistant to disease and to pests, and thus reduce
the need for pesticides. Another is to make them resistant to
particular weed-killers, so that farmers can spray fields knowing
that the spray will kill almost all plants except the selected crop
that they are growing. Other genetic modifications are aimed at
producing plants that need less fertilizer or are more resistant to
drought, and thus need less watering. Most developments in
directions are strongly positive in environmental terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of
drought-resistant and disease-resistant crops will have major
implications for developing countries, where famine is a constant
risk. It is therefore not surprising that developing nations with
populations to feed, such as China and India, are keen supporters
of genetic research; unlike Europe and North America, with their
agricultural surpluses, many poorer nations already cannot
enough food to feed their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically
vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies - into certain plants.
Plant-based vaccines are potentially far cheaper to produce and
easier to store than their chemically-manufactured equivalents.
Uno de los principales objetivos en la alteración de los genes de
determinadas plantas es hacerlas resistentes a las enfermedades Y plagas,
así reducir la necesidad de pesticidas. Otra es hacerlos resistentes a los
herbicidas particulares, de forma que los agricultores puedan rociar
sabiendo que el aerosol matará casi todas las plantas excepto el cultivo
seleccionado que está creciendo. Otras modificaciones genéticas están
orientadas a producir plantas que necesitan menos fertilizante o son más
resistentes a la sequía, y por lo tanto necesitan menos riego. La mayoría
los desarrollos en estas direcciones son fuertemente positivos en términos
medioambientales.
También ellos son positivos en términos humanos, y el desarrollo de
cultivos resistentes a la sequía y resistentes a enfermedades tendrá
importantes implicaciones para los países en desarrollo, donde la
es un constante riesgo. Por lo tanto no es de sorprender que los países en
desarrollo con grandes poblaciones humanas , como China y la India, son
grandes defensores de la investigación genética; a diferencia de Europa y
Norteamérica, con sus excedentes agrícolas, muchas naciones más pobres
ya no pueden producir suficiente alimento para alimentar a sus
En otros desarrollos, los laboratorios están incorporando genéticamente
vacunas - incluyendo la hepatitis B y la rabia - en ciertas plantas. Las
vacunas basadas en plantas son potencialmente mucho más baratas de
producir y más fáciles de almacenar que sus equivalentes fabricados
químicamente.
6. ENGLISH TEXT (PARAGRAPH 5) SPANISH TEXT (PARRAFO 5)
Rejecting these arguments, opponents of genetic modification point to
the enormous risks that could be involved. While fears of "mad corn
disease" are as yet purely hypothetical, other risks seem more realistic.
Greatest of these is perhaps the fear that genetically modified crops
naturally interact with other plants, producing super-resistant weeds
could create chaos in agriculture. According to the Government's own
advisory body English Nature, genetic crops "pose a threat to all
wildlife". In a recent paper, English Nature scientists stressed that the
introduction of genetically modified plants might dramatically reduce
plant diversity in Britain, destroying fragile ecosystems and leading to
the rapid disappearance of certain species of plantlife, insects and
Cynics might reply that species of plant life, insects and birds have
been disappearing for years already.
In the short term, the arguments seems unlikely to go away.
farmers are already mass producing genetically modified crops, and so
far there has been no reported disaster. That does not mean that
disasters are impossible. In ten or twenty years' time, we may have a
better idea of how likely, or unlikely they are; in the long run the
argument about genetic modification will sort itself out one way or
another. Until then, it is up to each individual to weigh up the pros and
the cons and decide if the risks outweigh the advantages or not.
Rechazando estos argumentos, los opositores a la modificación genética
apuntan a los enormes riesgos que podrían estar involucrados. Mientras
que los temores de la "enfermedad del maíz loca" son aún puramente
hipotéticos, otros riesgos parecen más realistas. El mayor de estos es
el temor de que los cultivos genéticamente modificados puedan
naturalmente con otras plantas, produciendo malezas super resistentes
podrían crear caos en la agricultura. De acuerdo con el propio cuerpo
consultivo del Gobierno inglés Nature, Los cultivos genéticos "representan
una amenaza para toda la vida silvestre". En un artículo reciente, los
científicos ingleses de la Naturaleza destacaron que la introducción de
plantas genéticamente modificadas podría reducir drásticamente la
diversidad de plantas en Gran Bretaña, destruyendo ecosistemas frágiles y
llevando a la rápida desaparición de ciertas especies de vida vegetal,
insectos y aves.
