- The introduction of GM crops in Britain has become the most contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. While public opinion polls in 1998 showed most British people opposed GM crops, the UK government has continued supporting GM crop research. - Hundreds of hectares of GM crops now grow in Britain, mostly in research centers, universities, and laboratories. To passersby, GM crops look no different than other crops. - While GM crops may not differ much from conventionally bred crops, genetic modification allows scientists to produce new varieties with desired traits like disease resistance more efficiently. However, opponents argue GM crops pose enormous risks to the environment and biodiversity.

1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
Collaborative Task 3. UNIT 1
Group: 551037_1
Students:
Diana Carina Barrios Morales Cod. 45755816
Astrid Daniela Morelos Rojas Cod. 1063174357
María Gregoria Alba Gracia Cod. 1065376568
Yeimy Paola Mendoza Ávila Cod. 1063162154
Tutor: DINA ESPERANZA BONILLA
Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD
October 2017

2. GM crops - Frankenstein Food?
TASK 1. TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TEST SPANISH TEST
GM crops - Frankenstein Food?
PARAGRAPH 2
When the first steam trains appeared
in the 1830's, they provoked violent
reactions too; opponents claimed that
they were dangerous, noisy and dirty,
would destroy cities by fire, and kill
people through speed. Some
landowners resolutely refused to allow
lines to be built over their land. Fifty
years later, the arrival of the motor car
was met with a similar mixed response -
opponents arguing that "horseless
carriages" were far too dangerous to be
allowed on Britain's roads. For a while,
the opponents almost won the battle,
and until 1896, cars on Britain's roads
had to be preceded by a man walking
with a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and
technical progress is full of examples of
resistance to progress - in a paradoxical
illustration of Newton's third law of
motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous
reaction in Britain and several other
countries against the introduction of
genetically modified crops is not
surprising; indeed, it is probably
inevitable. Since the catastrophe of
"Mad Cow Disease", - and in spite of
the enormous benefits brought about by
modern agricultural practice -
agribusiness and scientific modern
farming methods are seriously
contested in many quarters.
Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados
– ¿La comida de Frankenstein?
PÁRRAFO 2
Cuando los primeros trenes a vapor
aparecieron en la década de 1830,
también provocaron reacciones
violentas; los opositores se quejaban de
que eran peligrosos, ruidosos y sucios,
que destruirían las ciudades por el
fuego y matarían a la gente debido a la
velocidad. Algunos terratenientes se
negaron rotundamente a permitir la
construcción de líneas sobre sus
tierras. Cincuenta años más tarde, la
llegada del automóvil se encontró con
una respuesta mixta similar –
opositores argumentando que los
"carruajes sin caballos" eran demasiado
peligrosos para ser permitidos en las
carreteras de Gran Bretaña. Durante un
tiempo, los oponentes casi ganaron la
batalla, y hasta 1896, los carros en las
carreteras de Gran Bretaña tuvieron
que ser precedidos por un hombre
caminando con una bandera roja.
De hecho, la historia del progreso
científico y técnico está llena de
ejemplos de resistencia al progreso -en
una ilustración paradójica de la tercera
ley del movimiento de Newton-.
Siendo así, no es sorprendente la
fuerte reacción en Gran Bretaña y en
otros países contra la introducción de
cultivos modificados genéticamente; de
hecho, es probablemente inevitable.
Desde la catástrofe de la "enfermedad
de las vacas locas", y a pesar de los
enormes beneficios que trajo consigo la
práctica agrícola moderna, la
agroindustria y los modernos métodos
de cultivo se encuentran seriamente
cuestionados en muchos sectores.

3. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Write a text about the problems you faced regarding words or expressions that were
hard to translate and an explanation on the techniques used to get the results.
In translating the second paragraph of the text, I can say that I had some difficulties
in translating several expressions, for example "lines to be built", literally means
"líneas para ser construidas", but in Spanish that expression is not used. I had to think
of a different expression for to express the same idea, that is to say, I had to use the
technique of oblique translation: Modulation: construcción de líneas (lines
construction). In the same way I translated the expression "This being the case" by:
Siendo así.
I also used some of the direct translation techniques such as literal translation in
several sentences of the paragraph and the Calque, that is to say, a phrase borrowed
from another language and translated literally word for word in the following
sentences:
"Mad Cow Disease" ------ la enfermedad de las vacas locas-----
"Horseless carriages"----- "carruajes sin caballos".-----

4. TASK 3. CHART
Create a chart about the difference between method, strategy and technique.
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Translation method
relate to the whole text.
Strategy usually requires
some sort of planning
It affects the result of the
translation.
A particular translation
process is carried out in
terms of the translator
objective
Plans to resolve problems
in translation. They are
part of the process of
translation
It is used for sentences
and the smaller units of
language
It is a procedure for
sentences
Involve the basic task of
choosing the foreign text
to be translated and
developing a method to
translating
Analysis of the source
and target languages
By: Diana Barrios Morales

5. PARAGRAPH 3
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
In Britain, the argument over GM crops
has become the most contested
scientific dispute since the arrival of the
atom bomb. In 1998 a public opinion poll
showed that 77% of British people did
not want genetically-modified crops to
be grown in Britain - though only 58%
were opposed genetic modification in
principle. And in spite of historic
parallels that tend to suggest that
resistance to change is rarely effective
in the long run, the controversy over
genetically modified crops is perhaps
more critical than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK
governments have continued to support
research into GM crops, and today
hundreds of hectares of genetically
engineered plants are growing in Britain,
mostly in agricultural research centers,
universities and plant laboratories. Here
and there, fields of genetically modified
crops have been planted • and to the
passer-by, they look no different from
other fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not
really very different from others.
Scientists have been selecting and
"improving" crops for hundreds of years,
often by the slow and dubious method of
"trial and error". Most of the crops and
fruit growing in today's fields are very
different from the varieties grown two
centuries ago, and far more productive;
far from being "natural" plants, they are
new strains that have been developed
by genetic selection of the best.
"Genetic Modification" just takes the
process one stage further, allowing
agricultural scientists to produce new
varieties with specific required qualities.
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre cultivos
transgénicos se ha convertido en la disputa
científica más controvertida desde la llegada
de la bomba atómica. En 1998, una encuesta
de opinión pública demostró que el 77% de
los británicos no quería que los cultivos
genéticamente modificados fueran cultivados
en Gran Bretaña, aunque sólo 58% se
oponían a la modificación genética en
principio. Y a pesar de los paralelos históricos
que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia al
cambio rara vez es efectiva a largo plazo, la
controversia sobre cultivos genéticamente
modificados es quizás más crítica que la
mayoría.
A pesar de la aprehensión pública, los
gobiernos del Reino Unido han continuado
apoyando la investigación sobre cultivos
transgénicos, y hoy en día cientos de
hectáreas de plantas genéticamente
modificadas están creciendo en Gran
Bretaña, principalmente en centros de
investigación agrícola, universidades y
laboratorios de plantas. Aquí y allá, se han
plantado campos de cultivos genéticamente
modificados? y al transeúnte, no parecen
diferentes de otros campos.
En muchos sentidos, los cultivos
transgénicos no son realmente muy
diferentes de otros. Los científicos han
estado seleccionando y "mejorando" los
cultivos durante cientos de años, a menudo
por el método lento y dudoso de "ensayo y
error". La mayoría de los cultivos y frutales en
los campos actuales son muy diferentes de
las variedades cultivadas hace dos siglos, y
mucho más productivas; lejos de ser plantas
"naturales", son nuevas cepas que han sido
desarrolladas por selección genética de los
mejores. "Modificación genética" sólo lleva el
proceso una etapa más, lo que permite a los
científicos agrícolas para producir nuevas
variedades con cualidades específicas
requeridas.

