A Research Design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically.
Research Design is considered as a “blueprint” for research, dealing with at least four problems: (According to Philiber, Schwab, & Samsloss, 1980) 1) Which questions to be studied, 2) Which data are relevant, 3) What data to collect, and 4) How to analysis the result.
A Research Design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically.
Research Design is considered as a “blueprint” for research, dealing with at least four problems: (According to Philiber, Schwab, & Samsloss, 1980) 1) Which questions to be studied, 2) Which data are relevant, 3) What data to collect, and 4) How to analysis the result.
A Presentation on Questionnaire - Arifa RahmanArifa Rahman
A presentation on Questionnaire.
Outline of Discussion -
Definition of Questionnaire
Sample of Questionnaire
Purpose of Questionnaire
Elements of Questionnaire
Types of Questionnaire
Guideline to Develop Questionnaire
Distributing Questionnaires
Analyzing the Questionnaire and Presenting the acquired Data
Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaire
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
A Presentation on Questionnaire - Arifa RahmanArifa Rahman
A presentation on Questionnaire.
Outline of Discussion -
Definition of Questionnaire
Sample of Questionnaire
Purpose of Questionnaire
Elements of Questionnaire
Types of Questionnaire
Guideline to Develop Questionnaire
Distributing Questionnaires
Analyzing the Questionnaire and Presenting the acquired Data
Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaire
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.Explain why .pdfSIGMATAX1
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.
Explain why it is so important to be systematic in collecting data.
Solution
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting dataordata collection goals
what problem are you trying to solve by collecting this data?
Step 2:Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Here we need to be very clear as to what we are measuring, how it is to be measured, and who is
to measure it. Often times we will employ sampling in which case we need to define a sampling
plan.
. Who will the data be collected about?
. Who will the group of interest be compared to?
. What locations or geographical areas will the data be gathered from?
. What categories will be used to identify the group of interest and comparator group?
Step 3 : How should data be collected and What sources of data should be used to collect
information?
There are several methods of collecting data: online-surveys, phone interviews, focus groups and
yes, even dreaded handwritten surveys. Each type possesses its own advantages and
disadvantages. Whichever method you use, there are bound to be obstacles to overcome along
the way.
What sources of data should be used to collect information?
Pre-existing or official data
Survey data
Interviews and focus groups
Observed data
. Two types of data are used in any field of research: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative data:
Typically, data is called “qualitative” if it is in the form of words, but may also include any
information that is not numerical in form, such as photographs, videos and sound recordings.
Qualitative methods are aimed at describing a specific context, event, people or relationship in a
broad contextual way, by trying to understand the underlying reasons for behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
Common qualitative research methods include observation, one-on-one interviews, focus groups
and intensive case studies
Quantitative data:
Typically, data is called “quantitative” if it is in the form of numbers.
A quantitative approach can be used to count events or the number of people who represent a
particular background.
Common quantitative tools include surveys, questionnaires and statistical data (such as Statistics
Canada census information).
It is important to note that all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. In other words,
numbers cannot be interpreted by themselves, without understanding the assumptions that
underlie them.
A good research effort involves the use of both types. Both approaches, while distinct, can
overlap and rely on the other to produce meaningful data, analysis and results.
Step 4 : Analyze and interpret data and Act on results
Explaining the technical steps involved in analyzing and interpreting data is beyond the scope of
this guide. An organization will have to determine whether it has the internal capacity and
expertise to analyze and interpret data itself, or whether it will need the help of an external
consultant.
. A summa.
data collection is just systematic way approach for gather and measure information form variety source for the aim of get complete and accurate of an area that interested
28. Advantage/Challenge: Available Data Advantages Often less expensive and faster than collecting the original data again Challenges There may be coding errors or other problems. Data may not be exactly what is needed. You may have difficulty getting access. You have to verify validity and reliability of data
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34. Advantages and Challenges: Observation Advantages Collects data on actual vs. self- reported behavior or perceptions. It is real-time vs. retrospective Challenges Observer bias, potentially unreliable; interpretation and coding challenges; sampling can be a problem; can be labor intensive; low response rates
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37. Structured vs. Semi-structured Surveys Structured harder to develop easier to complete easier to analyze more efficient when working with large numbers Semi-structured easier to develop: open ended questions more difficult to complete: burdensome for people to complete as a self-administrated questionnaire harder to analyze but provide a richer source of data, interpretation of open-ended responses subject to bias
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40. Advantages and Challenges of Surveys Advantages Best when you want to know what people think, believe, or perceive, only they can tell you that Challenges People may not accurately recall their behavior or may be reluctant to reveal their behavior if it is illegal or stigmatized. What people think they do or say they do is not always the same as what they actually do .
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45. Focus Group Process Phase Action 1 Opening Ice-breaker; explain purpose; ground rules; introductions 2 Warm-up Relate experience; stimulate group interaction; start with least threatening and simplest questions 3 Main body Move to more threatening or sensitive and complex questions; elicit deep responses; connect emergent data to complex, broad participation 4 Closure End with closure-type questions; summarize and refine; present theories, etc; invite final comments or insights; thank participants
46. Advantages and Challenges of Focus Groups Advantages Can be conducted relatively quickly and easily; may take less staff time than in-depth, in-person interviews; allow flexibility to make changes in process and questions; can explore different perspectives; can be fun Challenges Analysis is time consuming; participants not be representative of population, possibly biasing the data; group may be influenced by moderator or dominant group members
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48. Guidelines for Diaries or Journals Step Process 1 Recruit people face-to-face • encourage participation, appeal to altruism, assure confidentiality, provide incentive 2 Provide a booklet to each participant • cover page with clear instructions, definitions, example • short memory-joggers, explain terms, comments on last page , calendar 3 Consider the time-period for collecting data • if too long, may become burdensome or tedious • if too short may miss the behavior or event
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50. Advantages and Challenges of Diaries and Self-reported Checklists Advantages Can capture in-depth, detailed data that might be otherwise forgotten Can collect data on how people use their time Can collect sensitive information Supplements interviews provide richer data Challenges Requires some literacy May change behavior Require commitment and self-discipline Data may be incomplete or inaccurate Poor handwriting, difficult to understand phrases
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53. Advantages and Challenges of Expert Judgment Advantages Fast, relatively inexpensive Challenges Weak for impact evaluation May be based mostly on perceptions Value of data depends on how credible the experts are perceived to be
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55. Advantages and Challenges of Delphi Technique Advantages Allows participants to remain anonymous Is inexpensive Is free of social pressure, personality influence, and individual dominance Is conducive to independent thinking Allows sharing of information Challenges May not be representative Has tendency to eliminate extreme positions Requires skill in written communication Requires time and participant commitment