Translation Techniques - Task3 - Group 20

1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
UNIT 1_TASK 3
PAOLA SARMIENTO LOZADA CODE: 1098619907
DANNA MICHEL RODRIGUEZ YATE CODE: 99091806777
JEIMI VARGAS CAMPOS CODE: 1095510940
MAGDA JAZMEEN MORENO CODE: 1073706236
NATALIA LEIVA TRUJILLO CODE: 1081155677
GROUP: 551037_20
OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (UNAD)
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Bogotá 18th September 2017

2. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM Crops – Frankenstein Food? Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados - ¿La comida de Frankenstein?
PARAGRAPH 1
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe, militant
"greens" and angry small-farmers have attacked and destroyed
fields of experimental "GM" crops, seeing them both as symbols
of multinational agribusiness, and as a threat to the world's natural
environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the protestors'
fears, or are the protests largely motivated by ignorance? Is the
anti-GM movement progressive, or is it a form of fundamentalism,
caused by fear of the unknown? Different people have different
views on the matter, but history shows that quantum developments
in science or technology have always provoked
a backlash motivated by fear or misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British factories
over 200 years ago, factory-owners were wildly enthusiastic; so
were many workers. But there were other people who took a
different view. Groups known as the Luddites, opposed to the
mechanization of factories, sprang up across Britain, adopting
commando tactics to break up new machinery in factories -
claiming that it would destroy jobs and change people's lives for
the worse.
JEIMI VARGAS CAMPOS
PÁRRAFO 1
Los cultivos genéticamente modificados son polémicos. En Europa, los
"verdes" militantes y los pequeños agricultores enojados han atacado y
destruido los campos de cultivos experimentales "transgénicos",
considerándolos como símbolos de la agroindustria multinacional y como
una amenaza para el medio ambiente natural del mundo.
¿Hay alguna evidencia científica sólida para respaldar los temores de los
manifestantes, o son las protestas motivadas en gran medida por la
ignorancia? ¿El movimiento anti-GM es progresivo, o es una forma de
fundamentalismo, causado por el miedo a lo desconocido? Diferentes
personas tienen diferentes puntos de vista sobre el asunto, pero la historia
muestra que los desarrollos cuánticos en la ciencia o la tecnología siempre
han provocado una reacción motivada por el miedo o el malentendido.
Cuando la maquinaria industrial comenzó a aparecer en las fábricas
británicas hace más de 200 años, los propietarios de fábricas se
entusiasmaron enormemente; también lo fueron muchos trabajadores. Pero
había otras personas que tomaron una opinión diferente. Los grupos
conocidos como los Luddites, opuestos a la mecanización de fábricas,
surgieron en toda Gran Bretaña, adoptando tácticas de comando para
romper maquinaria nueva en las fábricas, afirmando que destruiría empleos

3. y cambiaría la vida de las personas.
PARAGRAPH 2
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they provoked
violent reactions too; opponents claimed that they were dangerous,
noisy and dirty, would destroy cities by fire, and kill people through
speed. Some landowners resolutely refused to allow lines to be built
over their land. Fifty years later, the arrival of the motor car was met
with a similar mixed response - opponents arguing that "horseless
carriages" were far too dangerous to be allowed on Britain's
roads. For a while, the opponents almost won the battle, and until
1896, cars on Britain's roads had to be preceded by a man walking
with a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress is full of
examples of resistance to progress - in a paradoxical illustration of
Newton's third law of motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain and several
other countries against the introduction of genetically
modified crops is not surprising; indeed, it is probably inevitable.
Since the catastrophe of "Mad Cow Disease", - and in spite of the
enormous benefits brought about by modern agricultural practice -
agribusiness and scientific modern farming methods are seriously
contested in many quarters.
MAGDA JAZMEEN MORENO
PÁRRAFO 2
Cuando el primer tren a vapor apareció en los años 1830, ellos también
provocaron reacciones violentas; los opositores reclamaban que estos eran
peligrosos, ruidosos y sucios, que destrozarían las ciudades con fuego, y
matarían a las personas por la velocidad. Algunos terratenientes
firmemente rechazaron permitir construir líneas en su tierra. Cincuenta
años después, la llegada del carro con motor fue recibida con una
respuesta mezclada y similar – los opositores argumentaban que “Los
carruajes sin caballo” eran demasiado peligrosos para ser permitidos en las
calles de Gran Bretaña. Por un tiempo, los opositores casi ganan la batalla,
y hasta 1896, los carros en las calles de Gran Bretaña tenían que ser
precedidos por un hombre caminando con una bandera roja.
Es más, la historia del progreso científico y técnico está lleno de ejemplos
de resistencia al progreso – una paradójica ilustración de la tercera ley de
Newton de movimiento.
Este siendo el caso, la vigorosa reacción de Gran Bretaña y de varios
países contra la introducción de cultivos genéticamente modificado no es
sorprendente, es más, es probablemente inevitable. Desde la catástrofe de
“la enfermedad de las vacas locas”, - y en el resentimiento de los enormes
beneficios obtenidos por la práctica de la agricultura moderna – la industria
de agricultura y la ciencia moderna de métodos de cultivo están seriamente
compitiendo en muchos cuarteles.
PARAGRAPH 3
PAOLA SARMIENTO