Los cínicos podrían responder que especies de vida vegetal, insectos y
han estado desapareciendo desde hace años.
En el corto plazo, parece poco probable que los argumentos
Los agricultores estadounidenses ya producen en masa cultivos
genéticamente modificados, y hasta ahora no se ha informado de un
desastre. Eso no significa que los desastres son imposibles. Dentro de diez
veinte años, podemos tener una mejor idea de qué tan probable o
improbable es; a la larga, el argumento sobre la modificación genética se
resolverá de una manera u otra. Hasta entonces, corresponde a cada
individuo sopesar los pros y los contras y decidir si los riesgos superan las
ventajas o no.
7. TASK 2: REFLECTION
“I FOUND SOME WORDS OF THE TEXT REALLY DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE
MAYBE BECAUSE I HAVE LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TOPIC, SO THERE
ARE 2 OR 3 WORDS THAT I REALLY DID NOT UNDERSTAND VERY WELL.
THE TECHNIQUES I USED WERE MODULATION AND LITERAL TRANSLATION,
I TRIED TO WRITE THE BEST I COULD IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE AND I DID
THE CHANGES THTA WERE NECESSARY. ALSO, I USED A VIRTUAL
DICTIONARY (WWW.WORDREFERENCE.COM) WHICH HELPS ME TO FIND
SYNONYMS AND DIFFERENT WORDS”.
BY: NATHALI GUERRERO
8. “ACCORDING WITH THE ACTIVITY, I CONSIDER THAT THE PARAGRAPH WASN’T
DIFFICULT FOR TRANSLATE, HOWEVER, SOME EXPRESSIONS IN TRANSLATING
THEM VERBATIM WERE NOT COHERENT, THEREFORE, IT WAS NECESSARY TO
GIVE IT A MEANING ACCORDING TO WHAT THE TEXT IS MEANT TO IMPLY.
ACCORDING TO THE TECHNIQUES LEARNED IN THE COURSE, FOR THE
TRANSLATION OF THE PARAGRAPH, I USED LITERAL TRANSLATION CHECKING
THE MEANING OF EACH WORD AND ALSO I USED TRANSPOSITION BECAUSE
SOME PARTS OF SPEECH WERE CHANGE WITHOUT ALTERING THE MEANING OF
THE SOURCE TEXT”.
BY: MARIA DEL ROSARIO MONTAÑA
9. “THE ACTIVITY WAS INTERESTING BECAUSE YOU PUT TO THE TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE AND MENTAL AGILITY; I THINK THAT THE WORDS OF THE TEXT
WERE NOT DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE, EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE WORDS THAT,
APART HAVE A MEANING AND WHEN THIS ARE ACCOMPANIED BY ANOTHER
THE MEANING VARIES JUST A LITTLE AS "LONG RUN", I COULD ALSO IDENTIFY
SOME EXAMPLES IN WHICH IT IS CONVENIENT TO
USE PERHAPS THAN MAYBE AND HOW THIS CAN CHANGE THE MEANING OF A
SENTENCE.
AS FOR THE TECHNIQUE USED, FIRST I READ ALL THE CONTENT TO HAVE A
CLEARER IDEA AND THEN I STARTED TRANSLATING SENTENCES, LASTLY I READ
THE WHOLE TEXT TO VERIFY THAT EACH SENTENCE WAS CONNECTED WITHIN
THE CONTEXT”.