6. TASK 2
In this paragraph I had a bit of difficulty because the truth of the translation is not my
forte, other this paragraph is very long for what I use to handle, but I dedicate time and
certain words that I had already managed and I left, I also opt for the translator help.
TASK 3
Method Strategy Technique
The way in which the
translator confronts
the whole of the
original text and
develops the
translation process
according to certain
principles
It is individual and
procedural, and consists
of the mechanisms used
by the translator to solve
the problems
encountered
It makes references to
the tools they use to
bring knowledge.
By: Yeimy Paola Mendoza Avila

7. PARAGRAPH 4
English Test Spanish test
GM crops
Frankenstein Food?
Paragraph 4
One of the main objectives in altering
the genes of certain plants is to make
them resistant to disease and to pests,
and thus reduce the need for pesticides.
Another is to make them resistant to
particular weed-killers, so that farmers
can spray fields knowing that the spray
will kill almost all plants except
the selected crop that they are growing.
Other genetic modifications are aimed
at producing plants that need less
fertilizer or are more resistant
to drought, and thus need less watering.
Most developments in these directions
are strongly positive in environmental
terms. They are also positive in human
terms, and development of drought-
resistant and disease-resistant
crops will have major implications for
developing countries, where famine is a
constant risk. It is therefore not
surprising that developing nations with
large populations to feed, such as China
and India, are keen supporters
of genetic research; unlike Europe and
North America, with their agricultural
surpluses, many poorer nations already
cannot produce enough food to feed
their populations. In other
developments, laboratories are
genetically incorporating vaccines -
including hepatitis B and rabies - into
certain plants. Plant-based vaccines are
potentially far cheaper to produce and
easier to store than their chemically-
manufactured equivalents.
Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados – ¿La
comida de Frankenstein?
Párrafo 4
Uno de los principales objetivos en la
alteración de los genes de ciertas plantas es
hacerlos resistentes a la enfermedad y para
las plagas, y así reducir la necesidad de
pesticidas. Otra es hacerlos resistentes a los
herbicidas particulares, para que los
agricultores puedan pulverizar campos
sabiendo que el aerosol matará casi todas las
plantas excepto el cultivo seleccionado que
están creciendo. Otras modificaciones
genéticas están dirigidas a producir plantas
que necesitan menos fertilizante o son más
resistentes a la sequía, y por lo tanto
necesitan menos riego. La mayoría de los
desarrollos en estas direcciones son
fuertemente positivos en términos
medioambientales. También son positivas en
términos humanos, y el desarrollo de cultivos
resistentes a la sequía y resistentes a
enfermedades tendrá importantes
implicaciones para los países en desarrollo,
donde el hambre es un riesgo constante. Por
lo tanto, no es de extrañar que los países en
desarrollo con grandes poblaciones de
alimentos, como China y la India, sean
partidarios de la investigación genética; a
diferencia de Europa y Norteamérica, con sus
excedentes agrícolas, muchas naciones más
pobres ya no pueden producir suficiente
alimento para alimentar a sus poblaciones.
En otros desarrollos, los laboratorios están
incorporando genéticamente vacunas -
incluyendo la hepatitis B y la rabia - en ciertas
plantas. Las vacunas basadas en plantas son
potencialmente mucho más baratas de
producir y más fáciles de almacenar que sus
equivalentes fabricados químicamente.

8. Task 2. Reflection
During the translation of the text there were some terms or expressions that have
different concepts, for which I should have adapted and could make a better
understanding of the text such as weed-killers means killer herb, but the search in
an online translator and the complete phrase means herbicides, which fit even more
to the context of the text, perhaps could be useful for a first approximation, but we
should never rely on the translation of an expression to an automatic translator. I also
had to highlight the unknown words and phrases first, then start consulting the new
vocabulary and learning more.
Task 3. Chart
Create a chart about the difference between method, strategy and technique.
Method strategy Technique
Logical process by which
knowledge is obtained
through steps or
processes that lead to
achieve a goal
It is a set of actions that
are performed to achieve
a certain goal.
Aim to achieve a
particular result, whether
in the field of science,
technology, art, education
or any other activity.
It is the process or
procedure definitely
executable, with all the
specific tasks and
prioritized in a process.
It is a mental model in our
head, with an interesting
ending.
It is the last skillful
execution, on a point-to-
point basis, from the start
point to the end point, in
an investigation or event.
It is an orderly sequence
of ideas, which must fulfill
some steps related to
each other, to obtain an
objective, that of
knowledge.
It is a set of actions that
are performed to achieve
a certain goal.
it is a process that must
comply with a series of
norms, which aim to
obtain certain results in
any field: science,
education, technology,
art.
By: Astrid Daniela Morelos Rojas