4. In Britain, the argument over GM crops has become the most
contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. In
1998 a public opinion poll showed that 77% of British people did not
want genetically-modified crops to be grown in Britain - though only
58% were opposed genetic modification in principle. And in spite of
historic parallels that tend to suggest that resistance to change is
rarely effective in the long run, the controversy over genetically
modified crops is perhaps more critical than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK governments have continued
to support research into GM crops, and today hundreds of hectares
of genetically engineered plants are growing in Britain, mostly in
agricultural research centres, universities and plant laboratories.
Here and there, fields of genetically modified crops have been
planted • and to the passer-by, they look no different from other
fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not really very different from others.
Scientists have been selecting and "improving" crops for hundreds
of years, often by the slow and dubious method of "trial and error".
Most of the crops and fruit growing in today's fields are very
different from the varieties grown two centuries ago, and far more
productive; far from being "natural" plants, they are new strains that
have been developed by genetic selection of the best. "Genetic
Modification" just takes the process one stage further, allowing
agricultural scientists to produce new varieties with specific required
qualities.
PARRAFO 3
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre los Cultivos Genéticamente
Modificados (CGM) se ha convertido en la disputa científica más
controvertida desde la llegada de la bomba atómica. En 1998 una encuesta
de opinión pública mostró que el 77% de los británicos no querían que los
cultivos genéticamente modificados fueran cultivados en Gran Bretaña,
aunque solo el 58% se opuso a la modificación genética en principio. Y a
pesar de los paralelos históricos que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia al
cambio, a la larga es rara vez efectiva, la controversia sobre los cultivos
genéticamente modificados es, talvez, más critica que la mayoría.
A pesar del recelo público, los gobiernos del Reino Unido han continuado
apoyando la investigación de cultivos GM y hoy cientos de hectáreas de
plantas genéticamente alteradas están creciendo en Gran Bretaña,
mayormente en centros de investigación agrícolas, universidades y
laboratorios de plantas. Por todos lados, campos de cultivos genéticamente
modificados han sido plantados y para el transeúnte, no lucen diferentes a
otros campos.
En muchas formas, los cultivos GM no son realmente muy diferentes de
otros. Los científicos han seleccionado y “mejorado” cultivos por cientos de
años, con frecuencia con el lento y dudoso método de “ensayo y error”. La
mayoría de los cultivos de frutas en los campos de hoy son muy diferentes
de las variedades cultivadas hace dos siglos, y son más productivos; lejos
de ser plantas “naturales”, son nuevas cepas que han sido desarrolladas
por la selección genética de las mejores. “La Modificación Genética” solo
lleva el proceso un paso más adelante, permitiéndole a los científicos
agrícolas producir nuevas variedades con cualidades especificas
requeridas.

