pengendalian gulma pada tanaman cacao

1. MAYA SAFITRI
1820241003

2. 1. Compete for moisture
2. Compete for nutrients
3. Compete for light i.e. shade out the cocoa
4. Climb up and ‘choke’ plants
5. Cause poor access
6. Affect growth of the shade plants in much the same
manner as for cocoa and thereby affect the growth of
young cocoa seedlings.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

3. Important weeds are the types of weeds that are
generally dominant in cocoa and have a significant effect on
growth and production and are difficult to control or require
substantial costs for control. Important types of weeds on
cocoa, including the following causes:
Pada kakao muda (tanaman belum menghasilkan/ TBM)
 Grass group
1. Alang – alang (Imperata cylindrica)
2. Pahitan (Paspalum conjugatum)
3. Tulangan (Otachloa nodosa)
4. Lemur (Ischaemum timorense)
5. Pahitan lanang (Setaria plicata)
 Paspalum conjugatum Ischaemum timorense

4.  Kelompok teki
1. Teki (Cyperus rotundus)
2. Teki udelan (Cyperus kyllingia)
 Broadleaf group
1. Sembung rambat (Mikania micrantha)
2. Nocan (Althernathera brasiliana)
Mikania micrantha Althernathera brasiliana
Gambar 7. Gulma berdaun lebar pada kakao muda

5. Pada kakao dewasa (tanaman
menghasilkan/ TM)
 Kelompok rumput
1. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica)
2. Jambean (setaria plicata)
3. Pahitan (Paspalum conjugatum)
 Kelompok berdaun lebar
Sembung rambat (Mikania micrantha)

6.  Weed group above the tree
1. Moss (berbagai species)
2. Picisan (Drymoglossum piloselloides)
Gambar 8. Gulma diatas pohon

7. Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

8. 1. Pre-planting stage.
No cocoa or shade trees have been planted and
the opportunity should be taken, if possible and
feasible, to eradicate perennial weeds and all
creepers. At this stage, the most effective chemicals
against the weeds may be used as no cocoa or shade
plants are present. Such opportunities are most
applicable in plantings from belukar or regenerated
secondary jungle and probably least applicable
under thinned jungle.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

9.  2. Establishment of shade.
o When plantings are monoculture cocoa and planted
shade are to be established, regular weed control
rounds are required. Usually strips along the planting
rows are sprayed regularly to minimize competition.
o the weeds must be kept under control for the shade
trees to grow well. Usually under these conditions,
light is not a constraint and weed growth is luxuriant
unless controlled. Weed problems may be expected to
be more severe in mono-cocoa areas than under
thinned jungle.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

10. 3. Young immature cocoa areas.
At time of planting cocoa, usually shade levels are
between 20-40% in well prepared areas and weed seed
build-up has been substantial especially in mono-
cocoa areas. It is usual to spray out a blanket herbicide
spray to suppress the weed growth before cocoa is
planted.
Hand weeding is recommended initially to ensure
minimal damage to the seedlings in case of accidental
spray drift.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

11.  4. Immature cocoa areas.
 Regular weeding rounds are still required as
considerable light is still available to the weeds still. A
good stand will reduce weeding problems so that the
policy of full stands and supplying dead/vacant points
and poorly growing plants has a beneficial effect on
weed control.
At this stage only herbicide spraying is preferred for
maintaining the rings and strips as there is minimal
damage to roots and soil disturbance.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

12. 5. Young mature cocoa areas.
Weed problems are expected to be much reduced
at this stage as shade from the cocoa canopies increase.
Particular problems are expected from the more open
areas and where cocoa growth has not been good or
where poor growth/vacant points exist. As the weeds
present are expected to further retard growth if not
controlled, a two-pronged effort to attain good weed
control and promote growth of the plants through
mulching, additional fertilizer and shade etc. is often
required
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

13. 6. Mature cocoa areas.
 At this stage, weed control should be minimal and
confined to areas between canopies where there is more
light. By now all excess shade trees should have been
removed.
allowing low soft grasses to establish where competition
with cocoa is minimal so that run-off and erosion is
minimised. In mature cocoa especially, they may also be
useful in reducing nutrient loss from the fertilizer
applications made.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

14. Weeding by hand with a small light changkol or
sickle is recommended only in the first few months after
planting when the plants are small and have no brown
bark. The weeds should be removed without disturbance
or damage to the cocoa roots and soil. To achieve this,
there should be minimal scraping of the soil.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

15. 1. Mechanical weed control
The control techniques commonly used in cocoa
plantations are as follows:
1. Cut weeds with sickles or other similar tools
2. Revoke and clean weeds by hand
3. Using a hoe or fork
4. Using mechanical tools / tractors.
5. This mechanical control is suitable for dense areas
6. population and does not cause significant environmental
impacts.

