UNIT 1 - Task 3 Translation Techniques

1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES.
TASK 3.
PRESENTED BY:
GEBER ANDRES VILLARREAL
JHOANA ANDREA MORENO
JESUS DAVID MORA
KAREN SULEIMY CARDENAS
GROUP NUMBER: 551037_23
TUTOR:
CAMILO ALBERTO HOLGUIN UNAD
UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN
ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
OCTOBER 14, 2017

2. TASK 1 JOHANA MORENO
English text Spanish Text
GM crops - Frankenstein Food ?
PARAGRAPH 1
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe, militant
"greens" and angry small-farmers have attacked and destroyed fields of
experimental "GM" crops, seeing them both as symbols of multinational
agribusiness, and as a threat to the world's natural environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the protestors' fears,
or are the protests largely motivated by ignorance? Is the anti-GM
movement progressive, or is it a form of fundamentalism, caused by fear
of the unknown ? Different people have different views on the matter, but
history shows that quantum developments in science or technology have
always provoked a backlash motivated by fear or misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British factories over
200 years ago, factory-owners were wildly enthusiastic; so were many
workers. But there were other people who took a different view. Groups
known as the Luddites, opposed to the mechanisation of factories, sprang
up across Britain, adopting commando tactics to break up new machinery
in factories - claiming that it would destroy jobs and change people's
lives for the worse.
Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados – ¿La comida de Frankenstein?
PARRAFO 1
Modificados genéticamente los cultivos son polémicos. En Europa activistas y
pequeños agricultores enfadados han atacado y destruido campos de cultivos GM
experimentales viéndolos a ambos como símbolos de agroindustrias
multinacionales, y como una amenaza al ambiente y entorno natural mundial.
¿Existe alguna evidencia científica para defender los temores de los
manifestantes, o están los manifestantes en gran parte motivados por la
ignorancia?, ¿Es el movimiento anti-GM progresista, o existe alguna forma de
fundamentalismo, causada por el miedo a lo desconocido? Diferentes personas
tienen distintos puntos de vista sobre el asunto, pero la historia manifiesta que
parte de los desarrollos en ciencia o tecnología siempre han provocado una
reacción motivada por el miedo o el mal entendimiento.
Cuando la maquinaria industrial apareció en las fábricas Británicas hace 200
años, los propietarios de las fábricas se mostraron descabelladamente
entusiastas; así como muchos trabajadores. Pero hubo otras personas que
tomaron un punto de vista diferente. Grupos conocidos como los Luditas se
opusieron a la mecanización de las fábricas surgidas a través de Gran Bretaña,
adoptando tácticas de combate para deshacer la nueva maquinaria en las
fábricas, reclamando que acabarían con empleos y cambiaran las vidas de las
personas para empeorar.

3. TASK 1 GEBER VILLAREAL
English text Spanish Text
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they
provoked violent reactions too; opponents claimed
that they were dangerous, noisy and dirty, would destroy
cities by fire, and kill people through speed. Some
landowners resolutely refused to allow lines to be built
over their land. Fifty years later, the arrival of the motor
car was met with a similar mixed response - opponents
arguing that "horseless carriages" were far too dangerous
to be allowed on Britain's roads. For a while, the
opponents almost won the battle, and until 1896, cars on
Britain's roads had to be preceded by a man walking with
a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress
is full of examples of resistance to progress - in a
paradoxical illustration of Newton's third law of
motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain
and several other countries against the introduction of
genetically modified crops is not surprising; indeed, it is
probably inevitable. Since the catastrophe of "Mad Cow
Disease", - and in spite of the enormous benefits brought
about by modern agricultural practice - agribusiness and
scientific modern farming methods are seriously
contested in many quarters.
Cuando los primeros trenes de vapor aparecieron en el año 1830 provocaron
también reacciones violentas; opositores afirmaban que eran peligrosos,
ruidosos y sucios, destruirían ciudades con fuego y matarían personas por
causa de la velocidad. Algunos terratenientes refutaron decididamente el
permitir que rutas fuesen construidas sobre sus tierras. 50 años después, la
llegada del automóvil fue recibida con una respuesta ambivalente similar –
opositores argumentaban que “los carruajes sin caballos” eran demasiado
peligrosos para dejarlos andar en las calles de Gran Bretaña. Por un
momento los opositores casi ganan la batalla y, hasta 1896, los carros que
circulaban en las calles de Gran Bretaña tenían que ser precedidos por un
hombre que caminaba con una bandera roja.
En efecto, la historia del progreso técnico y científico está llena de ejemplos
de resistencia al progreso – En una ilustración paradójica de la tercera ley de
movimiento de Newton.
Siendo este el caso, la reacción vigorosa en Gran Bretaña y varios otros
países en contra de la introducción de cultivos genéticamente modificados
no es sorpresiva; de hecho, es probablemente inevitable. Desde la catástrofe
de la “enfermedad de las vacas locas” y, a pesar de los beneficios enormes
traídos por la práctica agrícola moderna, la agroindustria y los métodos
modernos de cultivo científico son seriamente controversiales en muchos
sectores.