5. PARAGRAPH 4
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain plants is
to make them resistant to disease and to pests, and thus reduce
the need for pesticides. Another is to make them resistant to
particular weed-killers, so that farmers can spray fields knowing
that the spray will kill almost all plants except the selected crop that
they are growing. Other genetic modifications are aimed at
producing plants that need less fertilizer or are more resistant
to drought, and thus need less watering. Most developments in
these directions are strongly positive in environmental terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of
drought-resistant and disease-resistant crops will have major
implications for developing countries, where famine is a constant
risk. It is therefore not surprising that developing nations with large
populations to feed, such as China and India, are keen supporters
of genetic research; unlike Europe and North America, with their
agricultural surpluses, many poorer nations already cannot produce
enough food to feed their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically incorporating
vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies - into certain plants.
Plant-based vaccines are potentially far cheaper to produce and
easier to store than their chemically-manufactured equivalents.
NATALIA LEIVA TRUJILLO
PARRAFO 4
Uno de los principales objetivos en la alteración de los genes de ciertas
plantas es hacerlos resistentes a las enfermedades y a las plagas, y así
reducir la necesidad de pesticidas. Otra es hacerlos resistentes a los
herbicidas en particular, para que los agricultores puedan rociar campos
sabiendo que el rocío matará a casi todas las plantas, excepto el cultivo
seleccionado. Que ellos están creciendo. Otras modificaciones genéticas
están dirigidas a producir plantas que necesitan menos fertilizantes o son
más resistentes a la sequía, y así necesitan menos riesgo. La mayoría de
los desarrollos en estas direcciones son muy positivas en términos
ambientales.
También es positivo en términos humanos, y desarrollo de resistencia a la
sequía y cultivos resistentes a enfermedades tendrá importantes
implicaciones para los países en desarrollo donde el hambre es un riesgo
constante. Por lo tanto, no es sorprendente que las naciones en desarrollo
con grandes poblaciones para alimentar, como China e India, sean
entusiastas partidarios de la investigación genética; a diferencia de Europa
y América del Norte, con sus excedentes agrícolas, muchas naciones más
pobres ya no pueden producir alimentos suficientes para alimentar a sus
poblaciones.
En otros desarrollos, los laboratorios están incorporando genéticamente
vacunas, incluida la hepatitis B y la rabia, en ciertas plantas. Las vacunas
basadas en plantas son potencialmente mucho más baratas de producir y
más fáciles de almacenar que sus equivalentes fabricados químicamente.

6. PARAGRAPH 5
Rejecting these arguments, opponents of genetic modification point
to the enormous risks that could be involved. While fears of "mad
corn disease" are as yet purely hypothetical, other risks seem more
realistic. Greatest of these is perhaps the fear that genetically
modified crops can naturally interact with other plants, producing
super-resistant weeds that could create chaos in agriculture.
According to the Government's own advisory body English
Nature, genetic crops "pose a threat to all wildlife". In a recent
paper, English Nature scientists stressed that the introduction of
genetically modified plants might dramatically reduce plant diversity
in Britain, destroying fragile ecosystems and leading to the rapid
disappearance of certain species of plant life, insects and birds.
Cynics might reply that species of plant life, insects and birds
have been disappearing for years already.
In the short term, the arguments seems unlikely to go
away. American farmers are already mass producing genetically
modified crops, and so far there has been no reported disaster.
That does not mean that disasters are impossible. In ten or twenty
years' time, we may have a better idea of how likely, or unlikely they
are; in the long run the argument about genetic modification will sort
itself out one way or another. Until then, it is up to each
individual to weigh up the pros and the cons and decide if the
risks outweigh the advantages or not.
DANNA MICHEL RODRIGUEZ
PARRAFO 5
Rechazando estos argumentos, los opositores a la modificación genética
apuntan a los enormes riesgos que podrían estar involucrados. Si bien el
miedo a la "enfermedad del maíz loca" es aun puramente hipotético, otros
riesgos parecen ser más realistas. El mayor de estos es quizás el temor de
que los cultivos genéticamente modificados puedan interactuar
naturalmente con otras plantas, produciendo malezas súper resistentes
que podrían crear caos en la agricultura. Según el propio cuerpo consultivo
del Gobierno inglés Nature, los cultivos genéticos "representan una
amenaza para toda la vida silvestre". En un artículo reciente, los científicos
ingleses de la Naturaleza destacaron que la introducción de plantas
genéticamente modificadas podría reducir drásticamente la diversidad de
plantas en Gran Bretaña, destruyendo ecosistemas frágiles y llevando a la
rápida desaparición de ciertas especies de vida vegetal, insectos y aves.
Los cínicos podrían responder que especies de vida vegetal, insectos y
aves han estado desapareciendo desde hace años.
En el corto plazo, parece poco probable que los argumentos desaparezcan.
Los agricultores estadounidenses ya producen en masa cultivos
genéticamente modificados, y hasta ahora no se ha informado de un
desastre. Eso no significa que los desastres son imposibles. Dentro de diez
o veinte años, podemos tener una mejor idea de qué tan probable o
improbable es; a la larga, el argumento sobre la modificación genética se
resolverá de una manera u otra. Hasta entonces, corresponde a cada
individuo sopesar los pros y los contras y decidir si los riesgos superan las
ventajas o no.

7. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Translation Reflection by JEIMI VARGAS:
At the moment of carrying out the translation of paragraph 2: it was a little
complicated for me to take it word for word and at the moment of beginning to
interlace the paragraph was a little complicate by the order of the same, in the
same way to carry out the translation of the paragraph it is necessary to devote
time to it.
Lexical-semantic problems are those that can be solved by consulting dictionaries,
glossaries, terminology banks and experts. These problems include terminological
alternations,
Pragmatic problems arise from the difference in the use of "you" and "you", idioms,
idioms, sayings, irony, humor and sarcasm. But these difficulties may also include
other challenges.
Translation Reflection by MAGDA JAZMEEN MORENO:
When I translated the second paragraph from the text GM crops – Frankenstein
Food?, I didn’t feel that I had a hard time, because in the paragraph there weren’t
terms which are only found in the english countries’ culture, maybe because in the
most of the half part of the paragraph, the message that it gave was about Britain’s
process history, so I realized that the expressions used by the author were
appropiate for this serious topic, without collocations or idioms, but with casual
terms to get different kind of readers, finding a point between a serious speech and
an informal text, the text’s title is a proof of it, so I cannot say that I had problems
in the translation process, but I had some doubts finding the most precise spanish
translation of some words.
After my first time reading the paragraph, I concluded that I wanted to keep two
premises in the translation, first, respect as much as possible the original text

8. especially the message and the feeling that I received when I read it, and second,
the spanish speakers find the paragraph so natural that they could forget that its
original language wasn’t spanish, almost forgetting that it was translated, to do this
and taking into account the structure of the spanish, I used Oblique Translation
Techniques in special transposition and reformulation or equivalence in the phrase
"Mad Cow Disease", when I used the disease’ name which is known in spanish.
Finally I had a conflict because I wanted to be more specific than how the author
was, in the part “Newton's third law of motion”, I thought to add a footnote adding
more information about the newton’s law mentioned but I didn’t want to lose the
readers’ attention from the paragraph and topic, so I prefered just left the
equivalence translation of this part “la tercera ley de Newton de movimiento”
because this actually doesn’t affect the paragraph’s understanding; in the previous
part and other small details I found myself trying to improve the paragraph adding
things that I thought could help readers to understand better the topic, but I
remembered my position and edit the paragraph wasn’t my job, that was the
challenge that I had.
Translation Reflection by PAOLA SARMIENTO:
While I was doing the translation of paragraph number 3 of the text “GM crops -
Frankenstein Food?” I found myself doing a “Formal Equivalence” or “Word for
word translation”, which actually worked in the first few sentences until I came
across with a meaning problem in one of the phrases. The expression “In principle”
was hard to translate because the obvious meaning (in theory) didn’t really had
coherence with the rest of the phrase. After that I started to use a combination of
Direct translation techniques and Oblique Translation Techniques, paying
attention to the sentences and expression that where culturally and semantically
different from the target language. I must say that I did not find major difficulties
when it comes to cultural aspects, but I did find some words that were hard to
translate without altering the whole meaning and context of the original. For
example: In the first section, the expressions “In the long run” and “more critical

