T cells
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T-cells develop in the thymus and include CD4+ T-helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells. T-cells are activated by antigens and signaling molecules and then clonally expand. Activated T-cells have various functions - T-helper cells activate B-cells and mediate cytokine responses; cytotoxic T-cells kill infected or abnormal cells; regulatory T-cells suppress immune responses. T-cells secrete cytokines that regulate immune responses and are involved in B-cell activation, cell-mediated immunity, and autoimmune diseases when dysregulated. T-cells play a crucial role in connecting humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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T-cell
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
T cells and b-cells
The document discusses T cells and B cells. It explains that T cells mature in the thymus gland and recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules, while B cells mature in the bone marrow and recognize free antigens. The document then describes the processes of T cell and B cell activation, differentiation, positive and negative selection, and how they contribute differently to the adaptive immune response.
Superantigen
When the immune system encounter the superantigen , it activate the large fraction of T cells , which give a massive response in the body ......
Cytokines
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication and stimulate cell movement. They are produced by immune cells and mediate processes like immunity, inflammation, and blood cell production. Cytokines bind to receptors on target cells and alter gene expression through signal transduction pathways. They exhibit properties like redundancy, synergy, and antagonism that allow for coordinated regulation of cellular activity. Diseases have been linked to overproduction or underproduction of cytokines, such as septic shock resulting from excessive cytokine levels during bacterial infection.
T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Cytokines
This document provides an overview of cytokines, which are proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication during immune responses. Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. They regulate immune cell development and functions such as inflammation. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and initiate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. The document discusses the four main families of cytokines, their properties, functions, receptors, and antagonists. It also describes how T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine the type of immune response mounted.
Cytokines ppt
The document discusses cytokines, their properties, classification, receptors, and signaling pathways. It notes that cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy and antagonism. Major cytokine families include hematopoietins, interferons, chemokines, and TNF. Cytokine receptors include Ig superfamily, class 1, class 2, TNF and chemokine receptors. Cytokine binding induces receptor dimerization and JAK/STAT pathway activation. Cytokines play essential roles in hematopoiesis and immunity, but imbalances can lead to disease.
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T-cell
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
T cells and b-cells
The document discusses T cells and B cells. It explains that T cells mature in the thymus gland and recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules, while B cells mature in the bone marrow and recognize free antigens. The document then describes the processes of T cell and B cell activation, differentiation, positive and negative selection, and how they contribute differently to the adaptive immune response.
Superantigen
When the immune system encounter the superantigen , it activate the large fraction of T cells , which give a massive response in the body ......
Cytokines
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication and stimulate cell movement. They are produced by immune cells and mediate processes like immunity, inflammation, and blood cell production. Cytokines bind to receptors on target cells and alter gene expression through signal transduction pathways. They exhibit properties like redundancy, synergy, and antagonism that allow for coordinated regulation of cellular activity. Diseases have been linked to overproduction or underproduction of cytokines, such as septic shock resulting from excessive cytokine levels during bacterial infection.
T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Cytokines
This document provides an overview of cytokines, which are proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication during immune responses. Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. They regulate immune cell development and functions such as inflammation. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and initiate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. The document discusses the four main families of cytokines, their properties, functions, receptors, and antagonists. It also describes how T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine the type of immune response mounted.
Cytokines ppt
The document discusses cytokines, their properties, classification, receptors, and signaling pathways. It notes that cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy and antagonism. Major cytokine families include hematopoietins, interferons, chemokines, and TNF. Cytokine receptors include Ig superfamily, class 1, class 2, TNF and chemokine receptors. Cytokine binding induces receptor dimerization and JAK/STAT pathway activation. Cytokines play essential roles in hematopoiesis and immunity, but imbalances can lead to disease.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
Immunity to Microbes
Innate and Adaptive Immunity Against Bacteria, Virus, Fungi and Parasite.
And Immune Evasion Mechanism.
