TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

1. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM-CROPS – FRANKENSTEIN FOOD?
PARAGRAPH 2
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they provoked violent reactions too;
opponents claimed that they were dangerous, noisy and dirty, would destroy cities by
fire, and kill people through speed. Some landowners resolutely refused to allow lines to
be built over their land. Fifty years later, the arrival of the motor car was met with a
similar mixed response - opponents arguing that "horseless carriages" were far too
dangerous to be allowed on Britain's roads. For a while, the opponents almost won the
battle, and until 1896, cars on Britain's roads had to be preceded by a man walking with a
red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress is full of examples of resistance
to progress - in a paradoxical illustration of Newton's third law of motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain and several other countries against
the introduction of genetically modified crops is not surprising; indeed, it is probably
inevitable. Since the catastrophe of "Mad Cow Disease", - and in spite of the enormous
benefits brought about by modern agricultural practice - agribusiness and scientific
modern farming methods are seriously contested in many quarters.
CULTIVOS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOS – LA COMIDA
DE FRANKENSTEIN?
PARRAFO 2
Cuando los primeros trenes de vapor aparecieron en 1830, provocaron
también reacciones violentas; los opositores alegaban que eran
peligrosos, ruidosos y sucios, destruirían ciudades con fuego y matarían
a la gente a través de la velocidad. Algunos dueños de tierras rechazaron
rotundamente permitir que las líneas fueran construidas en sus tierras.
Cincuenta años después, la llegada de los carros de motor fue acogida
con algunas respuestas similares de los opositores, argumentando que los
“carruajes sin caballo”, eran muy peligrosos para ser permitidos en los
caminos Británicos. Por un tiempo, los opositores casi ganan la batalla y
hasta 1896, los carros en los caminos Británicos, tuvieron que ser
precedidos por un hombre caminando con una bandera roja.
En efecto, la historia del progreso científico y técnico está llena de
ejemplos de resistencia al progreso – en una ilustración paradójica de la
tercera ley de Newton del movimiento.
Este es el caso de reacciones vigorosas en Gran Bretaña y muchos otros
países, en contra de la introducción de cultivos genéticamente
modificados que no es sorprendente, en realidad es inevitable. Desde la
catástrofe de “La enfermedad de las vacas locas”, y a pesar de los
enormes beneficios traídos por la práctica moderna de la agricultura – la
agroindustria y métodos modernos científicos de agricultura, son
seriamente disputados en varios sectores.
By: Valeria Viña Leonardi:
TASK 1
PARAGRAPH 2

2. TASK 2
REFLECTION
When I translate a text, most of the time I feel comfortable about it, but when the text
includes words that I´m not used to them, for example (not conversational vocabulary) I
feel kind of lost.
In this paragraph I had some trouble trying to organize some ideas for example
agribusiness and scientific modern farming methods are seriously contested in
many quarters. Fortunately I recognized the words and the context.
The strategy I always use, is to do “proof reading” it means I read the text several times,
then I start to translate, when I finish I do the same with the translate text, I read it several
times and time by time, I find mistakes or a better way to redact the ideas. If I don´t know
a word, I search for the meaning in a dictionary or sometimes in a translator I have in my
laptop, but I always make sure that the meaning is precise, because the translators are not
reliable, it´s better to use a conventional dictionary.

3. CONCEPT DIFFERENCES
METHOD - It´s the way something is done.
- It can be defined also as the organized and
planed scheme of a specific task.
- Systematic order and way to do something.
- Used for daily or routine task.
STRATEGY - It´s used when faced a new situation.
- An action plan to achieve a goal.
- Describes a specific plan step by step.
TECHNIQUE - Procedure for completing a specific task.
- The skill used in a particular field.
- A technique allows performing practical
skills.
- Most of the time the techniques are used in
scientific and arts fields.
TASK 3 – CHART

4. TASK 4 FEEDBACK
Good afternoon Marco
Your translation is excellent, I couldn´t find any mistakes, you used very polite
words and your redaction is organized and well done.
Excellent job
Good afternoon Nelson Javier
I think your translation is good and is clear, you didn´t change the context of the
original text and that´s good; remember that the initials GM are in english so it
would be better if you write them in spanish, as "genéticamente modificados."
Thanks and well done.
Good afternoon Francisco
I think your file is very complete, your comparative chart has very good concepts
and you included relevant information. I like your strategy to translate, word by
word, it´s better sometimes to translate like that because most of the translators
are not reliable and they don´t give to the text any context.