4. TASK 1 JESUS DAVID MORA
English text Spanish Text
In Britain, the argument over GM crops has become the most
contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom
bomb. In 1998 a public opinion poll showed that 77% of British
people did not want genetically-modified crops to be grown in
Britain - though only 58% were opposed genetic modification in
principle. And in spite of historic parallels that tend to suggest
that resistance to change is rarely effective in the long run,
the controversy over genetically modified crops is perhaps
more critical than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK governments have
continued to support research into GM crops, and today
hundreds of hectares of genetically engineered plants
are growing in Britain, mostly in agricultural research centres,
universities and plant laboratories. Here and there, fields of
genetically modified crops have been planted•and to the
passer-by, they look no different from other fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not really very different from
others. Scientists have been selecting and "improving" crops
for hundreds of years, often by the slow and dubious method of
"trial and error". Most of the crops and fruit growing in today's
fields are very different from the varieties grown two centuries
ago, and far more productive; far from being "natural" plants,
they are new strains that have been developed by genetic
selection of the best. "Genetic Modification" just takes the
process one stage further, allowing agricultural scientists to
produce new varieties with specific required qualities
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre cultivos transgénicos se ha
convertido en la disputa científica más controvertida desde la llegada de
la bomba atómica. En 1998, una encuesta de opinión pública demostró
que el 77% de los británicos no quería que los cultivos genéticamente
modificados fueran cultivados en Gran Bretaña, aunque sólo 58% se
oponían a la modificación genética en principio. Y a pesar de los
paralelos históricos que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia al cambio
rara vez es efectiva a largo plazo, la controversia sobre cultivos
genéticamente modificados es quizás más crítica que la mayoría.
A pesar de la aprehensión pública, los gobiernos del Reino Unido han
continuado apoyando la investigación sobre cultivos transgénicos, y hoy
en día cientos de hectáreas de plantas genéticamente modificadas están
creciendo en Gran Bretaña, principalmente en centros de investigación
agrícola, universidades y laboratorios de plantas. Aquí y allá, se han
plantado campos de cultivos genéticamente modificados y para los
transeúntes, no parecen diferentes de otros campos.
En muchos sentidos, los cultivos transgénicos no son realmente muy
diferentes de otros. Los científicos han estado seleccionando y
"mejorando" los cultivos durante cientos de años, a menudo por el
método lento y dudoso de "ensayo y error". La mayoría de los cultivos y
frutales en los campos actuales son muy diferentes de las variedades
cultivadas hace dos siglos, y mucho más productivas; lejos de ser plantas
"naturales", son nuevas cepas que han sido desarrolladas por selección
genética de los mejores. "Modificación genética" sólo lleva el proceso una
etapa más, lo que permite a los científicos agrícolas para producir nuevas
variedades con cualidades específicas requeridas.