Tumor immunology
This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
MHC
This document provides information on MHC class I and class II molecules, including their structure, function, and role in antigen presentation. It discusses that MHC class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells and present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells. The peptide binding grooves of MHC class I and II molecules differ in their structure and the size of peptides they can bind.
T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen bound to MHC molecules. It consists of an alpha and beta chain, with 95% of T cells containing these chains and 5% containing gamma and delta chains instead. Each chain contains a variable region that binds the peptide-MHC complex and a constant region near the cell membrane. The variable regions contain three hypervariable complementarity-determining regions important for antigen recognition. The TCR is associated with CD3 proteins that transmit activation signals into the T cell upon peptide binding. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination of DNA segments during T cell development.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2Cell mediated & humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ helper T cells to upregulate immune functions against bacteria. Humoral immunity involves B cells maturing into plasma cells upon antigen recognition, secreting antibodies, and leaving memory B cells to facilitate a faster response upon reexposure.
Tumor antigen
Tumor antigens are substances produced by tumor cells that trigger an immune response. There are two main types: tumor-specific antigens that are unique to tumor cells, produced due to genetic mutations; and tumor-associated antigens that are normally expressed during fetal development but also expressed in tumor cells. The immune system tries to detect and eliminate tumor cells by targeting these antigens, but tumors can evade the immune response through various mechanisms. Immunotherapies aim to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens and defenses against cancer.
Cytokines
Cytokines are small secreted proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are produced in response to an immune stimulus and act as signaling molecules between cells during immune responses. There are several main classes of cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, growth factors, colony stimulating factors, and chemokines. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and influence cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, and activation.
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation allows T cells to recognize antigens by requiring their presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on cell surfaces. There are two pathways for antigen presentation: class I MHC presents endogenous antigens from inside cells to CD8 T cells, while class II MHC presents exogenous antigens from outside cells to CD4 T cells. The endogenous pathway involves cytosolic degradation and transport of antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to class I MHC, while the exogenous pathway involves antigen phagocytosis and degradation within endosomes and lysosomes before binding to class II MHC. These pathways keep self and non-self antigens separated and allow the appropriate T cell response to be activated.
T-lymphocytes and generation
The document discusses T lymphocytes and their generation, maturation, activation, and differentiation. It provides details on:
1) T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland and express T-cell receptors that recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules. They differentiate into helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, memory T-cells, and regulatory T-cells.
2) T-cell receptors are composed of alpha and beta chains that undergo gene rearrangement during development.
3) T-cells mature through double negative, double positive, and single positive stages in the thymus, undergoing positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells.
Cells & organs ofthe immune system
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system. It describes how the immune system is made up of cells that develop in primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus. Mature cells then travel to secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. These organs contain various white blood cells that participate in immune responses, developing from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow through processes like apoptosis and regulation by genes and cytokines.
T cell signalling pathway
The T cell receptor signaling pathway involves T cells binding antigens presented by MHC proteins on antigen presenting cells. When the T cell receptor binds to its antigen, it activates the kinase Lck which phosphorylates proteins in the CD3 complex. This leads to phosphorylation of the adapter protein ZAP70 which then phosphorylates LAT and SLP76, recruiting downstream molecules. This results in calcium release, NFAT and NF-κB activation, and expression of cytokines and other proteins through similar pathways as in B cell signaling, including the Ras pathway. T cell signaling also regulates adhesion molecules and chemokines to influence T cell localization.
Pathogen recognition
The innate immune response is the first line of defense against infection and predates the adaptive immune response. It uses germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate a proinflammatory response. The major PRR families are Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). TLRs recognize bacteria and viruses at the cell surface and within endosomes, and signal through either the MyD88 or TRIF adaptor pathways to induce inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. NLRs and RLRs function
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells to coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. Cytokines help regulate immune cell development and function, inducing inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and wound healing. They signal through high affinity receptors via autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines are classified into families including hematopoietins, chemokines, interferons, TNF, and CSFs. TH1 and TH2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine immune response type. Cytokine antagonists and inhibitors regulate cytokine activity.