9. than most” were hard to place into the Spanish sentence, especially when I was
trying to make sense to the phrase. I translated it by the “Componential analysis”
method, using an expression that is similar in meaning but is not an obvious
equivalent. In the last part of the paragraph there were also some sentences that I
found difficult (“have been developed by genetic selection of the best” and “specific
required qualities”) not because I didn’t know what they meant but because I
couldn’t understand at first how to place them in the correct order so it could make
sense in Spanish. Finally I manage to finish the translation and the result is, in my
opinion, coherent and accurate.
Translation Reflection by NATALIA LEIVA TRUJILLO:
I think it was easy for me to translate, the subject I like, because my parents work
in agriculture, words I did not know was looking at http://www.wordreference.com,
there we can choose the right word.
With this translation, I helped strengthen my grammar, vocabulary and also know
about another topic of genetics.
Translation Reflection by DANNA MICHEL RODRIGUEZ:
The translation of the text from Spanish to English was actually difficult to translate
because there are many words that I do not know and that makes it difficult for me,
however I used the technique of literal translation, which was to choose the word I
did not understand and translate.
For me to learn more to translate, what I did was try to interpret what I said in the
English text and then check in Spanish if it matched what I thought.

10. TASK 3. CHART
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Definition
It’s the way how a translator
usually adapts to do any given
translation, how is going to
translate the complete and
original text instead of only units
of language, following some steps
as a process, this is based in the
translator’s knowledge and
experience to use it in a general
level as a plan or approach in the
task.
It’s a conscious procedure or plan that is
design to solve specific translation
situations, usually to face concrete
translation problems during the process
as a matter of tactics or plan of solution,
making a selection under different
conditions to solve the problem(s). In the
same way, Venuti (1998:240) indicates
that translation strategies "involve the
basic tasks of choosing the foreign text
to be translated and developing a
method to translate it."
It’s a set of procedures used in
the translation of small sections
and phrases and also a set of
rules or principles which a
translator uses determined by
the translating situation based in
his/her point of view expressed
in a procedure or groups of it to
face the translation process,
those are focused in the final
result and procedures to reach
the goals to achieve.
Characteristics
 The techniques are aspects
which are included in a
translation method.
 A translator can mix two
methods even more,
depending the case.
 Steps leading to a
predetermined goal.
 Newmark (1988b) mentioned
some translation methods:
o Word-for-word
translation.
 Loescher (1991:8) defines translation
strategy as "a potentially conscious
procedure for solving a problem
faced in translating a text, because
to pick up one or some of them it’s
necessary that the translator
recognizes the problem to solve.
 These can be related with some
problem found in the text or some
problem from the process as well.
 It’s defined also as the steps or
processes that a translator takes in
 To make a right choice in the
translation techniques, the
translator should make an
analysis about the text and
language target, making
some judgements to pick up
the most appropiate
techniques in each case.
 In the same text a translator
can use several techniques
like methods or strategies,
it’s not mandatory to use only

11. o Literal translation.
o Adaptation.
o Free translation.
o Idiomatic translation.
o Faithful translation.
o Semantic translation,
o Idiomatic translation.
o Communicative
translation.
order to make decisions on how to
approach difficulties during the
translation process.
one.
The techniques can be divided
into:
 Direct: Borrowing, Calque
and Literal Translation
 Oblique: Transposition,
Modulation,
Reformulation or
Equivalence, Adaptation
and Compensation
Extension
The methods have a global
aspect related with the whole text.
This process can face the translation of
complete text as well a segment of it,
like paragraph or sentence.
The techniques are focused in
the small units of language like
words, sentences, expressions
or idioms, specific points.

12. TASK 4. FEEDBACKS
Magda Jazmeen Moreno’s Feedback:
Comment to Paola:
Good Evening,
Partner Paola Sarmiento.
I’ve read carefully your first individual tasks, related with the translated paragraph I
read it several times to make a more appropiate comment and I think that you did a
really good job, because I could see that this paragraph was not an easy one to
translate, there were some expressions which obvious needed special techniques
and strategies to give meaning in the spanish context, “in the long run” as you
mentioned in your reflection was one of them but there were many others, for this I
think it was good choice to translate this aspects and expressions through
Componential analysis, because reading the spanish text I found it very fluid and
comprehensible, nothing unnatural or weird with the text’s context and message or
spanish language. On other hand I want to say that as you said I also used some
time thinking how to express the order of several adjectives in spanish, because in
english these were natural but in spanish a wrong order sounds strange, so I can
understand you as well, to sum up you did a great job and I didn’t find anything to
correct.
Thanks for your effort.
Comment to Jeimy:
Good Evening,Partner Jeimi Vargas.
I’ve read your translated text carefully and I would like to comment what I found,
first I want to say that you chose an interesting paragraph with some especial and
different ways of expressions like asking some questions to make the reader
reflects and other kind of ways to write, this is not just a challenge for everyone but
also a great exercise, fortunately I think you did an excellent job, because since my
point of view and many authors that we have read before, the translation process is

