Translation techniques

1. TRANSLATIONS TECHNIQUES
TASK 3
BY
MARÍA LILIANA CALAMBAZ GÓMEZ ID: 26493576
SILVIA VICTORIA VARGAS ID: 1083908527
YOERLY ROCÍO MURCIA ID:36 292 535
DEYNA LISSETH RIASCOS ID: 1083906382
JUAN GABRIEL CASTRO ARTUNDUAGA 1078749999
GROUP: 551037_2
DINA ESPERENZA BONILLA
TUTOR
COLOMBIA, OCTOBER OF 2017

3. GM Crops – Frankenstein Food
Alimentos Transgénicos – La Comida de Frankenstein
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe,
militant "greens" and angry small-farmers have attacked
and destroyed fields of experimental "GM" crops, seeing
them both as symbols of multinational agribusiness, and as
a threat to the world's natural environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the
protestors' fears, or are the protests largely motivated by
ignorance? Is the anti-GM movement progressive, or is it a
form of fundamentalism, caused by fear of the unknown?
Different people have different views on the matter, but
history shows that quantum developments in science or
technology have always provoked a backlash motivated by
fear or misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British
factories over 200 years ago, factory-owners were wildly
enthusiastic; so were many workers. But there were other
people who took a different view. Groups known as
the Luddites, opposed to the mechanization of factories,
sprang up across Britain, adopting commando tactics to
break up new machinery in factories, claiming that it would
destroy jobs and change people's lives for the worse.
Los cultivos genéticamente modificados son controvertidos. En
Europa, los militantes “verdes” y los pequeños agricultores
enojados han atacado y destruido campos de cultivos
experimentales "transgénicos", mirándolos a ambos como
símbolos del agro negoció multinacional, y como una amenaza
para el medio ambiente.
Hay alguna evidencia científica sólida para apoyar los temores
de los manifestantes, o son las protestas en gran parte
motivadas por la ignorancia? Es el movimiento anti-GM
(transgenéticos) progresivo, o es una forma de
fundamentalismo, causado por el miedo a lo desconocido?
Diferentes personas tienen diferentes puntos de vista sobre el
asunto, pero la historia muestra que los desarrollos cuánticos
en ciencia o tecnología siempre han provocado una reacción
motivada por el miedo o incomprensión.
Cuando la maquinaria industrial empezó a aparecer en las
fábricas británicas hace más de 200 años, los dueños de
fábricas estaban enormemente entusiasmados; también lo
estaban muchos trabajadores. Pero hubo otras personas que
tomaron un punto de vista diferente. Los grupos conocidos
como “Luddites”, opuestos a la mecanización de fábricas,
surgieron a través de Gran Bretaña, adoptando tácticas de
comando para romper maquinaria nueva en fábricas, afirmando
que destruiría empleos y cambiaría la vida de las personas
para mal.

4. Personal Reflection
To start, I found the text very interesting, because it contained some words and
expressions that were unknown to me such as:
- Sprang up
- Sound scientific evidence
- GM
- Backlash
The first two expressions were a bit hard to translate because their individual
meaning is different than when we use it as a full sentence.
With the last two words the translation wasn’t complicated at all because I just
had to use a dictionary to know the meaning of each one.
Regarding to the technique I used to translate the text, I just tried to follow the
context of the text.
First of all I read the original text which was in English and I tried to follow the
context to find the sense of the text, then I started to translate according to the
context and sense of it.
When I was done translating, I tried to correct any mistake or incoherence in the
first translation and when I saw that the text was completely ready I sent it to the
forum.

5. Chart
Method Strategy Technique
Method is a way
something is done.
Example: The recipe
that I found in the
cookbook had different
ways to cook the
potatoes, but I chose the
bake method in the
oven.
Is a plan of action
designed to achieve an
overall aim. Example,
"What’s your strategy for
setting goals?” is ok to
say but some people
might not know what you
mean. Strategy is almost
like the word 'tactic'.
I s a procedure or skill for
completing a specific
task. If a class room is
becoming distracted a
teacher may use the
technique to use a quick
physical activity to
distract their distraction
and get them all to do the
same thing at the same
time.