T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
B cell(Immunology)
B cells are lymphocytes that play a key role in humoral immunity by producing antibodies. B cell development occurs in the bone marrow, progressing from pro-B cells to immature B cells that express IgM, and then to mature B cells that express IgM and IgD. Activation of B cells leads to proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Defects in B cell development or function can cause immunodeficiencies characterized by poor antibody production and recurrent bacterial infections. Some examples of B cell immunodeficiencies include X-linked agammaglobulinemia caused by mutations in BTK, IgA deficiency, and common variable immunodeficiency.
Adaptive immunity
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
MHC and TCR
The document summarizes key aspects of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. It discusses how MHC genes were found to be important in transplant rejection and immune responses. There are three classes of MHC molecules - Class I found on nucleated cells, Class II on antigen presenting cells, and Class III molecules like complement components. The TCR recognizes antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules. Both MHC and TCR are highly polymorphic and recognize antigens in a MHC-restricted manner.
T lymphocytes in chronic periodontitis- Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
T-cells is explained with a emphasis with humoral and adaptive immunity . And the diffrent subsets of t cells are well explained by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal here .
adaptive immunity
The adaptive immune system is composed of lymphocytes that generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors. T cells develop in the thymus through positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. CD4+ T cells help B cells and CD8+ T cells perform cytotoxic functions by killing infected, tumor, or allograft cells via perforin/granzyme release or Fas/FasL interaction. Adaptive immunity provides tailored immune responses and immunological memory.
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Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
Immunity to Microbes
Innate and Adaptive Immunity Against Bacteria, Virus, Fungi and Parasite.
And Immune Evasion Mechanism.
Tumor immunology
This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
MHC
This document provides information on MHC class I and class II molecules, including their structure, function, and role in antigen presentation. It discusses that MHC class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells and present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells. The peptide binding grooves of MHC class I and II molecules differ in their structure and the size of peptides they can bind.
T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen bound to MHC molecules. It consists of an alpha and beta chain, with 95% of T cells containing these chains and 5% containing gamma and delta chains instead. Each chain contains a variable region that binds the peptide-MHC complex and a constant region near the cell membrane. The variable regions contain three hypervariable complementarity-determining regions important for antigen recognition. The TCR is associated with CD3 proteins that transmit activation signals into the T cell upon peptide binding. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination of DNA segments during T cell development.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2Cell mediated & humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ helper T cells to upregulate immune functions against bacteria. Humoral immunity involves B cells maturing into plasma cells upon antigen recognition, secreting antibodies, and leaving memory B cells to facilitate a faster response upon reexposure.
Tumor antigen
Tumor antigens are substances produced by tumor cells that trigger an immune response. There are two main types: tumor-specific antigens that are unique to tumor cells, produced due to genetic mutations; and tumor-associated antigens that are normally expressed during fetal development but also expressed in tumor cells. The immune system tries to detect and eliminate tumor cells by targeting these antigens, but tumors can evade the immune response through various mechanisms. Immunotherapies aim to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens and defenses against cancer.
Cytokines
Cytokines are small secreted proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are produced in response to an immune stimulus and act as signaling molecules between cells during immune responses. There are several main classes of cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, growth factors, colony stimulating factors, and chemokines. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and influence cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, and activation.
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation allows T cells to recognize antigens by requiring their presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on cell surfaces. There are two pathways for antigen presentation: class I MHC presents endogenous antigens from inside cells to CD8 T cells, while class II MHC presents exogenous antigens from outside cells to CD4 T cells. The endogenous pathway involves cytosolic degradation and transport of antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to class I MHC, while the exogenous pathway involves antigen phagocytosis and degradation within endosomes and lysosomes before binding to class II MHC. These pathways keep self and non-self antigens separated and allow the appropriate T cell response to be activated.
T-lymphocytes and generation
The document discusses T lymphocytes and their generation, maturation, activation, and differentiation. It provides details on:
1) T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland and express T-cell receptors that recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules. They differentiate into helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, memory T-cells, and regulatory T-cells.
