PhD class presentation on Evolutionary concepts of genetics and plant breeding

1. Evolutionary concepts of
genetics and plant breeding
GP 605 ADVANCED IN PLANT BREEDING SYSTEMS 2+0
Presented By
Mr. Ekatpure Sachin
PhD. Scholar
Plant Biotechnology 1

2. 2
8000
B.C.
700
B.C.
17271717
8000 B.C. - 5000 B.C. – Mesoamericans domesticate maize
Babylonians and Assyrians pollinated
date palm artificially
17th
Century
several varieties of heading lettuce
were developed in France
Thomas Fair Child - produced the first artificial hybrid,
popularly known as Fair Child’s mule, by using carnation with
sweet William
The first plant breeding company was established in
France by the Vilmorins.
Joseph koelreuter, a German, made
extensive crosses in tobacco
1760-
1766
Timeline

3. 3
1759-
1835 1873 19001856 1903
Knight was perhaps the first man to use
artificial hybridization to develop several new fruit varieties
The work of Patrick Shireff was first published
He concluded that only the variation heritable nature responded
to selections, and that there variation arose through ‘natural
sports’ (= mutation) and by ‘natural hybridization’
Johannsen proposed the pureline theory that provided
the genetic basis for individual plant selection.
Vilmorin developed the progeny test and used this method
successfully in the improvement of sugar beets
Nilson-Ehle, his associates developed the individual plant
selection method in Sweden.

4. 4
History of Plant Breeding in India

5. Year Work Done
1871 The Government of India created the Department of Agriculture
1905 The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was establish in Pusa, Bihar
1934 The buildings of the institute damaged in earthquake
1936 Shifted to New Delhi
1946 Name was changed Indian Agricultural Research Institute
1901-05 Agricultural Colleges were established at Kanpur, Pune, Sabour, Llyalpur, Coimbatore
1929 Imperial council of Agricultural Research was established
1946 Name was change to Indian Council Agricultural Research
1921
Indian Central Cotton Committee was established – Notable researches on breeding and cultivation of cotton. Eg :
70 improved varieties of cotton
1956
Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds and millets (PIRRCOM) was initiated to intensify
research on these crops – located at 17 different centers through out the country
1957 All India Coordinated maize improvement project was started with objective of exploiting heterosis
1961
The first hybrid maize varieties released by the project
- ICAR initiated coordinated projects for improvement of the other crops
1960 First Agricultural University established at Pantnagar, Nainital. 5

6. Scientific contributions of eminent
scientists
6

7. 7
Name of the
Scientist
Year Contribution
Name of the
Scientist
Year Contribution
Allard and
Bradshaw
1964 G x E interaction
Blackslee and
Nebel
1937 Colchicine
Hull 1945 Recurrent Selection for SCA Goulden 1966 Single Seed Descent Method
Jenkins 1940 Recurrent Selection for GCA Lewis 1954 Self incompatibility
Davenport 1908 Dominance hypothesis Van Der Plank 1963 Vertifolia effect
Flor 1956 Gene for gene hypothesis Vavilov 1926
Centres of diversity, Law of homologus
series
Johannsen 1903 Pureline concept Ashby 1930 Grater initial capital hypothesis
Harlan and
Pope
1922 Backcross method Vilmorin 1856 Progeny test
Jones 1914 Double cross scheme
Thomas
Fairchild
1719 First artificial hybrid
Jones and
Davis
1944
Cytoplasmic Genetic Male
sterility
Rimpau 1891 Triticale
Hopkins 1908 Ear to row method Hugo de Vries 1901 Mutation

8. 8
Name of the
Scientist
year Contribution Name of the Scientist Year Contribution
Hughes and
Babcock
1950
Sprophytic System
of self
incompatibility
Fischer 1947
Components of genetic variance
classification
Nilsson & Ehle 1909 Bulk method Rhoades 1950 Male sterility in maize
Karpenchenko 1927 Raphano brassica Harlan 1951 Microcentre
Shull 1914 Heterosis Aurbach 1949 Chemical mutagen
Jones and Davis 1944 Male sterility Jenson 1969 Multiline concept
Yuan Long Ping 1960
Father of hybrid
rice
M. S. Swaminathan 1970 Green revolution in India
Lewis 1954
Self incompatibility
classification
T. T. Chang 1982 Semi dwarf rice varieties at IRRI
Painter 1951
Mechanism of
insect resistance
G. W. Burton 1978 Forage breeder
Atkins 1953
Modified bulk
T. J. Jenkin 1933 Forage breeder

9. 9
Some Indian Plant Breeding

10. T. S. Venkatraman
• An eminent sugarcane breeder, he transferred thick
stem and high sugar contents from tropical noble
cane to North Indian Canes
• Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum
• This process is known as Noblization of sugarcane
• This hybrid sugar-cane became very popular in India
and in other countries
• Because of this, sugar production from sugar-cane
was improved and our country could stop importing
sugar from other countries.
• He was honored by the Queen of England in 1942
and was given the title SIR 10

11. B. P. Pal
• An eminent Wheat breeder, developed
superior disease resistant N. P. varieties of
wheat
• First Indian Director of the IARI
• Dr Pal's major contribution to the scientific
aspects of the Green Revolution was in the
area of wheat genetics and breeding
• He observed that rust disease was largely
responsible for low yields of wheat and,
therefore, developed a systematic breeding
method to develop varieties with resistance
to rust disease.
11
1906 - 1989

12. M.S. Swaminathan
• Responsible for green revolution in India
• Developed high yielding varieties of Wheat
and Rice
• An Indian geneticist and international
administrator
• Renowned for his leading role in India's
Green Revolution a program under which
high-yield varieties of wheat and rice
seedlings were planted in the fields of poor
farmers.
12

13. • Pushkarnath - Famous potato breeder
• N.G.P. Rao - An eminent sorghum breeder
• K. Ramaiah - A renowned rice breeder
• Ram Dhan Singh - Famous wheat breeder
• D.S. Athwal - Famous pearl millet breeder
• Bosisen - An eminent maize breeder
• Dharampal Singh - An eminent oil-seed breeder
• C.T. Patel - Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton hybrid in 1970
• V. Santhanam - Famous cotton breeder
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