5. By: Francisco Javier Alcala
TASK 1
PARAGRAPH 4
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM-CROPS – FRANKENSTEIN FOOD?
PARAGRAPH 4
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain plants is to make them resistant to disease and to
pests, and thus reduce the need for pesticides. Another is to make them resistant to particular weed-killers,
so that farmers can spray fields knowing that the spray will kill almost all plants except the selected crop
that they are growing. Other genetic modifications are aimed at producing plants that need less fertilizer or
are more resistant to drought, and thus need less watering. Most developments in these directions are
strongly positive in environmental terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of drought-resistant and disease-resistant crops
will have major implications for developing countries, where famine is a constant risk. It is therefore not
surprising that developing nations with large populations to feed, such as China and India, are keen
supporters of genetic research; unlike Europe and North America, with their agricultural surpluses, many
poorer nations already cannot produce enough food to feed their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically incorporating vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies
- into certain plants. Plant-based vaccines are potentially far cheaper to produce and easier to store than their
chemically-manufactured equivalents.
CULTIVOS GENETICAMENTE ODIFICADOS – LA COMIDA DE FRANKENSTEIN?
PARRAFO 4
Uno de los principales objetivos en alterar los genes de ciertas plantas es hacerlas resistentes a la
enfermedades y a las plagas, y de esta forma reducir la necesidad de pesticidas. Otra es hacerlos resistentes
a los herbicidas en particular, también esos granjeros pueden rociar campos sabiendo que el rociar mataría
casi todas las plantas, excepto el cultivo seleccionado que está creciendo. Otras modificaciones genéticas
están destinados a producir plantas que necesitan menos fertilizantes o más resistentes a las sequias, y por lo
tanto necesitan menos riego, La mayoría de los desarrollos en este sentido son fuertemente positivos en
términos ambientales.
Ellos son positivos también en términos humanos, y el desarrollo resistentes a las sequias y enfermedades
los cultivos tendrían una mayor importancia para el desarrollo de los países, donde la hambruna está en
constante riesgo. Por lo tanto, no sorprende que las naciones en desarrollo con grandes poblaciones para
alimentar, como son China e India, sean entusiastas de la investigación genética, a diferencia de Europa Y
Norteamérica, con sus excedentes agrícolas, muchas naciones pobres ya no pueden producir suficiente
comida para alimentar a sus poblaciones.
En otros desarrollos, los laboratorios están genéticamente incorporando vacunas, incluyendo la de la
hepatitis B y la rabia en ciertas plantas. Vacunas basadas en plantas están potencialmente más baratas para
producir y más fáciles para almacenar como sus equivalentes fabricadas químicamente

6. TASK TWO
REFLECTION
I used the logical and coherent with regard to what the paragraph, I can find words difficult to translate
literally and understand which mean for me it is very enriching and enjoyable
This words for me It is to easy to translate but the understand for me what´s means is so hard (Plant-
based vaccines)
I use the techniques of translation was Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence': It means a 'word-for-word'
translation.
Definitions:
What is translation?
“Translation is the communication of the meaning of source-language text by means of an equivalent target-
language text” WIKIPEDIA
According to Nida, the function of these techniques of adjustment is to:
(1) Allow for adjusting the form the message takes to the structural requirements of the receptor language
(2) Produce semantically equivalent structures
(3) Provide stylistically appropriate equivalents
(4)Allow for a communicative equivalence.
Newmark also adopts the term ‘translation procedures’ from Vinay and Darbelnet, although he distinguishes these
from what he calls ‘translation methods’:
While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units
of language. (Newmark, 1988, p. 81)However, the position he adopts is still that of contrastive linguistics, just as
we can find in more recent studies, such as the method formulated by Lopez Guix and Minett Wilkinson (1997).
They use the term ‘procedimientos de traduccion (‘translation procedures’) as synonymous with ‘strategy’,
contrary to Wotjak’s approach, where they reject the possible prescriptive nature of these procedures.
Translation strategies
Parallel to the development of Vinay and Darbelnet’s proposals, a new way of naming the mental processes
performed by a translator emerged: translation strategies.