9. English text Spanish text
GM crops - Frankenstein Food? Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados –
¿La comida de Frankenstein?
Paragraph 5 Párrafo 5
Rejecting these arguments, opponents of
genetic modification point to the enormous
risks that could be involved. While fears of
"mad corn disease" are as yet purely
hypothetical, other risks seem more realistic.
Greatest of these is perhaps the fear that
genetically modified crops can naturally
interact with other plants, producing super-
resistant weeds that could create chaos in
agriculture. According to the Government's
own advisory body English Nature, genetic
crops "pose a threat to all wildlife". In a
recent paper, English Nature
scientists stressed that the introduction of
genetically modified plants might
dramatically reduce plant diversity in Britain,
destroying fragile ecosystems and leading to
the rapid disappearance of certain species of
plantlife, insects and birds.
Cynics might reply that species of plant
life, insects and birds have been disappearing
for years already.
In the short term, the arguments seems
unlikely to go away. American farmers are
already mass producing genetically modified
crops, and so far there has been no reported
disaster. That does not mean that disasters are
impossible. In ten or twenty years' time, we
may have a better idea of how likely, or
unlikely they are; in the long run the
argument about genetic modification will sort
itself out one way or another. Until then, it is
up to each individual to weigh up the pros
and the cons and decide if the
risks outweigh the advantages or not.
Rechazando estos argumentos, los opositores
a la modificación genética apuntan a los
enormes riesgos que podrían estar
involucrados. Si bien los miedos de la
"enfermedad del maíz loco" son todavía
puramente hipotéticos, otros riesgos parecen
más realistas. El mayor de ellos es quizás el
temor de que los cultivos genéticamente
modificados puedan interactuar naturalmente
con otras plantas, produciendo hierbas súper
resistentes que podrían crear caos en la
agricultura. Según el cuerpo consultivo del
Gobierno inglés de la Naturaleza, los cultivos
genéticos "representan una amenaza para toda
la vida silvestre". En un artículo reciente, los
científicos ingleses de la naturaleza
enfatizaron que la introducción de plantas
genéticamente modificadas podría reducir
drásticamente la diversidad de plantas en
Gran Bretaña, destruyendo ecosistemas
frágiles y llevando a la rápida desaparición de
ciertas especies de vida vegetal, insectos y
aves.
Los cínicos podrían responder que las
especies de plantas, insectos y aves han
estado desapareciendo desde hace años.
A corto plazo, parece poco probable que los
argumentos desaparezcan. Los agricultores
estadounidenses ya están produciendo en
masa cultivos genéticamente modificados, y
hasta ahora no se ha reportado ningún
desastre. Eso no significa que los desastres
sean imposibles. Dentro de diez o veinte años,
es posible que tengamos una mejor idea de
cuán probable o improbable que sean; a largo
plazo el argumento sobre la modificación
genética se resolverá de una forma u otra.
Hasta entonces, depende de cada individuo
para sopesar los pros y los contras y decidir si
los riesgos superan las ventajas o no.