2) T-cell receptors are composed of alpha and beta chains that undergo gene rearrangement during development.
3) T-cells mature through double negative, double positive, and single positive stages in the thymus, undergoing positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells.
Cells & organs ofthe immune system
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system. It describes how the immune system is made up of cells that develop in primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus. Mature cells then travel to secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. These organs contain various white blood cells that participate in immune responses, developing from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow through processes like apoptosis and regulation by genes and cytokines.
T cell signalling pathway
The T cell receptor signaling pathway involves T cells binding antigens presented by MHC proteins on antigen presenting cells. When the T cell receptor binds to its antigen, it activates the kinase Lck which phosphorylates proteins in the CD3 complex. This leads to phosphorylation of the adapter protein ZAP70 which then phosphorylates LAT and SLP76, recruiting downstream molecules. This results in calcium release, NFAT and NF-κB activation, and expression of cytokines and other proteins through similar pathways as in B cell signaling, including the Ras pathway. T cell signaling also regulates adhesion molecules and chemokines to influence T cell localization.
Pathogen recognition
The innate immune response is the first line of defense against infection and predates the adaptive immune response. It uses germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate a proinflammatory response. The major PRR families are Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). TLRs recognize bacteria and viruses at the cell surface and within endosomes, and signal through either the MyD88 or TRIF adaptor pathways to induce inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. NLRs and RLRs function
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells to coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. Cytokines help regulate immune cell development and function, inducing inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and wound healing. They signal through high affinity receptors via autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines are classified into families including hematopoietins, chemokines, interferons, TNF, and CSFs. TH1 and TH2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine immune response type. Cytokine antagonists and inhibitors regulate cytokine activity.
T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
B cell(Immunology)
B cells are lymphocytes that play a key role in humoral immunity by producing antibodies. B cell development occurs in the bone marrow, progressing from pro-B cells to immature B cells that express IgM, and then to mature B cells that express IgM and IgD. Activation of B cells leads to proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Defects in B cell development or function can cause immunodeficiencies characterized by poor antibody production and recurrent bacterial infections. Some examples of B cell immunodeficiencies include X-linked agammaglobulinemia caused by mutations in BTK, IgA deficiency, and common variable immunodeficiency.
Adaptive immunity
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
MHC and TCR
The document summarizes key aspects of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. It discusses how MHC genes were found to be important in transplant rejection and immune responses. There are three classes of MHC molecules - Class I found on nucleated cells, Class II on antigen presenting cells, and Class III molecules like complement components. The TCR recognizes antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules. Both MHC and TCR are highly polymorphic and recognize antigens in a MHC-restricted manner.
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Similar to T cells
T lymphocytes in chronic periodontitis- Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
T-cells is explained with a emphasis with humoral and adaptive immunity . And the diffrent subsets of t cells are well explained by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal here .
adaptive immunity
The adaptive immune system is composed of lymphocytes that generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors. T cells develop in the thymus through positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. CD4+ T cells help B cells and CD8+ T cells perform cytotoxic functions by killing infected, tumor, or allograft cells via perforin/granzyme release or Fas/FasL interaction. Adaptive immunity provides tailored immune responses and immunological memory.
Cell mediated immunity- a part of general immunology.pptx
Cell mediated immunity is mediated by effector T cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T cells. It provides protection against intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. Antigen presentation to T cells is required for CMI responses, which involves processing antigens into peptides that are presented by MHC class I or II molecules. Activated helper T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate and regulate CMI and humoral immunity responses.
Lect 2 cells of immune system rmc 2016
The document summarizes key aspects of cells of the immune system:
1. Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to two main immune cell lineages - the lymphoid lineage which includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells, and the myeloid lineage which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes.
2. T cells develop and mature in the thymus, undergoing positive and negative selection to eliminate self-reactive cells. Mature T cells express either CD4 or CD8 and have a specific T cell receptor.