16. 2. Technical culture control
The most common ways in culture control
are:
1. giving mulch
2. planting ground cover
3. shade planting
4. intercrop
5. Another way is to regulate farming
methods using certain patterns with the
aim of suppressing weed growth.

17. 3. Biological control
This control uses certain living bodies,
namely to suppress weed growth. For
example, to control Krinyuh (Chromolaena
odorata (L.) R.M. King) can use insects
Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros.
These insects are known to be able to eat
leaves, shoots, young shoots, and bark of C.
Odorata so that they can kill the weeds

18. 4. Chemical control
The discovery of chemical control technology
happened by chance, namely when it was discovered
that CuSO4 compounds were used to control fungi and
could kill several types of broadleaf weeds.
The rapid discovery in the field of herbicide use
only occurred after World War II, namely after the
discovery of the 2.4 D compound which is still very
popular today.

19.  B. Klasifikasi Herbisida
Herbicides can be classified based on how they work, how they
are used, and their chemical composition.
a). Classification according to how it works
1. Contact herbicides
It is a herbicide that can kill the green tissue directly. This
herbicide is not or very little translocated from one network to
another.
2. Systemic herbicide
It is a group of herbicides which when applied to weeds
can be translocated from one part to another so that all parts of
the weed experience acute poisoning. Systemic herbicides are
mainly used to control weeds that have breeding organs (eg
tubers in riddles or rhizomes in reeds) in the soil. Examples of
these herbicides include: 2.4 D, Glyphosate, and Dalapon.

20.  b). Herbicide classification according to selectivity.
1. Selective herbicides
It is a herbicide that only kills or inhibits certain
types of weeds and does not affect other types of weeds.
Examples of this type of herbicide include 2.4 D and MCPA.
This herbicide only kills broadleaf weeds.
2. Nonselective herbicide
It is a herbicide that can kill almost all types of weeds
affected by the herbicide. Examples: Forces and
Glyphosate.

21. c). Herbicide classification according to time of use
1. Herbisida pratumbuh (pre-emergence)
It is a herbicide that is applied before weed seeds
germinate or appear on the ground. The aim is to keep
the soil around the plant free from weeds for a certain
period of time. These herbicides can be sprayed or
sprinkled through the soil, for example Antrazine,
Diuron, and Linuron.
2. Herbisida pascatumbuh (post-emergence)
It is a herbicide whose application after weeds
grow well, ie when weeds are young or after adulthood.
The trick is to spray it through the leaves. Examples of
group herbicides include 2,4 D, Glyphosate, Picloram
and Parakuat.

22.  Herbicides have different effects on cocoa (Brown and Boeting,
1972; Tan et al. 1972) and many are less safe to use in view of
very serious damage which my be caused, in particular, by the
translocated herbicides eg. the phenoxyacetic acids (2, 4-D and
2,4,5-T) and the halogenated aliphatic acids (dalapon, TCA) on
accidental damage.
 The literature eg. Wood (1975) cites several suitable herbicide
mixtures for cocoa containing the above translocated
herbicides and including ureas (eg. diuron and linuron) and
the triazines (eg. atrazine and simazine) which are absorbed
through the roots. It appears highly dangerous to use these
mixtures in view of the potential damage which could be
caused to the cocoa particularly in situations with low level
skilled workers and supervision.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

23.  Paraquat is now commonly used because it is a contact
herbicide and the safest due to its non-effect on brown bark. In
very open conditions and with frequent rains i.e. areas
favourable to weed growth, significant regeneration is seen
within 3 to 6 weeks. Frequent spray rounds are therefore
required.
 Glyphosphate is a highly effective herbicide against grasses and
widely used against lallang and for control of persistent grasses
in mature cocoa. There is no information on phytotoxicity in
young cocoa.
 Flauzifop-butyl which is highly effective against Paspalum spp.
And reported to be safe in young cocoa is now being evaluated.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

24.  1. Preplanting : In absence of shade trees and cocoa,
the most effective herbicides or herbicide mixtures
may be used against the weeds present.
 2. Establishment of shade trees : Strip or circle
spraying of shade trees with Paraquat at 2-3 l/ha (1½ –
2 pts/ac.) rate depending on amount of light.
 As required, brush killers such as Garlon, and the
translocated herbicides as 2,4-D amine alone or in
mixtures with Paraquat and MSMA are used. Lallang,
a common problem, may also be tackled with
glyphosphate or dalapon.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

25.  3. Cocoa. Strip or circle spraying with Paraquat at
1.5/3 l/ha (1-2 pt/ac) rate chosen again depending on
amount of light.
 Persistent grasses may be tackled with glyphosphate
spray in mature cocoa. Other persistent broad leaf
weeds should be eradicated by hand or
brushed/wiped with a brush killer such as Garlon
where risk of contact with the cocoa is minimal.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985.