7. NAME DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGE DISAVANTAGE
METHOD While translation methods relate to whole texts,
translation procedures are used for sentences and
the smaller units of language. (Newmark, 1988, p.
81)
Systematic study of grammatical rules plays an important
role in fostering students’ ability of reading
comprehension and producing grammatically correct
sentences. It has special importance for students in
teachers’ colleges for whom a good mastery of the
grammar system of the target language. Understanding
and manipulating the morphology and syntax will
develop students’ ability of analyzing and solving
problems.
Memorizing grammar rules and bilingual word lists
does not motivate students to actively communicate
in the target language.
STRATEGY Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a
series of competencies, a set of steps or processes
that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or
utilization of
information." He maintains that strategies are
"heuristic and flexible in nature,
and their adoption implies a decision influenced
by amendments in the
translator's objectives."
Enhancing English skills, particularly reading, writing,
listening, and speaking: Bagheri and Fazel (2011) found
that translation assists students in acquiring writing,
facilitates their comprehension, helps them develop and
express ideas in another language, and increases their
motivation to learn English.
Considered as a poor learning strategy when it
comes to the communicative language teaching
(CLT) approach, where the best way for the learner
to gain aptitude in the target language is to think,
particularly, in that language, an act that can increase
proficiency in the target language (Husain, 1995)
TECHNIQUE Wotjak (1981) uses the term ‘transfer techniques
in communication’ to refer to the transfer process
from one language to another. Nevertheless,
throughout his book he
also uses the terms ‘strategy’, ‘rule’ and
‘procedure’ with the same meaning as ‘translation
techniques’
According to Nida, the function of these techniques of
adjustment is to:
(1) allow for adjusting the form the message takes to the
structural
requirements of the receptor language
(2) produce semantically equivalent structures
(3) provide stylistically
appropriate equivalents; and (4) allow for a
communicative
Without the knowledge of these techniques which
contemporary linguistics have put within the
translator’s reach, the
empirical translator will continue to be embroiled in
continued puzzles which will take up precious time
and, most important of all, s/he will be condemned
to using literalisms which are the universal cause of
all manner of mistakes. (Vazquez Ayora, 1977, p.
251, my translation
TASK 3
COMPARATIVE CHART

8. TASK 4
FEEDBACK
Valeria :
The work is well written and the translation is according to the technique of literal
translation and the reflection is rightful where i find the solutions , the solution to the
problems presented .
Nelson Acosta :
The comparative chart , it is well structured very easy to understand, And the
reflection relates how difficult it was to become a more accurate translation but could
finish. do the translation
Marco Ramos:
the paragraph that translated for me is long and extensive many new words for me
agriculture was an unknown subject but with an effort comes one to understand it
In the reflection he tells how do the translation and the troubles he had , and how do I
solve them.