BY: ANA LUCIA VILLA
10. “ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION THAT I COULD READ THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS TO TRANSLATE ALL
DIFFERENT TO MY WAY OF THINKING EACH PERSON CHOOSES ACCORDING TO THE PREFERENCE AND ALSO
ACCORDING TO THE DIFFICULTY THAT HAS THE TEXT AND THE SKILLS OF EACH PERSON
THE PROBLEMS I FACED REGARDING IN TRANSLATING THE TEXT WERE THAT I DID NOT KNOW THE MEANING OF
SOME WORDS AS ARE THE FOLLOWING: WEED-KILLERS , I HAD THE INFORMATION THAT KILLERS MEANS
ASESINOS SO I THOUGHT IT MEANT SOMETHING HARMFUL BUT IT WAS UNTIL I SEARCHED THE ACTUAL MEANING
DICTIONARY THAT I UNDERSTOOD THE FULL SENTENCE, IN THE SAME WAY ANOTHER WORD THAT I DID NOT
KNOW WAS FAMINE. WITH REGARD TO THIS EXERCISE I CONSIDER THAT IT HAS BEEN
INTERESTING , MOST OF THE WORDS I KNEW AND THIS ALLOWED ME TO TRANSLATE QUICKLY. INITIALLY I READ
THE FULL TEXT AND WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING A FEW WORDS I COULD UNDERSTAND THIS. NORMALLY I
USUALLY TRANSLATE WORD FOR WORD UNTIL I CAN GIVE AN ORGANIZED MEANING TO THE SENTENCES
ORDUDARI, M. (JULY 2007). IT TRANSLATES WORD BY WORD WITHOUT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CONTEXT
AND THEN ARRANGING THE SENTENCES. IN MY CASE I USUALLY USE THIS METHOD OF TRANSLATION BECAUSE
FROM MY PERSPECTIVE IS EASIER AND I CAN FIND SEVERAL COMBINATIONS AND ACCORDING TO WHAT I
CONSIDER TO BE APPROPRIATE I WILL FORM A SENTENCE”
BY: LAURA MARCELA BARRERO
11. TASK 3: CHART
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
It is a particular procedure which
applied to the whole text. There
are many methods such as word-
for-word, semantic, adaptive,
idiomatic and communicative.
The strategy is used when we find
a problem with the translation
process.
A strategy is a planned,
goal-oriented which has an
identifiable outcome, It is a
procedure achieved with a
sequence of steps subject to
monitoring and modification.
The technique is the manner
is used for translating a part of a
text. It may vary according to
case and depending on the
specific verbal elements to be
translated. There are many
techniques such as borrowing,
calque, literal translation,
transposition, modulation,
equivalence and adaptation.
- Method is a way something is
done.
- The way in which the
confronts the whole of the
original text and develops the
translation process according
to certain principles
- Strategy usually requires some
sort of planning.
- These are procedures for
solving problems or reaching a
goal.
- It allows you to make better
use of the skills available to
perform a given task.
- It is the concrete application
visible in the result, which affects
smaller areas of the text, consists
of mechanisms used to solve
problems encountered.
12. METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
It refers to an orderly process that must be
followed to lead to the acquisition of some
knowledge.
For example in the translation we have the
of semantic translation in which we first analyze
the content and then we try to translate the exact
meaning of the text only that we must take more
into account the aesthetic of the translation.
It can be defined as a set of planned actions that can
help to make things better.
In translation we can read all the content first to
know the idea or the "body" of the text and then start
the translation or translate the text while reading,
promoting mental agility.
It is linked to the way that
do things, it can be a system
that we use to realize, learn
or facilitate something; as in
the translation can be used
different techniques when
find words that we want to
express better within a
context, such as: adaptation,
transposition, modulation
There are different types of methods to perform a
task, some of them are: word-for-word
Literal translation, Faithful translation among
others (Newmark, 1988b). According to the
information that I could appreciate the methods
are the ways with which a task is carried out,
according to that eleige the most assertive form
for each case
This is a procedure that is used in order to solve a
problem when translating a text (Loescher, 1991). From
my point of view strategies are the tool that we use to
reach a goal, in this case the would method to achieve
the translation of a text, taking into account that there
are different ways to do it according to the Knowledge
and resources that are necessary to be able to carry
a task
I consider that the technique
is all those elements that we
use to develop a task in a
successful way