6. Feedbacks

8. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they
provoked violent reactions too; opponents claimed that they
were dangerous, noisy and dirty, would destroy cities by fire,
and kill people through speed. Some landowners resolutely
refused to allow lines to be built over their land. Fifty years
later, the arrival of the motor car was met with a similar mixed
response - opponents arguing that "horseless carriages" were
far too dangerous to be allowed on Britain's roads. For a
while, the opponents almost won the battle, and until 1896,
cars on Britain's roads had to be preceded by a man walking
with a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress is full
of examples of resistance to progress - in a paradoxical
illustration of Newton's third law of motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain and
several other countries against the introduction of genetically
modified crops is not surprising; indeed, it is probably
inevitable. Since the catastrophe of "Mad Cow Disease", - and
in spite of the enormous benefits brought about by modern
agricultural practice - agribusiness and scientific modern
farming methods are seriously contested in many quarters.
Cuando aparecieron los primeros trenes de vapor en la
década de 1830, provocaron reacciones muy violentas; los
opositores afirmaron que eran peligrosos, ruidosos y sucios,
destruirían las ciudades por el fuego y matarían a las
personas a través de velocidad. Algunos terratenientes se
negaron resueltamente a permitir que se construyeran líneas
sobre sus tierras. Cincuenta años después, la llegada del
automóvil fue recibida con una reacción mixta similar: los
opositores argumentaban que los "carruajes sin caballos" eran
demasiado peligrosos como para permitirse en las carreteras
de Gran Bretaña. Durante un tiempo, los oponentes casi
ganaron la batalla, y hasta 1896, los coches en las carreteras
de Gran Bretaña tenían que ser precedido por un hombre
caminando con una bandera roja.
De hecho, la historia del progreso científico y técnico está
llena de ejemplos de resistencia al progreso -en una
ilustración paradójica de la tercera ley del movimiento de
Newton-.
Siendo este el caso, la reacción enérgica en Gran Bretaña y
en muchos otros países contra la introducción de cultivos
genéticamente modificados no es sorprendente; de hecho,
probablemente sea inevitable. Desde la catástrofe de la
"enfermedad de las vacas locas", y a pesar de los enormes
beneficios que trajo consigo la práctica agrícola moderna, la
agroindustria y los modernos métodos de cultivo se
encuentran seriamente cuestionados en muchos sectores.

9. Personal Reflection
Intervening in the translation was very pleasant, since the text was
contained by a topic easy to understand, however for some
expressions I didn't find a translation that corresponded to a clear
equivalence for the Spanish idiom. For example "similar mixed
response" is a clear expression in English, but I did not know how
to adapt it to Spanish. On the other hand the translation in some
parts of the text for me was adjusted word for word because I
don't know what kind of equivalence they may have, or maybe that
is the translation that corresponds.
In conclusion sometimes I think that it is easier to adapt the
Spanish to many expressions that I find difficult in English writing,
because I understand what they want to express, but exists the
risk of emitting important things or keywords; but for this text there
is no great difficulty.

10. Chart
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
-System of thought that
guides educational action.
-Way something is done.
-Executable procedure,
with all the specific and
prioritized tasks according
to the plan, and in tune with
the envisaged strategy.
-Way we teach,
approaches explain why
we teach that way
-Requires some sort of
planning designed to
achieve an overall aim.
-The didactic approach,
based your foundational
theoretical framework
-Movements significant to
as tactics
-Procedure or skill with
which it is directed a
specific task.
-A highly personalized style
of carrying out a particular
step.
-Developing the teacher’s
own distinctive way of
carrying out some aspect
of instruction.

13. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
In Britain, the argument over GM crops has become the most
contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom
bomb . In 1998 a public opinion poll showed that 77% of
British people did not want genetically-modified crops to be
grown in Britain - though only 58% were opposed genetic
modification in principle. And in spite of historic parallels that
tend to suggest that resistance to change is rarely effective in
the long run, the controversy over genetically modified crops is
perhaps more critical than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK governments have
continued to support research into GM crops, and today
hundreds of hectares of genetically engineered plants
are growing in Britain, mostly in agricultural research centres,
universities and plant laboratories. Here and there, fields of
genetically modified crops have been planted • and to the
passer-by, they look no different from other fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not really very different from
others. Scientists have been selecting and "improving" crops
for hundreds of years, often by the slow and dubious method of
"trial and error". Most of the crops and fruit growing in today's
fields are very different from the varieties grown two centuries
ago, and far more productive; far from being "natural" plants,
they are new strains that have been developed by genetic
selection of the best. "Genetic Modification" just takes the
process one stage further, allowing agricultural scientists to
produce new varieties with specific required qualities.
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre los cultivos GM se ha
convertido en la más controvertida disputa científica desde la
llegada de la bomba atómica . En 1998 una encuesta de
opinión pública reveló que 77% de los británicos no quieren los
cultivos genéticamente modificados que se cultiva en Gran
Bretaña, aunque sólo el 58% estaban en contra de la
modificación genética en principio. Y a pesar de los
paralelismos históricos que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia
al cambio es raramente eficaz en el largo plazo, la controversia
sobre los cultivos modificados genéticamente es quizás más
importante que la mayoría.
A pesar de la aprensión del público, los gobiernos británicos
han continuado apoyando la investigación en cultivos GM, y hoy
cientos de hectáreas de plantas genéticamente modificadas
están creciendo en Gran Bretaña, principalmente en los centros
de investigación agrícola, universidades y laboratorios de la
planta. Aquí y allá, campos de cultivos modificados
genéticamente han sido plantadas • y al transeúnte, miran no
difiere de otros campos.
En muchos sentidos, los cultivos transgénicos no son realmente
muy diferente de los demás. Los científicos han venido
seleccionando y &Quot;mejorar&Quot; cultivos durante cientos
de años, a menudo por el lento y dudosas de &Quot;ensayo y
error".La mayoría de las cosechas y el cultivo de árboles
frutales en hoy mismo's campos son muy diferentes de las
variedades cultivadas de hace dos siglos, y mucho más
productiva; lejos de ser &Quot;&Quot; plantas naturales, son
nuevas cepas que han sido desarrollados por selección
genética de las mejores.&Quot;ModificaciónGenética&Quot;
simplemente lleva el proceso un paso más allá, permitiendo a
los científicos agrícolas para producir nuevas variedades con
determinadas cualidades requeridas.

14. Personal Reflection
When I begin to make the translation of the text; it is difficult to
know the meaning of some words because they were unknown
in my vocabulary, but in other parts compared to understand
the ideas expressed; that is what I wanted to express the text.
The techniques used to translate the text were first read the
whole text to learn if he understood the general idea: in order to
have an idea of the text, then remove the unknown words and
the look in the dictionary to learn their meaning and how it
brought consistency to the prayers within the text.

15. Chart
Method Strategy Techniques
The methods provide
tools that are used in
teaching and learning in
the acquisition of various
knowledge
The strategies are ways
of teaching; and of
course the mechanisms
how students learn.
Are the ways in which is
used to translate a text
for example, from English
to Spanish, resources to
facilitate the
interpretation of what is
taught.

16. Feeedbacks

18. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain
plants is to make them resistant to disease and to pests, and
thus reduce the need for pesticides. Another is to make them
resistant to particular weed-killers, so that farmers can spray
fields knowing that the spray will kill almost all plants except
the selected crop that they are growing. Other genetic
modifications are aimed at producing plants that need less
fertilizer or are more resistant to drought, and thus need less
watering. Most developments in these directions are strongly
positive in environmental terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of
drought-resistant and disease-resistant crops will have major
implications for developing countries, where famine is a
constant risk. It is therefore not surprising that developing
nations with large populations to feed, such as China and
India, are keen supporters of genetic research; unlike Europe
and North America, with their agricultural surpluses, many
poorer nations already cannot produce enough food to feed
their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically
incorporating vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies - into
certain plants. Plant-based vaccines are potentially far
cheaper to produce and easier to store than their chemically-
manufactured equivalents.
Uno de los principales motivos para modificar los genes de
ciertas plantas es hacerlas resistentes a las enfermedades y
plagas, en consecuencia se reduce la necesidad de
pesticidas. Otro es hacerlas resistentes a herbicidas, de
modo que los agricultores puedan fumigar plantaciones
sabiendo que el riego matara casi todas las plantas excepto
el cultivo seleccionado el cual ellos están cultivando. Otras
modificaciones genéticas son dirigidas a producir plantas que
necesiten menos fertilizante o que sean más resistentes a la
sequía, y por lo tanto necesitaran menos riego. La mayoría
de estos avances en este sentido son fuertemente positivos
en términos ambientales.
También son positivos en el plano humano, al desarrollar
cosechas resistentes a sequias y enfermedades tendrán
importantes implicaciones en países en desarrollo, donde la
hambruna es un riesgo constante. Por lo tanto, no es
sorpresa que naciones en desarrollo con una gran población
por alimentar tales como China e India sean grandes
defensores de la investigación genética; a diferencia de
Europa y América del Norte con sus excedentes agrícolas,
muchos países pobres ya no pueden producir suficiente
comida para alimentar a sus comunidades.
En otros avances, los laboratorios están incorporando
vacunas genéticamente a ciertas plantas, incluye hepatitis B y
la rabia. Las vacunas vegetales son potencialmente más
baratas para producir y fáciles de almacenar que fabricar sus
químicos equivalentes.