9. By: Nelson Javier Acosta
TASK 1
PARAGRAPH 1
English text Spanish Text
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe, militant "greens" and angry small-
farmers have attacked and destroyed fields of experimental "GM" crops, seeing them both as
symbols of multinational agribusiness, and as a threat to the world's natural environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the protestors' fears, or are the protests
largely motivated by ignorance? Is the anti-GM movement progressive, or is it a form of
fundamentalism, caused by fear of the unknown? Different people have different views on the
matter, but history shows that quantum developments in science or technology have always
provoked a backlash motivated by fear or misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British factories over 200 years ago, factory-
owners were wildly enthusiastic; so were many workers. But there were other people who took a
different view. Groups known as the Luddites, opposed to the mechanization of factories,
sprang up across Britain, adopting commando tactics to break up new machinery in factories -
claiming that it would destroy jobs and change people's lives for the worse.
Las cosechas genéticamente modificadas " son polémicas. En Europa, "Verdes" militantes y
agricultores pequeños enfadados han atacado y han destruido los campos de "GM" experimental
corta, viendo ellos ambos como los símbolos de agroindustria multinacional, y como una
amenaza al entorno líder mundial natural.
Allí cualquier prueba científica sana debe sostener los miedos de los manifestantes, o en gran
parte son motivadas las protestas por la ignorancia? ¿El movimiento Anti-GM es progresivo, o
esto es una forma de fundamentalismo, causado por el miedo del desconocido? La gente
diferente tiene vistas diferentes sobre la materia, pero la historia muestra que acontecimientos
cuánticos en la ciencia o la tecnología siempre provocaban un contragolpe motivado por el
miedo o el malentendido.
Cuando la maquinaria industrial comenzó a aparecer en fábricas británicas hace más de 200
años, los propietarios de la fábrica eran desordenadamente entusiásticos; entonces eran muchos
trabajadores. Pero había otra gente que tomó una vista diferente. Los grupos conocidos como el
Luddites, se opusieron a la mecanización de fábricas, apareció a través de Gran Bretaña,
adoptando la táctica de comandos para romper la nueva maquinaria en fábricas - reclamando
que esto destruiría empleos y cambiaría vidas de la gente para el peor.

10. TASK 2
REFLECTION
Really always it is difficult when a text is translated that the grammar
remains correctly organized since the order is totally different from our
mother language. The truth was not for anything easily with the text that
works. Beginning because some words of the English vocabulary did
not remind or known by it, As Crops, Threat and Quantum.
In some occasions to organize phrases to interpret the idea of the text
was a bit confused, honestly I am very regular to interpret of written form
the English and more when it is translating a text of Spanish into
English. It has been necessary as technique to improve, to practice too
much, practicing the vocabulary across dictation of words, writing short
and long phrases and in this case reading the worn out text several
times to be able to interpret it of the best way.

11. NAME DIFFERENCES
METHOD Many are the methods of translation that there are the available ones nowadays and that, some or others are more useful. In the method it differs from others for the translation of a language
and is that the order of the phrase Preserves, one translates the words into one taking his more current meaning though it is out of context with the words.
The method of translation moves with more freedom and is very used, Translates adapting the text of a language to other one though the meaning of the words is not the same. It tries to
reproduce the contextual meaning of an exact way to the original one in order that both the content and the language turn out to be easily understandable for the readers.
Depending on the use that is going to give him to the text it is more suitable to use a method of translation that different. Some are much easier but the final result is something poor, whereas
with others they carry a more specialized work but the result is much better.
STRATEGY The strategies are to find a solution we must look for a way in the space of the problem that leads us to the aim, with the help of strategies of search for in this case to improve
the translation of a language. Unlike the others, the strategy takes into account that the representation of the translated text is the objective and that of the original text the initial state, it is
affirmed that the translation strategy allows the translator to reach the representation of the translated text from the representation of the original text. In short, a translation strategy is a means
to find a solution to a translation problem.
The strategies are the used ones for solving problems, for what it is necessary to suppose that they can be applied to the problems of translation. Nevertheless, they do not manage to solve
always any problem not that his efficiency is the same. With the strategy one tries to expose applications to improve the translation.
TECHNIQUE At the moment of translating a text several technologies can be used, depending on the result that you want to obtain. The technologies of translation can use with adjustment, expansion,
reduction, modulation and transposition. Unlike the others it is in the habit of being in use for the translators in case of not finding a suitable correspondence. Both the expansion and the
reduction is in use, as agree about every moment.
TheTechnique can create words following the structure of the language of origin, since for example of "basketball" "basketball" was created. It consists of changing the form thanks to a
semantic change, doing the new translation from a new point of view.
The technique for the translation are in the habit of being sought and somehow to be used to do of the most understandable translation for the one who is going to read or to listen to it, so
much in a language as in other one it.
TASK 3
COMPARATIVE CHART

12. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
Good morning, fellow Francisco and Valeria.
Generally each of us always look for different methods of
translation in this case the English language that is with which
we are studying. The grammar of English in general is what
must always be taken into account for the different methods,
strategies and techniques that will be used for the oral and
written translation of English. Your individual documents reflect
that.
In recent years the role of translation in the teaching of
languages has been
has been revalued since structuralism methods have been
gradually replaced by others based on the knowledge that has
provided us with Generative transformational grammar.
¡Good job! In my opinion

13. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
PARAGRAPH 3
In Britain, the argument over GM crops has become the most contested scientific dispute since
the arrival of the atom bomb . In 1998 a public opinion poll showed that 77% of British people
did not want genetically-modified crops to be grown in Britain - though only 58% were opposed
genetic modification in principle. And in spite of historic parallels that tend to suggest that
resistance to change is rarely effective in the long run, the controversy over genetically modified
crops is perhaps more critical than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK governments have continued to support research into GM
crops, and today hundreds of hectares of genetically engineered plants are growing in Britain,
mostly in agricultural research centres, universities and plant laboratories. Here and there, fields
of genetically modified crops have been planted and to the passer-by, they look no different
from other fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not really very different from others. Scientists have been
selecting and "improving" crops for hundreds of years, often by the slow and dubious method of
"trial and error". Most of the crops and fruit growing in today's fields are very different from the
varieties grown two centuries ago, and far more productive; far from being "natural" plants, they
are new strains that have been developed by genetic selection of the best. "Genetic
Modification" just takes the process one stage further, allowing agricultural scientists to produce
new varieties with specific required qualities.
PÁRRAFO 3
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre cultivos transgénicos se ha convertido en la disputa
científica más controvertida desde la llegada de la bomba atómica. En 1998, una encuesta de
opinión pública demostró que el 77% de los británicos no quería que los cultivos genéticamente
modificados fueran cultivados en Gran Bretaña, aunque sólo 58% se oponían a la modificación
genética en principio. Y a pesar de los paralelos históricos que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia
al cambio rara vez es efectiva a largo plazo, la controversia sobre cultivos genéticamente
modificados es quizás más crítica que la mayoría.
A pesar de la aprehensión pública, los gobiernos del Reino Unido han continuado apoyando la
investigación sobre cultivos transgénicos, y hoy en día cientos de hectáreas de plantas
genéticamente modificadas están creciendo en Gran Bretaña, principalmente en centros de
investigación agrícola, universidades y laboratorios de plantas. Aquí y allá, se han plantado
campos de cultivos genéticamente modificados? y al transeúnte, no parecen diferentes de otros
campos.
En muchos sentidos, los cultivos transgénicos no son realmente muy diferentes de otros. Los
científicos han estado seleccionando y "mejorando" los cultivos durante cientos de años, a
menudo por el método lento y dudoso de "ensayo y error". La mayoría de los cultivos y frutales
en los campos actuales son muy diferentes de las variedades cultivadas hace dos siglos, y mucho
más productivas; lejos de ser plantas "naturales", son nuevas cepas que han sido desarrolladas
por selección genética de los mejores. "Modificación genética" sólo lleva el proceso una etapa
más, lo que permite a los científicos agrícolas para producir nuevas variedades con cualidades
específicas requeridas.
By: Marco Tulio Ramos
TASK 1
PARAGRAPH 3

14. TASK 2
REFLECTION
I had some inconveniences in the translation of the paragraph, especially to
organize the ideas that require a specific order; however the use of the
dictionary was fundamental to translate unknown words in my vocabulary. I
have troubles with expressions for example: And in spite of historic parallels
that tend to suggest that resistance to change is rarely effective in the long run,
the controversy over genetically modified crops. because many of the words
were unknown for me.
TASK 3
COMPARATIVE CHART
NONE
TASK 4 FEEDBACK
NONE