3. B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow, also undergoing selection to eliminate self-reactive cells.
Introduction to immune system
The document discusses the adaptive immune system, specifically T cells and B cells. It describes how T cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection. It also explains the functions of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and memory T cells. Regarding B cells, it summarizes their development in the bone marrow, maturation upon antigen exposure, and role in producing antibodies. The document also briefly discusses immune cell interactions and regulation of responses.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
T CELL TYPES
T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. There are several main types of T cells. Helper T cells (CD4+) activate and direct other immune cells and help stimulate B cell antibody production. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) directly kill infected cells and tumor cells. Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. Memory T cells remember previous infections to mount faster responses. Natural killer T cells can kill infected and cancerous cells by releasing cytokines. T cells develop and mature in the thymus gland through positive and negative selection processes.
tcells.pptx
T cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. There are several main types of T cells:
1. Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) activate other immune cells and are critical for antibody production.
2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) directly kill infected cells through cytotoxic granules.
3. Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses and prevent autoimmunity.
4. Memory T cells remember past infections to mount a faster response upon future exposure to the same pathogen.
T Helper Cell Cytokine Profiles
Helper T cells help other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They differentiate into two main subtypes, TH1 and TH2 cells, which are defined by the distinct cytokines they produce. TH1 cells secrete cytokines like IFN-gamma and TNF-beta that stimulate immune responses against intracellular pathogens. TH2 cells secrete cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 that help B cells produce antibodies and stimulate responses against extracellular parasites. The specific cytokines TH1 and TH2 cells are exposed to during activation determine whether they differentiate into those subtypes.
Humoral & cellural immunity done
The document summarizes key cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, and macrophages. It describes how stem cells differentiate into B and T cells and the roles of the bursa of Fabricius. Characteristics of B cells, T cells, and macrophages are provided along with markers that identify mature and immature forms of these cells. The roles of CD4 T helper cells in influencing the functions of other immune cells are summarized. Principles of humoral and cell-mediated immunity are outlined, including antigen processing, clonal selection, and the roles of B cells, T cells, macrophages, and cytokines in mounting immune responses.
Immunology v t-ly
T-lymphocytes can only be activated by antigen complexes with HLA antigens from the person the lymphocytes originated from. During development in the thymus, lymphocytes that react with self-antigens presented by HLA die while those that recognize foreign antigens with a low affinity survive in a process called positive selection. Negatively selecting eliminates lymphocytes that react strongly to self-antigens. This results in a T-cell population that can recognize foreign peptides bound to self-HLA molecules.
cells of immune system.pptx
The immune system consists of lymphoid organs that produce and organize immune cells. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, produce immune cell precursors and allow their maturation. The secondary lymphoid organs, lymph nodes and spleen, facilitate interactions between immune cells and initiate adaptive immune responses. All immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus, while B cells mature in the bone marrow. Natural killer cells do not require an organ for maturation. The immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and others, work together to provide protection from pathogens and other threats
T Cell Development.pptx
- T cell and B cell progenitors undergo development in primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow respectively, where they must pass selection checkpoints to ensure their antigen receptors are functional but not autoreactive before forming mature naive cells.
- Both cell types transduce signals through their antigen receptors (TCR and BCR) using similar pathways, but undergo different activation processes depending on the type of antigen encountered - thymus-independent versus thymus-dependent.
- B cells activated by thymus-dependent antigens can form germinal centers, where somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination refine long-term antibody responses, while thymus-independent antigens can directly induce plasm
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The Missing Link in T-cell activation using a Vaccine, "The Danger Signal" ma...
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The document discusses how the enzyme IDO may be the missing link in T-cell activation in response to vaccines and immunotherapy. IDO produced by tumors inhibits the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is important for the differentiation of T-cells into effector T-cells like TH17 cells. Without IL-6, T-cells instead differentiate into regulatory T-cells, weakening the immune response. The document hypothesizes that combining an IDO inhibitor with immunotherapies like anti-CTLA4 antibodies could help boost immune responses in cancer patients. G.2014-immuno~ (8.adaptive immunity'tcell'-jyh)
1. T cells develop in the thymus through rearrangement of TCR genes and positive and negative selection which results in MHC restriction and self-tolerance.
