This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis, including its history, causes, diagnosis, types, treatment, and prognosis. It discusses how MS is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that most commonly affects people aged 20-40. The diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, lesions on MRI scans, and ruling out other potential causes through tests. While the exact cause is unknown, it is considered an immune-mediated disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Disease-modifying treatments can help reduce relapses but do not cure MS, and research into new therapies is ongoing.
Lupus update for Primary Care Providers 2014Donald Thomas
In this Power Point lecture I discuss how to diagnose lupus using the new 2012 classification criteria by SLICC as well as the importance of vitamin D, light protection, not smoking, and preventing human papilloma virus infection in people who have systemic lupus erythematosus. To learn more about the causes and symptoms of lupus as well as its complications such as arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and fibromyalgia, go to and click on "Like" to get daily tips and facts at http://www.facebook.com/LupusEncyclopedia
Lupus update for Primary Care Providers 2014Donald Thomas
In this Power Point lecture I discuss how to diagnose lupus using the new 2012 classification criteria by SLICC as well as the importance of vitamin D, light protection, not smoking, and preventing human papilloma virus infection in people who have systemic lupus erythematosus. To learn more about the causes and symptoms of lupus as well as its complications such as arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and fibromyalgia, go to and click on "Like" to get daily tips and facts at http://www.facebook.com/LupusEncyclopedia
By the end of this presentation, learners will be able to:
Develop and refine a differential diagnosis for peripheral neuropathy.
Discuss the workup for common & typical cases.
Perform a comprehensive diabetic foot exam by ADA/NDEP standards.
Treat painful peripheral neuropathy.
By the end of this presentation, learners will be able to:
Develop and refine a differential diagnosis for peripheral neuropathy.
Discuss the workup for common & typical cases.
Perform a comprehensive diabetic foot exam by ADA/NDEP standards.
Treat painful peripheral neuropathy.
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
5. St Lidwina of Schiedam
1380-1433
Debilitating disease
Fell skating 16
Mobility
Headaches
Violent tooth pains
Paraplegic 19
Disturbed vision
Died 53
6. Robert Carswell 1793-1857
Pathologist
‘strange lesions’ in
spinal cord
Jean Cruveilhier -
parisian anatomist
7. Jean-Martin Charcot
1825-1893
Salpetriere
La sclerose en plaque
First to make
clinicopathological links
40 yrs after lesions
described
Charcot’s (housekeeper’s)
Triad:
Double vision
Ataxia/unsteady
Dysarthria/slurred
8. What Is MS?
Inflammatory,
Demyelinating
Disease
Specific to the
Central Nervous
System
Commonest cause
of chronic
neurological
disability in young
adults in the UK
20-40 yrs
RR------->SP
14. Demyelination
Disturbs nerve
messages
Slows conduction
May cause block
Interrupts normal
function of nerves
May be silent I.e.
cause no problems
15. Putative Triggers
Virus/bacterial infection
EBV/glandular fever?
Cross reactivity of virus coat
proteins
Other environmental triggers
Susceptible person
….all may trigger an
“autoimmune” process
16. An immune disease
White cell activation
Complement (destroys cells)
activation
Low level of immune activity
normally - CNS ‘naïve’
antibodies - various or ‘oligo’-
clonal in CSF
F>M
17.
18. Who Does MS Affect?
Incidence 1 per 800 adult population
150/100,000 SE Wales (90-200 UK)
85,000 people in the UK
Female to male 3:2
Age distribution by sex
80
70
60
50 male
40
30 female
Patient Nos
20
10
0
0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 >75
Age group
19. What about my children?
1 parent/sib/child: 2-4%
97% risk of not getting MS
Risk is over lifetime - so
depends on their age
If you are 50 you have lived
through most of the risk
1 non-immediate relative
Risk same as population
20. Diagnosis
Crucial is clinical story -
dissemination in time and
space…. I.e. multiple sclerosis
Poser criteria 1983
Definite
Probable
Possible
Lab-supported/clinical
22. Is it MS? - case 1
F Age 14/15 tingling fingers
Fatigue and weakness
Ix KL and KCH
Age 21
Numb feet and fingers, fatigue
UCC netball team
Patch of ⇓sens forearms
VEP normal, OB+
24. Diagnosis?
1 attack
1 clinical lesion
No paraclinical evidence of
other lesions - MRI/VEP
CSF + - told she had MS
‘single’ myelitis - not MS
Strictly not ‘clinically isolated
syndrome’
25. Multiple sclerosis: Brain MRI -
changing lesions
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26. McDonald Criteria
Basically MRI can now clinch the diagnosis
alone
Even in context of single episode (CIS)