10. TASK 2: REFLECTION
First of all in the paragraph I found unknown words such as "risks", "mad", "perhaps",
"crops", "threat", “to weigh up”, among others that I had to resort to using translation
and dictionaries.
The phrases that were difficult to translate is "mad corn disease" because I searched
literally and I felt that this did not make sense, then using the compensation technique
allowed me to give it a stylistic effect that could not be preserved in the same place of
the original text and thus give it meaning to what you want to convey. Also the
technique Calque, that is to say, a phrase borrowed from another language and
translated literally word for Word.
I used the technique of translation modulation in phrases like "pose a threat to all
wildlife" that allowed me to convey the idea since I did not find meaning to the "pose".
I used the technique of translation modulation in phrases like "pose a threat to all
wildlife" that allowed me to convey the idea since I did not find meaning to the "pose".
In the phrases "According to the Government's own advisory body English Nature" and
"English Nature scientists stressed" I used the technique of translation transposition
that allowed me to change the grammaticalization of the original text and adapt it in the
text in Spanish so that it did not have redundancies or lack of coherence and
concordance.

11. TASK 3
Differences between strategy, method and technique.
STRATEGY METHOD TECHNIQUE
Strategy promote language
learning and, ultimately,
competition
In a nutshell, it helps
students to learn the
language, for example with
the translation
Method is a way
something is done.
Perhaps used for routine
tasks.
Se aplica a la totalidad del
texto
Technique is a procedure
or skill for completing a
specific task. I'd imagine
this would be used for
predictable events, or for
translating a text that
needs coherence.
To solve specific problems
of translation in the context
of a concrete translation
task or text.
Translation methods refer
to whole texts, translation
procedures are used for
sentences and smaller
units of language.
These are the little sneaky
tricks we all know and use
to get the job done in the
classroom, or it could be to
work on the translation of a
text.
Serve to facilitate learning,
complex thought
processes such as using
analogies to relate prior
knowledge to new
information can be using
the translation.
Is appropriate and efficient
has to be related to the
student's uniqueness and
the type of learning that is
supposed to be produced.
The technique varies
within the same text
according to each case
and depending on the
specific verbal elements
that will be translated.
By: María Gregoria Alba Gracia

12. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
Give meaningful feedback to your mates’ work
1- Dear partner Astrid
Your translation seems to me very good, and i can see in your reflection that you tried
hard to make the translation and that it made a lot of sense and coherence.
Maria Gregoria Alba
2- Dear Maria,
Reviewing your work, I can say that you have done a good translation of the selected
paragraph, but I would like to make a contribution in order to complement the task # 2,
as it is necessary to mention the translation techniques used in the sentences or
words that were difficult to translate for us, for example :
-Calque, that is to say, a phrase borrowed from another language and translated
literally word for word in the following sentences:
"mad corn disease" enfermedad del maíz loco
- Literal translation in several sentences of the paragraph such as:
"pose a threat to all wildlife" representa una amenaza para toda la vida silvestre
Cynics might reply that species of plant life, insects and birds have been disappearing
for years ----- los cínicos podrían responder que especies de plantas, insectos y aves
han estado desapareciendo desde hace años.
- On the other hand, I had to use the technique of oblique translation: Modulation in
the following sentence
It is up to each individual --- literally means - esto es arriba para cada individuo ---in
English it corresponds to the expression ---- it depends on---- I had to think of a
different expression for to express the same idea.
Regards,
Diana Barrios M.

13. 3- Dear Yeimy,
I think your translation is good, but I respectfully suggest that you review the material
of this unit, where the translation techniques are, so that you complete task 2 with the
techniques you used to do it.
Best regards,
Diana Barrios Morales
4- Dear partner Astrid,
Continuing with step # 4 of the activities guide, it is necessary to give feedback to your
contributions, I want to make a suggestion to your work, very respectfully. To be able
to do the exercise and be able to identify the techniques of translation studied in this
unit, we must do it without the online translator, if it´s necessary we can use
dictionaries, but not the translator.
Sincerely,
Diana Barrios Morales.
5- Hello
Best regard
Partner Diana, I have read your contribution and it is clear that you had to use different
types of techniques, good work.
Cordially
Astrid Morelos

14. 6-Hello
Best Regard
Partner Maria, Reading your word file especially the chart explains well the differences
between method, strategy and technique. His point of view is interesting.
Astrid Morelos