26. a. Alang-alang (L. Cylindrica)
Imperata is an important weed. In cocoa
plantations, weeds are weeds that are difficult to
control. However, the control can be taken by
mechanical or chemical means. Weed control must be
done as early as possible.
1. Mechanically
It is done by hoeing at certain time intervals so
that weeds do not have time to form new tillers.
Hatching must be carried out continuously until the
garden is really limited from reeds

27. 2. Chemically
(a) Evenly distributed reeds
Can use a mixture of herbicides as follows:
-Dalapon (8 kg bahan aktif/ha) + Urea (8
kg/ha) + Perata/perekat (2 l/ha).
-Glifosat (3-6 lt/ha) + ZA (0,5 %) Asulan + Dalapan
(16-18 kg/ha)
Each mixture is dissolved in 800 - 1,000 liters of
water, then sprayed onto the entire surface of reeds.
(b) Local reeds
Spot spraying can be done, in the form of a mixture as
follows:
Dalapon (1,25 – 1,50 %) + perata/perekat (0,2 %)
Glifosat (0,75%)

28. (c) Mechanically and chemically
For reeds that grow individually and scattered,
the control can also be achieved by mechanical
or chemical means.
Mechanically, that is by removing the reeds
routinely using a fork / fork.
Chemically, that is by wiping / hand wiping the
herbicide Dalapon 1 - 1.5% or Glyphosate 0.75 -
1%.
a. Alang-alang (L. Cylindrica)

29. 1. Mechanically
Can be done by pulling the magic one by one or
rolling it in the form of sheets. Then dried on the para-
para. Every piece of mikania that falls to the ground will
grow into a new individual.
2. Chemically
It can be done by spraying a post-growing herbicide,
which uses 2.4 D amine at a dose of 1.5 - 2 l / ha, then
repeated at 3-4 week intervals through local spraying. The
dosage used is 0.5 - 1 l / ha.

30. The teapots commonly found on cocoa plantations
are C. Rotundus and C. Kyllingia. Mechanical control of
puzzles is still difficult to implement because it needs to be
done continuously and takes a long time. Imperfect
mechanical control (for example, many clipped puzzle
tubers, but not lifted to the ground) can actually increase
the puzzle population.
Effective chemical control of puzzles is to use a
glyphosate herbicide dose of 1 - 2 kg of active ingredients /
ha dissolved in 100-200 l water / ha. The solvent volume
should not exceed 200 l / ha because it can reduce the
quality of the results.

31.  Picisan weeds belong to the group of ferns (ferns) of the Palipadiaceae,
then known as fast growing plants that can cover the entire surface of the
stem, branches, branches and even to the leaves.
 Some of the leaf shapes are round and some are elongated. Breeding tools
in the form of spores produced from leaves with elongated shapes. The
growth of the thinner colony starts from one bud and can reach 70 cm per
year for each shoot.
 The disadvantage of this weed is that the growth of cocoa branches is
hampered and if it is not immediately controlled, it can result in dry,
broken, and even dead plants. Some alternative actions that can be taken
for weed control are as follows:
 Hold regular checks throughout the garden, at least once a year. This aims
to detect development early.
 Preventing other plants (both inside and outside the garden) from being
overgrown because they can be a source of spores.
 Cleanse the sliced colonies early, ie before the sprig forms spores.
Preventing the development of thinner populations at an early stage is
much easier than controlling when the population is overflowing.

32. 1. For good establishment of cocoa, regular weeding of the
shade trees and cocoa seedlings planted is required.
Competition from weeds is most severe in young immature
cocoa but hand weeding for the first 6 to 9 months and
monthly spraying with paraquat is adequate to control the
weeds, provided perennial and woody weeds are eradicated
before planting. After the cocoa canopies have closed over,
weed competition is usually minimal. Overshading from
shade trees planted should be avoided.
2. Delays in weed control in young immature cocoa should be
avoided as far as possible and regular assessment of results
and early remedial action will be highly advantageous to the
cocoa plants

33.  Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985. Some important agronomic and
agricultural practices in cocoa estates. TDMB Plantation
Management Seminar, Kuala Trenggan.
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Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
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Yogyakarta.
 Sembodo Dad R.J., 2010. Gulma dan Pengelolaannya. Graha
Ilmu. Yogyakarta.
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Cokelat Pembudidayaan, Pengolahn, dan Pemasaran. Penebar
Swadaya. Jakarta.
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 http://www.aarsb.com.my/cocoa-weed-control