2. Mature T cells express the TCR-CD3 complex and either CD4 or CD8 as co-receptors. They also express accessory molecules like CD28, CTLA-4, LFA-1 which regulate activation.
3. T cells are classified as naive or memory based on activation status, and as CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, or regulatory T cells based on surface markers.
WEHH IMMDADA Cellular Immunity AND ALL THE
This lecture discusses the cellular basis of the immune response, focusing on the origin and types of immune cells. It notes that immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow or fetal liver that differentiate into T cells in the thymus and B cells in the bone marrow. Within the thymus, T cells mature and express either CD4 or CD8, becoming helper or cytotoxic T cells respectively. The lecture describes the roles of these T cell types and other immune cells like natural killer cells. It emphasizes that CD4+ helper T cells activate and support other immune cells while CD8+ cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or tumor cells.
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
The adaptive immunity and its features..
The adaptive immune system provides tailored and specific responses to pathogens through lymphocytes like T and B cells. It overcomes limitations of innate immunity by being non-specific, having poor regulation and amplification, and lacking self-discrimination. The adaptive response recognizes specific antigens through antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This leads to clonal expansion of effector and memory cells that provide rapid responses upon re-exposure. Adaptive immunity involves cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by antibody-producing B cells. It provides immunological memory for long-term protection against pathogens.
11 - Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity involves both humoral and cellular responses. B-cells produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens and toxins. T-cells recognize intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation and induce cytotoxic killing of infected cells. Antibodies and T-cells are activated through antigen recognition and work together to provide long-lasting adaptive immunity against specific pathogens. Vaccines utilize this immune memory to safely induce immunity against harmful diseases.
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T lymphocytes in chronic periodontitis- Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
T lymphocytes in chronic periodontitis- Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
Cell mediated immunity- a part of general immunology.pptx
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The Missing Link in T-cell activation using a Vaccine, "The Danger Signal" ma...
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T cells
- 1. T-Cells
- 3. Thymic selection of T-Cells
- 4. Types of T-Cells • CD4+ cells or TH-Cells TH 0 , TH 1 , TH 2 • CD8+ cells or Cytotoxic T-Cells • Regulatory T-Cells
- 5. Activation of T-Cell Clonal expansion Signals: antigen, inter leukins,B7 protein co-stimulation
- 6. Functions of T-Cells • TH-Cells: activation of B-Cells, secretion of cytokines, delayed type hypersensitivity. • Cytotoxic T-Cells: kills cells infected with bacteria and virus, kills tumor cells and transplanted foreign cells during graft rejection. • Regulatory T-Cells: suppress immune response of T-Cells by regulating the population of T-Cells, prevent pathological self reactivity inhibiting auto immune diseases.
- 7. TH 1 T-Cells FUNCTION IL-2 T-Cell growth factor IL-3 Involved in hematopoesis IFNγ Activates macrophages TNFβ Inflammatory responses TH 2 T-Cells FUNCTION IL-3 Hematopoesis IL-4 Activates B-Cells IL-5 Ativates B-Cells IL-10 Inhibits macrophages IL-13 B-Cells growth factor Cytokines produced by T-Cells
- 8. T-Cell mediated B-Cell activation Effector cells and memory cells
- 9. Cell mediated immunity by CTL
- 10. Interaction of T-Cells with antigen CD4+ T-Cells CD8+ T-Cells
- 11. Immuno receptor tyrosine based activation motif Variable region Constant region
- 12. T-cells and autoimmune diseases • Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus-pancreatic-β cells • Rheumatoid arthritis-connective tissue • Multiple sclerosis-white matter • Hashimoto’s disease-thyroid proteins and cells Immune disorders involving the thymus • Digeorge syndrome • Nezelof syndrome Immuno deficiency • AIDS
- 13. Conclusion T-Cells play crucial role in recognition of processed antigen and it connects humoral immunity to cell mediated immunity