5. TASK 1 KAREN CARDENAS
English text Spanish Text
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain plants is to
make them resistant to disease and to pests, and thus reduce the need
for pesticides. Another is to make them resistant to particular weed-
killers, so that farmers can spray fields knowing that the spray will
kill almost all plants except the selected crop that they are growing.
Other genetic modifications are aimed at producing plants that need
less fertilizer or are more resistant to drought, and thus need less
watering. Most developments in these directions are strongly positive
in environmental terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of drought-
resistant and disease-resistant crops will have major implications for
developing countries, where famine is a constant risk. It is therefore
not surprising that developing nations with large populations to feed,
such as China and India, are keen supporters of genetic research;
unlike Europe and North America, with their agricultural surpluses,
many poorer nations already cannot produce enough food to feed
their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically incorporating
vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies - into certain plants. Plant-
based vaccines are potentially far cheaper to produce and easier to
store than their chemically-manufactured equivalents.
Uno de los objetivos principales en la alteración de los genes de
ciertas plantas es hacerlas resistentes a las enfermedades ya las plagas,
y así reducir la necesidad de pesticidas. Otra es hacerlos resistentes a
los herbicidas particulares, para que los agricultores puedan pulverizar
campos sabiendo que el aerosol matará casi todas las plantas excepto
el cultivo seleccionado que están creciendo. Otras modificaciones
genéticas están dirigidas a producir plantas que necesitan menos
fertilizante o son más resistentes a la sequía, y por lo tanto necesitan
menos riego. La mayoría de los desarrollos en estas direcciones son
fuertemente positivos en términos medioambientales.
También son positivos en términos humanos, y el desarrollo de
cultivos resistentes a la sequía y resistentes a enfermedades tendrá
importantes implicaciones para los países en desarrollo, donde la
hambruna es un riesgo constante. Por lo tanto, no es de extrañar que
los países en desarrollo con grandes poblaciones de alimentos, como
China y la India, sean partidarios de la investigación genética; a
diferencia de Europa y Norteamérica, con sus excedentes agrícolas,
muchas naciones más pobres ya no pueden producir suficiente
alimento para alimentar a sus poblaciones.
En otros desarrollos, los laboratorios están incorporando
genéticamente vacunas - incluyendo la hepatitis B y la rabia - en
ciertas plantas. Las vacunas basadas en plantas son potencialmente
mucho más baratas de producir y más fáciles de almacenar que sus
equivalentes fabricados químicamente

6. TASK 2 JOHANA MORENO
 In the translation of the first paragraph of the article firstly I want to express that it was interesting for me
I did not know the controversy and story about CM crops when I finish of translating I could understand
the idea and topic of the first part of the article at the end it is an understandable paragraph. The first
technical translation presented in the paragraph is the first sentence Genetically modified crops are
controversial in Spanish genetically modified Crops are controversial in Spanish the word modified goes
first and in English goes after the word genetically this is Literal Translation that is: A word-for-word
translation can be used in some languages and not others depending on the sentence structure. Another
technique of translation presented in the article is in the words multinational in English in Spanish means
multinational and mechanization in English in Spanish mechanization in these words is applied the
Borrowing that is taking the words directly from one language to another without translation. The
expressions small-farmers that in Spanish are small farmers and factory-owners that in Spanish is
proprietors of factories in these expressions is applied the technique calque that is to calque or loan
translation is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word-for-word. In the
expression commando tactics that in Spanish translates tactics of combat there is the technique
Borrowing.