13. not only a space to change the language, this implies to work with a different
culture, people, expressions but trying to give the message and if it’s possible the
feeling from the original text, I’m mentioning this because that similarity between
the original and the translated text was what I found, I had the same feeling while I
was reading in the both languages, an informative and reflective message, so clear
in both cases, you used appropiate expressions and made a good choice in
translation techniques. Finally as an apart comment just from a reader I want to
suggest you not using that type of letter in the whole paragraphs because to me it
wasn’t easy to read each word especially the longer ones in my normal reading
speed, it’s not too intelligible but this is just my opinion.
Thanks
Comment to Danna:
Hello, Partner Danna Michel.
I’ve seen all your individual contributions and I want to comment them, I think you
did a good job translating the chosen paragraph, how this is the last one of the
complete text, its message was specific, it tried to conclude the topic and I think
you worked in an appropiate way with this aspect and rewrite a coherent paragraph
for spanish speakers, taking the meaning from the original. But I found a small
inaccurate part in your translation “Según el propio cuerpo consultivo del
Gobierno inglés Nature”, I think that ir’s not necessary to use the borrowing
technique in this case as you did because the term “nature” has a translation into
spanish and is “Naturaleza”, and taking into account the text’s context the term
“English” in this case doesn’t mean the language but the nationality, for this I think
that it’s better to translate “Según el propio cuerpo consultivo del Gobierno de
Naturaleza Inglesa”. On other hand I like to read you reflection because I didn’t try
to check or compare my translation paragraph with my way to express it in English,
thinking about it it’s a good strategy, thanks for that tip.
Att: Magda M.

14. Paola Sarmiento’s Feedback:
Comment to Jeimy:
Hello dear partner Jeimi,
I think your translation is very good, the main idea it's very clear and the sentences
are very coherent with the text. I would only make you some small suggestions in
order to perfect your paragraph, which is already well done:
 In the phrase ", factory-owners were wildly enthusiastic; so were many
workers" you translated like this: los propietarios de fábricas se
entusiasmaron enormemente; también lo fueron muchos trabajadores. I
think that you have a small semantic mistake because if you translate the
first part with the action "se entusiasmaron" you should say in the second
part "también lo hicieron", otherwise there is no relation between the factory
owners and the workers. So the sentences should be like this: "Los
propietarios de las fábricas se entusiasmaron enormemente; TAMBIEN LO
HICERON MUCHOS TRABAJADORES”.
 In the last sentence "claiming that t would destroy jobs and change
lives for the worse" I believe you can complement the las part with some
reference to the word "WORSE" because you didn't translate.
I hope this can help you improve your translation to give the best product possible
in the slideshare.
Comment to Magda:
Hello dear partner,
Your paragraph translation is very accurate, very understandable. Think you did a
really good job, I just have one suggestion in the first paragraph at the beginning,
in the second sentences you made a small mistake with the plural:" When the first
steam trains” you should translate it "Cuando los primeros trenes".
Really good job. Blessings.

15. Danna Michell Rodriguez’s feedback:
Hi partners, good day!
I see that each one put the effort in the translation of the paragraphs, very good!

16. REFERENCES
 Alape T, C. (2014). Diferencia entre método, técnica y estrategia en la Traducción. Taken from
https://prezi.com/tmsspom33g_q/diferencia-entre-metodo-tecnica-y-estrategia-en-la-traducci/
 Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved March 22, 2017,
from http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
 Ordudari, M. (July 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and methods. Translation Journal, 11(3). Retrieved
March 22, 2017, fromhttp://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm