The introduction of systemic fungicides in 1966 was a major development in plant disease management. Systemic fungicides enter the plant's system and are grouped into several classes including oxathiins, benzimidazoles, acylalanines, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatics, organophosphates, alkyl phosphonates, morpholines, imidazoles, pyrimidines, thiophanates, triazoles, and strobilurins. Each class contains multiple active ingredients that are effective against various fungal diseases. Systemic fungicides act through several modes of action including effects on cell membranes, enzyme systems, protein/RNA/DNA synthesis, nuclear division, and other systems

1. Systemic Fungicide
Introduction-
The Introduction of systemic fungicide in 1966 is a major landmark in the history
of management of plant diseases. The successful use of synthetic systemic
compound of non microbial origin Oxathin was first demonstrated by Von
Schmeling & Kulka in 1966. Systemic fungicide are those which act by entering
into the system of the plant. Most of the chemotherapeutant act this way
Systemic fungicides are grouped under following –
1. Oxathiins: The first systemic fungicide that were developed in 1966 were the
Carboxin and oxycarboxin under the group of Oxathiins .
a. Carboxin: Carboxin has become most popular fungicide for seed treatment to
control loose smut of wheat and barley. It is sold under the trade name Vitavax 75
WP and Vitaflow.
It is highly effective against loosed smut of wheat, onion smut and grain smut of
sorghum.
Dose: 70 g/100kg for seed treatment and 0.5 % for spraying
b. Oxycarboxin: It is sold under the trade name Plantavax 75 WP.
It is effective against rust disease of wheat, sorghum, safflower.
Dose: 30 g/100kg for seed treatment and 0.1-.2% for foliar spray.
2. Benzimidazole: This group of fungicide has made more impact than the
oxathiin because of their broad spectrum activity
This group of fungicide are not effective against Oomycetes fungi.
a. Carbendazim: It is sold under the trade name Bavistin 50 WP. It is effectively
controls anthracnose, apple scab. It is also used as a soil drench against wilt
disease. It is also used for seed treatment.
Dose: 0.1 % for foliar spray and soil drench and 2g/kg of seed for seed treatment.
b. Benomyl: It is introduced in 1968 by DuPont. It is sold under the trade name
Benlate & Tersan. Effective against powdery mildew of cucurbits, cereals, pulses.
DOSE: 0.1-0.2% for foliar spray.
c. Thiabendazole (TBZ): It is sold under the trade name Mertect. It is effective
against blue and green molds of citrus and tikka leaf spotof groundnut.
Dose: 0.2-0.3 % for spraying

2. 3. Acylalanines: It was the first group of systemic fungicide, effective against
oomycetes fungi.
a. Metalaxyl: It is sold under the trade name Ridomil 50% WP and Apron. It is
highly effective against pythium, phytophthora and many downey mildew fungi.
DOSE: 0.1-0.2 % for foliar spray and 3-6 gram/kg seed for seed treatment.
b. Benalaxyl: It is sold under the trade name Galben 25% WP. It is effective
against the late blight of potato and tomato.
DOSE: 0.1-0.2 % for foliar spray.
4. Aromatic hydrocarbon:
a. Chloroneb: It is sold under the trade name Demosan. It is effective against
seedling disease of cucurbits
DOSE: 0.2 % for foliar spray.
5. Aliphatics:
a. Prothiocarb: It is sold under the trade name Previcur , Dynone. It is effective
against soil borne oomycetes like pythium.
DOSE: 4-5kg a.i . /hac. Forsoil application.
b. Propamocarb: It is sold under the trade name Previcur-N, Dynone-N. Effective
against soil borne oomycetes like pythium, phytophthora etc.
DOSE: 4-5kg a.i./ha. For soil application.
6. Organophosphate:
a. Iprobenphos (IBP): It is sold under the trade name Kitazin. It is highly
effective against rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae), sheath blight of rice (Rhizoctonia
solani).
DOSE: 30-45 kg of granules per hectare.
b. Ediphenphos (EPP): It is sold under the trade name Hinosan.
Highly effective against rice blast (pyricularia oryzae), sheath blight of rice
(Rhizoctonia solani).
DOSE: 30-40 kg of granules per hectare.
7. Alkyl phosphonate:
a. Fosetyle-Al:It is sold under the trade name Aliette 80 WP. It is effective against
oomycetes fungi.
DOSE: 0.15 % for foliar spray

3. 8. Morpholines:
a. Tridemorph: It is sold under the trade name Calixin, Beacon. It is effective
against powdery mildew of cereals, vegetables, ornamentals and Sigatoka leaf spot
of Banana.
DOSE: 0.1 % for foliar spray.
b. Dodemorph: It is sold under the trade name Meltatox. It is effective against
Powdery mildew and Leaf spoton Cereals.
DOSE: 0.1 % for foliar spray
9. Imidazoles:
a. Imazalil: It is sold under the trade name Fungaflor, Bromazil.
It is effective against blue and green molds of citrus.
DOSE: 0.1 % as post-harvest dip.
b. Fanapanil: It is sold under the trade name Sistane. It is effective against spot
blotch of barley, loose and covered smut of barley.
DOSE: 0.05% as foliar spray and 2g/kg of seed for seed treatment.
10. Pyrimidines:
a. Fenarimol: It is sold under the trade name Rubigan. It is effective against
powdery mildew of cucurbits, fruits and ornamental crops.
DOSE: 0.1-0.2 % for foliar spray.
11. Thiophanates:
a. Thiophanate : It is sold under the trade name Topsinand Cercobin. It is
effective against powdery mildew of cucurbits and club root of crucifers.
DOSE: 0.1-0.2 % for spraying.
b. Thiophanate methyl: It is sold under the trade name TopsinM and Cercobin
M. It is effective against blast and sheath blight of rice, sigatoka leaf spotof
banana, powdery mildew of beans, chilli, pea and cucurbits.
DOSE: 0.1-0.2 % for foliar spray.

4. 12. Triazoles:
a. Tricyclazole:It is sold under the trade name Beam, Baan and Trooper. It is
effective against blast of rice and also used for seed treatment.
DOSE: 2 gm/kg of seed for seed treatment, 0.06 % for spraying.
b. Bitertanol:It is sold under the trade name Baycor. It is effective against apple
scab, sigatoka leaf spotof Banana.
Dose: 0.05-0.1 % for foliar spray.
c. Hexaconazole:It is sold under the trade name Contaf, Anvil. It is effective
against sheath blight of rice, tikka leaf spotof groundnut.
DOSE: 0.2% foliar spray.
d. Propiconazole:It is sold under the trade name Tilt and Desmel. It is effective
against sheath blight of rice, tikka leaf spotof groundnut, sigatoka leaf spotof
banana.
Dose: 0.1 % for foliar spraying.
e.Tebuconazole:It is sold under the trade name Folicur, Toledo. It is effective
against Groundnut leaf spotor Tikka disease of Groundnut
Dose: 0.2% for foliar spray.
f. Difenoconazole:It is sold under the trade name Inspire Super, Stadium. It is
very effective against Alternaria solani on Tomato and Apple scab.
Dose: 0.2% for foliar spray
g.Triadimefon: It is sold under the trade name Bayleton. It is effective against
Cereal rust, Karnal bunt and powdery mildew diseases.
Dose: 0.2% for foliar spray
13. Strobilurins: Strobulirins are a new class of fungicides derived from natural
antibiotic found in the symbiotic fungus Strobilurus tenacellus.The fungicides in
this class have a very braod and balanced spectrum of activity as a folliar
fungicide.They have protective and curative action against fungi in all the
taxonomic groups.
a. Azoxystrobin: It is sold under the trade name Amistar and Quadris. Commonly
used for control of ornamental diseases.
DOSE: 0.1 % for spraying
b. kresoximmethyl : It is sold as under the trade name Ergon , Discus.
Commonly used for control of ornamental diseases.
DOSE: 0.1 % for foliar spraying.

5. c. Trifloxystrobin: It is sold as under the trade name Flint for use on grapes, pome
and stone fruits.
Miscellaneous Systemic Fungicides
a. Pyracarbolid: It is closely related to oxathiins and more effective against Rust,
Smut and Rhizoctonia solani.
b. Ethazol: It is sold under the trade name Turban, Terazole,Koban.It is effective
against Damping off, Seed and Stem rot caused by Pythium and Phytophthora.
c. Cyprodinil: It is belong to the Anilopyrimidine group and was developed in
1994 against a variety of diseases caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycotina.It
is effective against Apple scab, powdery mildew and Botrytis disease.
d. Dodine: It is sold under the trade name Apadodine, Carpene, Sulgen, Tebulan.It
is effective against Scab on apple, pear and brown rot of peaches.
e. Isoprothiolane: It is sold under the trade name Fujione.IT is more effective
against Blast of rice.Applied with dose of 3.6ml/liter water.
Mode of action of systemic fungicide
1. Effect on cell membrane: Fungicidethat have the cell membranes as their
specific site of action.This result in membrane damage and leakage of potassium
ions.
Eg. Dodine.
2. Effect on enzyme system: The mitochondrial respiration is affected by
Oxathiins through inhibition of necessary enzymesystem.
Eg. Vitavax, Plantavax, Calixin etc.
3. Inhibition of protein, RNA & DNA Synthesis: Antibiotics are mainly
responsiblefor inhibition of protein synthesis. Metalaxyland related compounds
affects ribosomalRNA of the fungiand interfere with protein synthesis.
Eg. Metalaxyl, Benolaxyl.
4. Nuclear division: The benzimidazolefungicide act as spindle poison binding
to the protein sub unit of spindle microtubels. Itinhibit the Mitosis during cell
division.

6. Eg. Carbendazim, Benomyl and Thiobendazole.
5. Action on other system: The organic phosphorus fungicides KItazin &
Hinasan primarily act by inhibiting chitin synthesis in cell walls of Ascomycotina
and Basidiomycotina.
Triazole fungicides inhibit ergosterolbiosynthesis. Ergosterolis a cellular
componants that play a crucial role in the structureand function of cell wall.
Eg. Kitazin , Hinosan, Tricyclazoleetc.
Advantages of systemic fungicide
 They can protect the plant weather in the contact of pathogen or not, if
apply.
 The systemic fungicide get translocated in the whole parts of the plant or
enter in to the systemof plant and easily can kill the pathogen.
 The systemic fungicides are moreeffective than other fungicide.
Disadvantages
 The pathogen get develop resistanteasily againstthe systemic fungicide
after some time, using on the particular dose.
 They are harmfulfor the human being and animals.
 They have long time recidual effect.