7. TASK 2 GEBER VILLAREAL
Translating the text given (paragraph 2) was such a great experience. This topic was not familiar to me so I needed
to search and look for meaning of several of the key words in the text. I had difficulties to translate “kill people
through speed” I was trying to make it sound the smoother way possible but it was a bit hard.
The part of the text which brought about more difficulties was the one referring to Newton’s third law of motion.
It was hard because I knew nothing about that law and so that part of the text did not make sense to me. Therefore
I had to research and found out what that law talks about. After doing so, I realized what it meant and could be
able to translate it.
I think I failed translating “Brought about” because I did it literally then I knew that “Brought about” is phrasal
verb that means to cause or to generate but it was funny to learn that.
Regarding the techniques, in some cases I used Literal translation which is the one that allows translating word for
word. I used this just in some cases because it fitted well and was accurate. I also used Calque translation but in
few parts of the text.
I also used transportation techniques because in some text I had to change a word category being carefully not to
alter the meaning but I think this was one that I used the most to translate the text. This was why, English
grammatical structure is often (if not almost always) different from Spanish so I had to change most of the
sentences into Spanish structure so that it made sense.
Translating this text was an amazing and rich experience.

8. TASK 2 JESUS DAVID MORA
Write a text about the problems you faced regarding words or
expressions that were hard to translate and an explanation on the
techniques used to get the results.
In my opinion I look for the unknown word and I organize the sentence
to give a sense to these, in this way I can understand that I read and the
person who listens understands what I say, besides I like consult with
specialized dictionaries the wordreference and other.

9. TASK 2 KAREN CARDENAS
The techniques you use for problems you face with difficult words or expressions are:
First, use the adaptation of replacing a reality of one language with the same reality in another,
so that it is not done with the same words but in a way that is more understandable to be able to
read it, then the expansion where the text is amplified for reasons of structure, since many
English terms lack of gender and in Spanish if it is necessary to specify if it is masculine and
feminine gender, followed by the modulation where it consists in varying the form thanks to a
semantic change, making the new translation from a new point of view. For example, if the
actual translation gives you "is not easy to prove," it would actually translate as "easy to show",
continuing the transposition where the grammatical category is changed without changing the
meaning of the message and finally the equivalence where the meaning of a word corresponds
in both a language and another, being equivalent words that have the same meaning.

10. TASK 3 JOHANA MORENO
Method Strategy Technique
Translation methods relate
to whole texts
A series of competencies,
a set of steps or processes
that favor the acquisition,
storage, and/or utilization
of information. Their
adoption implies a
decision influenced by
amendments in the
translator's objectives.
Translation Techniques
are used when structural
and conceptual elements
of the source language can
be transposed into the
target language.

11. TASK 3 GEBER VILLARREAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
METHODS STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Methods relate to whole texts.
Methods can be developed.
The best translation method seems
to be the one which allows
translator to utilize notes.
Some of the methods
are: - Word-for-word
translation, literal translation,
faithful translation, semantic
translation free translation,
idiomatic translation,
communicative translation.
Any translation can be "more, or
less semantic—more, or less,
communicative—even a particular
section or sentence can be treated
more communicatively or less
semantically
Translator’s potentially
conscious plans for solving
concrete translation problems in
the framework of a concrete
translation task.
Three global
strategies: -
Translating without
interruption -
Correcting surface errors
immediately -
Leaving the monitoring for
qualitative to the revision stage.
Focused on rendering allusions
will be explained in detail.
A series of competencies, a set of
steps or processes
The technique may vary within
the same text according to each
case and depending on the
specific verbal elements to be
translated.
Two main important techniques
- Direct Translation Techniques
(borrowing, calque, literal
translation)
- Oblique Translation
Techniques (transposition
modulation, reformulation,
adaptation, compensation)
According to culture-bound
terms there are two important
techniques: functional
equivalence and formal
equivalence.

12. TASK 3 KAREN CARDENAS

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bonilla, D. (2017, March 22). OVI Translation Tips. Repositorio Institucional UNAD. Retrieved March 22,
2017, from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/11773
Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved March 22, 2017,
fromhttp://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and methods. Translation Journal, 11(3).
Retrieved March 22, 2017, fromhttp://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm
Preciado, P. D., & Silva, M. (2007). English Translation Techniques [Ebook]. Retrieved March 22, 2017,
fromhttps://books.google.com.co/books?id=5MG8xLyZOYkC&lpg=PP1&dq=petra%20translations%20tech
niques&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=petra%20translations%20techniques&f=false Umbral Digital