19. Personal Reflection
To develop this translation, firs I used as translation methods “Communicative
translation Method and Faithful translation” because I needed to express the same
intention of the original text in a form that is accessible and understandable in the
Spanish language. Second, I chosen as translation strategies “Replacement by a TL
item and Reduction of the allusion to sense by rephrasing” when I did the translation of
the following some words and phrases, for instance:
The word Spray: I known this word as “rociar, esparcir, among others” but in this case I
had to translate it as “fumigar” which is not common.
Third as translation techniques “literal translation, Reformulation or equivalence,
Adaptation, and Compensation” when I did the translation of some words and phrases,
for instance:
The phrase “and development of” first I translated literally “y el desarrollo de” however
this translation didn´t fit with next phrase, so I made a decision about it so that the
sentence was accordance and significant to the text, and that was the result.
In conclusion, translation consists of an analysis logical and accordance to the content
of the text, in other words, the translator must have accuracy and flexibility in relation to
the topic treated.

20. Chart
METHOD STRATEGY TECNIQUE
It is the development of a procedure
adopted to achieve a result, and the target
of the translator is to board clearly the
subject matter to give a meaning to the
whole text.
According Ordudari (2007) there are
different methods of translation such as:
-Word-for-word translation
-Faithful translation
-Semantic translation
-Free translation
-Idiomatic translation
-Communicative translation
Among others
It is the technical skill of the translator who
may choose one or several methods to
develop the task, i.e. it isn´t a standard
operating procedure, so the relevant thing
is the translator must has capacity to solve
the problems during the development of
her/his task since he/she has very ways to
do it.
According Ordudari (2007) these are some
strategies:
-Use of a standard translation
-Minimum change, that is, a literal
translation
-Extra allusive guidance added in the text,
-The use of footnotes, endnotes
-Stimulated familiarity or internal marking
-Replacement by a TL item
-Reduction of the allusion to sense by
rephrasing,
-Re-creation, using a fusion of techniques
-Omission of the allusion.
It can be say that is to write the words from
a language to another, but the translator
must make decisions to achieve faithful
results to the original text i.e. semantic and
syntactic approximations in terms that are
comprehensible in the target language.
According Bosco ( ) she has been using
following techniques:
-Direct translation techniques: Borrowing,
calque, literal translation.
-Oblique translation techniques:
Transposition, Modulation, Reformulation
or equivalence, Adaptation, Compensation.

21. Feedbacks
To Juan Gabriel: first, I want to congratulate
because you´re a hard-working student,
quality very important to be successful. I
only have a suggestion for you, according
activity guide, in the task 1 apart from
choosing any of the paragraphs, we must to
make the translation of the paragraph
chosen, so from my point of view it is the
only thing that is lacking you.
To Yoerly: in the first task you should
put your translation in a template as
tutor suggested it, and I saw that your
document doesn´t have the reflection
or the explanation of the techniques
used to get the translation.
To Deyna: thanks for sharing with us
the first part of your job, but
remember this task has three steps,
therefore you should fulfill it because
this task has deadline until tomorrow.
There´s still time, it can be done!
To Silvia: Dear Silvia: I agree with
Juan Gabriel, you should check you
translation, there are some words and
phrases wrong, for instance: lejos de
ser &Quot;&Quot and others.

23. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
Rejecting these arguments, opponents of genetic
modification point to the enormous risks that could be
involved. While fears of "mad corn disease" are as yet purely
hypothetical, other risks seem more realistic. Greatest of these
is perhaps the fear that genetically modified crops can
naturally interact with other plants, producing super-resistant
weeds that could create chaos in agriculture. According to the
Government's own advisory body English Nature, genetic
crops "pose a threat to all wildlife". In a recent paper, English
Nature scientists stressed that the introduction of genetically
modified plants might dramatically reduce plant diversity in
Britain, destroying fragile ecosystems and leading to the rapid
disappearance of certain species of plantlife, insects and
birds. Cynics might reply that species of plant life, insects and
birds have been disappearing for years already.
In the short term, the arguments seem unlikely to go
away. American farmers are already mass producing
genetically modified crops, and so far, there has been no
reported disaster. That does not mean that disasters are
impossible. In ten or twenty years' time, we may have a better
idea of how likely, or unlikely they are; in the long run the
argument about genetic modification will sort itself out one way
or another. Until then, it is up to each individual to weigh up
the pros and the cons and decide if the risks outweigh the
advantages or not.
Rechazando estos argumentos, los que se oponen a la
modificación genética señalan que los enormes riesgos que
eso podría traer. mientras que los temores a “la enfermedad
del maíz loco” son aún, puramente hipotéticos, otros riesgos
se muestran más realistas. El más grade de estos es quizá el
miedo de que las plantas genéticamente modificadas pueden
interactuar naturalmente con otras plantas, produciendo
plantas super resistentes que podrían causar caos en la
agricultura. Según la misma división de estudios naturales del
gobierno inglés, las plantas genéticamente modificadas
“representan una amenaza para la vida silvestre”. En un
reciente documento, los científicos naturalistas ingleses
acentuaron que la introducción de plantas genéticamente
modificadas podrían reducir dramáticamente la diversidad de
plantas en Gran Bretaña, destruyendo ecosistemas frágiles y
llevando a la rápida desaparición de ciertas especies de la
vida vegetal, insectos y aves. Los cínicos probablemente
digan que muchas especies de plantas, insectos y aves han
venido desapareciendo desde hace varios años.
A corto plazo, parece que estos argumentos no van a
desaparecer. Los granjeros americanos ya están produciendo
plantas genéticamente modificadas en masa, y, hasta ahora,
no ha habido reportes de desastres. Eso no significa que los
desastres sean poco probables. En unos diez o veinte años,
probablemente tengamos una mejor idea de qué tan
probables o improbables estos sean, en la larga carrera de
argumentos acerca de la modificación genética, ésta se
resolverá por si sola de una forma u otra. Hasta entonces, es
la elección de cada individuo hacer juicios acerca de los pro y
los contra de esto y decidir si los riesgos superan las ventajas
o no.

24. The text is a scientific paper about how plants genetically
modified may affect other plant species and even human life
and as one can imagine, the text is written in very technical
vocabulary and most of us are not used to complex words,
but the most difficult for translating were the phrasal verbs
such as "sort out", "weigh up" and of course words whose
meaning I didn't know as "likely and unlikely", because I
thought their meaning was different.
Then the technique that I use to get good results is to follow
the context of the paragraph and try to be coherent to identify
the meaning of the unknown word, of course I use word
reference dictionary to clarify possible doubts.

25. Chart
Method Strategy Technique
It’s a way of doing
something according to an
elaborated plan routed
mainly to achieve
something. It’s an ordered
procedure.
This is a plan or plans
routed to get a specific
result. It’s the level in
which the theoretical part is
put into practice.
It’s an ability applied by
anyone in any field to
make it easy, it’s a set of
practical knowledge and
procedures.

26. Feedbacks
To Liliana:
The text you translated is quite
interesting and well, I must say it's
well written, in spite of some doubts I
have, I think that's pretty good.
See you.
To Yoerly:
well done, I just read your paper and I
consider the translation is pretty good
because it makes sense.
Let me tell you that you lack your reflection
about the translation process.
To Silvia.
Reading your contribution it's interesting to see
the technique you used to translate the text, and
let me tell you that to make that any text have
sense after translating it, it's necessary doing
what you did, read the whole text in order to know
the main idea and that way we can ensure the
text is accurate.
To Deyna
Well done, your translation is well
done, and well, I see no mistakes
over there, so I invite you to
comment the other classmates’
writings.

27. References
Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved October 2, 2017, from
http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and methods. Translation
Journal, 11(3). Retrieved October 2, 2017, from
http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm
(2015, 10). What are the major differences between a technique, strategy, method and
approach? Quora. Obtenido 09, 2017, de https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-major-
differences-between-a-technique-strategy-method-and-approach