>3 months interval
New lesions appearing or any dye enhancing =
Dissemination in Time
Dissemination in space criteria now defined
Mixture of old and new lesions on single
enhanced scan
27. Case 2 - is it MS?
26F 20th August 2004
10d h/o L arm feeling heavy, foot
dragging, ⇓ bladder sensation
Clumsy hand - typing
Vision normal
No headache
4 wks previously viral illness
with N+V, abdo pain
Swollen optic discs
28. Investigations
Florid WM lesions
No infratentorial
CSF acellular
Severe headache
Resolved with IVMP
31/8/04 no signs
DIAGNOSIS = first
episode CIS
29. Story continued
21/9/04 - foggy vision R eye
Less than 1 month separation
16/17 Ishihara L nil else
Resolved over 10d until 1/11/04
R periorbital pain
3/11/04 VA 1/60 Rx IVMP
16/11/04 HM - large scotoma
33. Dynamic disease
Constant lesion formation
Not all lesions cause symptoms (10%?)
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38. Types of MS
Benign
retrospective diagnosis
relapsing/remitting(RR)
80% of those initially diagnosed will follow this disease course
secondary progressive (SP)
50-60% of PwMS will have this type
primary progressive (PP)
10-20% of PwMS. No relapses at onset, progressive disability.
Spinal disease. More severe.
40. Relapses
New neurological symptoms
and/or signs persisting for more
than 24h not in the context of
infection
Many mild, bothersome,
irritating only
Some more severe - may need
treatment
Some studies as low as 0.5/yr
41. Relapse treatment
Steroid tablets
(Intravenous steroids)
Wait and see
Do not affect outcome
Outpatient
Inpatient
Rapid Access Clinic UHW
44. Eligibility 2
2+ disabling relapses /2yrs
Ambulant 10m+
No/minimal background
progression
No contraindications
Willing to inject!
30% choose to withdraw
45. Newer Treatments:
Campath-1H/alemtuzumab
Anti-T cell monoclonal antibody
Not licensed for MS (yet)
Treatment for leukaemia
80+ pts treated South Wales
Relapses reduce 90%
study early disease v high dose ß-ifn -
55% better than IFN
Side effects - long term
Single treatment annually - drip once
a year
46. Newer Treatments -
Tysabri/natalizumab
Reduces adhesion molecules in
T cell migration
Prevents BBB breakdown
Early studies promising MRI
data
2yr RCT early RRMS
68% reduction relapses
Licensed NHS: ‘highly active’
Monthly drip - 15pts Cardiff
48. PML risk
JC virus
40-80% of us have it
Sits dormant in brain
Reactivated when ‘normal’ immune system
is damaged (HIV)
PML - untreatable - can be mild or fatal
Peak after 2 yrs
Risk 1:800 overall. Can test for virus
If negative 1:10,000
If positive, and had other drugs 1:100
150+ cases in 100,000 patients
49. New Drugs - oral
[Cladribine]
Fingolimod/Gilenya
Daily treatment
Heart and skin and eye problems
Licensed recently FDA USA
Licensed EU April 2011
50% reduction relapses
Recently approved NICE
Eligibility
Interferon failure
1+ relapses 1yr and active MRI
50. Gilenya
Once a day tablet
£19,000/yr
NICE appraisal - rejected - under
appeal - now approved
First dose - risk of heart block
‘rapidly evolving severe MS’ or
interferon failure MS.
Macular oedema/blood
pressure/infections
3500 Germany
51. Fampridine
Oral tablet
Improves walking efficiency
Speed
Stride
Fatigue
Works in 25% of pts
Mechanism unsure
£360/month - recently licensed
Not yet approved NHS - company
hasn’t applied!
52. Vitamin D
Small studies show MASSIVE
doses may reduce relapses
UK population deficient
Month of birth studies - higher
risk of MS if born spring
1000 v 14,000 units/day
Risks...pregnancy, heart
53. On the horizon.....
Teriflunomide
Laquinimod
Baclivuzumab
Rituximab
Daclizumab
BG12
54.
55. CCSVI....the latest wonder cure
Italian doctor
New technique
measuring jugular
vein flow
‘100%’ accurate
Experimented on his
wife
Dozens of private
clinics
Few large studies -
deaths?
56. CCSVI - facts
Hugely conflicting results
‘too good to be true’
MS is an immune disease.....FACT!
Sluggish blood flow could not cause
this....
But might be an after-effect
Lots of money to be made.....treating
the rich and the desperate...
57. And then there was….
Goats’ serum
LDN
Omega 3
Vit D???
Sativex -
cannabis