International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
These slides present the basics of different categories of energy storage devices, and their application to power system. Apart from that one control strategy has been presented. Later of the class I will discuss about its control strategies.
Comparison of upqc and dvr in wind turbine fed fsig under asymmetric faultselelijjournal
This paper presents the mitigation of faults in wind turbine connected fixed speed induction generator using unified power quality conditioner and static compensator. The UPQC consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the UPQC to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed UPQC is based on Id-Iq theory. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the DVR to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed DVR is based on
hysteresis voltage controlThe proposed wind turbine fed fixed speed induction generator is evaluated and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with UPQC and DVR under asymmetric faults
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
These slides present the basics of different categories of energy storage devices, and their application to power system. Apart from that one control strategy has been presented. Later of the class I will discuss about its control strategies.
Comparison of upqc and dvr in wind turbine fed fsig under asymmetric faultselelijjournal
This paper presents the mitigation of faults in wind turbine connected fixed speed induction generator using unified power quality conditioner and static compensator. The UPQC consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the UPQC to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed UPQC is based on Id-Iq theory. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the DVR to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed DVR is based on
hysteresis voltage controlThe proposed wind turbine fed fixed speed induction generator is evaluated and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with UPQC and DVR under asymmetric faults
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This article proposes a novel scheme to improve the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) behavior during grid fault. The DFIG’s are sensitives to voltage variations when abrupt variations of the wind velocity arrive. For enhancing DFIG behavior, protecting the converters, and smoothing the fluctuations power output of the DFIG under sag voltage; a novel hybrid energy storage system scheme and its controller are proposed. The main advantages of our approach are a faster response and suppressing overvoltage on DC bus and globally less stress in the storage system. The control structure decreases the tiredness on the battery and restores the DC bus voltage rapidly, globally the battery system operating time increases. The results obtained by simulations in MATLAB validate the benefits of the suggested control.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
Implementation of Fuzzy Controlled Photo Voltaic Fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer...ijfls
Power Quality(PQ) has become an area of concern in the electrical distribution system. Dynamic Voltage
Restorer(DVR) restores load voltage to a nominal balanced sinusoidal voltage, when the source voltage
has harmonic distortions, sag, swell and unbalances. In this paper a Photo Voltaic(PV) fed DVR is
proposed to mitigate PQ problems. The PV system can supply the maximum power to the load at a
particular operating point known as Maximum Power Point (MPP), at which the entire PV system operates
with maximum efficiency. A Fuzzy Controller based MPPT is implemented to generate the optimal voltage
from the photovoltaic system by modulating the duty cycle applied to the boost converter. The DVR is
implemented using a Fuzzy Logic Controller based voltage source inverter with Photovoltaic system. The
test system has been simulated and the efficacy of the proposed PV based Fuzzy controlled DVR is
compared with Proportional Integral (PI) controlled DVR.
These slides describe about conventional load modelling and approaches for load model parameter identification. Later of the class I will discuss about the DG, DSM and EV modelling.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Nowadays power electronics circuits are embedded to most of electrical application areas. This approached offers a great control mechanism with simple and easy circuit configuration. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is one of the most recent apparatus which draws a great number of researchers’ interests. Previously several attempts are made to use the power converters as driver for SRM such as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and bridge converters. This paper presents an analysis study of three level inverter to control the SRM. The inverter is controlled using space vector modulation SVM. The aim of this paper is to report the use the multilevel inverter to be fed into the SRM. The implementation of the multilevel inverter is abl to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). Performance comparison are made between the multilevel and previous power electronics circuits that applied to the SRM. The simulation results have been conducted by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Photo Voltaic Cell Integrated DVR for Power Quality ImprovementIJMTST Journal
Grid integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing rapidly. Integration of various types of energy storage technologies like batteries, ultra capacitors (UCAPs), superconducting magnets and flywheels to support intermittent DERs, such as solar and wind, in order to improve their reliability is becoming necessary. Of all the energy storage technologies UCAPs have low energy density, high power density and fast charge/discharge characteristics. They also have more charge/discharge cycles and higher terminal voltage per module when compared to batteries. All these characteristics make UCAPs ideal choice for providing support to events on the distribution grid which require high power for short spans of time. UCAPs have traditionally been limited to regenerative braking and wind power smoothing applications. The major contribution of this dissertation is in integrating UCAPs for a broader range of applications like active/reactive power support, renewable intermittency smoothing, voltage sag/swell compensation and power quality conditioning to the distribution grid. Renewable intermittency smoothing is an application which requires bi-directional transfer of power from the grid to the UCAPs and vice-versa by charging and discharging the UCAPs. This application requires high active power support in the 10s-3min time scale which can be achieved by integrating UCAPs through a shunt active power filter (APF) which can also be used to provide active/reactive power support. Temporary voltage sag/swell compensation is another application which requires high active power support in the 3s-1min time scale which can be provided integrating UCAPs into the grid through series dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). All the above functionalities can also be provided by integrating the UCAPs into a power conditioner topology.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Improving Voltage Profile of Islanded Microgrid using PI Controller IJECEIAES
In islanding operating mode of microgrid, the voltage and frequency of system must be maintained by the microgrid, or else the system will crumble due to the characteristics of different distributed generators (DG) utilized in microgrid. The voltage and frequency lost provision when main grid is disconnected. This paper presents PI controller based voltage controller to regulate voltage to its normal condition. The controller is proposed to be utilized individually with each distributed generator (DG) in microgrid. The controller compares inverter output voltage with voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) and its output is feed to PWM pulse generator to generate appropriate pulses for inverter to regulate voltage to its nominal value. The simulation results of proposed system are shown using MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Performance Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine During Over Voltage Grid ConditionsIJRES Journal
This paper deals with the modeling, analysis, and simulation of a doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) driven by a wind turbine. The grid connected wind energy conversion system (WECS) is composed of
DFIG and two back to back PWM voltage source converters (VSCs) in the rotor circuit. A machine model is
derived in an appropriate dq reference frame. The grid voltage oriented vector control is used for the grid side
converter (GSC) in order to maintain a constant DC bus voltage, while the stator voltage oriented vector control
is adopted in the rotor side converter (RSC) to control the active and reactive powers.
This article proposes a novel scheme to improve the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) behavior during grid fault. The DFIG’s are sensitives to voltage variations when abrupt variations of the wind velocity arrive. For enhancing DFIG behavior, protecting the converters, and smoothing the fluctuations power output of the DFIG under sag voltage; a novel hybrid energy storage system scheme and its controller are proposed. The main advantages of our approach are a faster response and suppressing overvoltage on DC bus and globally less stress in the storage system. The control structure decreases the tiredness on the battery and restores the DC bus voltage rapidly, globally the battery system operating time increases. The results obtained by simulations in MATLAB validate the benefits of the suggested control.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
Implementation of Fuzzy Controlled Photo Voltaic Fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer...ijfls
Power Quality(PQ) has become an area of concern in the electrical distribution system. Dynamic Voltage
Restorer(DVR) restores load voltage to a nominal balanced sinusoidal voltage, when the source voltage
has harmonic distortions, sag, swell and unbalances. In this paper a Photo Voltaic(PV) fed DVR is
proposed to mitigate PQ problems. The PV system can supply the maximum power to the load at a
particular operating point known as Maximum Power Point (MPP), at which the entire PV system operates
with maximum efficiency. A Fuzzy Controller based MPPT is implemented to generate the optimal voltage
from the photovoltaic system by modulating the duty cycle applied to the boost converter. The DVR is
implemented using a Fuzzy Logic Controller based voltage source inverter with Photovoltaic system. The
test system has been simulated and the efficacy of the proposed PV based Fuzzy controlled DVR is
compared with Proportional Integral (PI) controlled DVR.
These slides describe about conventional load modelling and approaches for load model parameter identification. Later of the class I will discuss about the DG, DSM and EV modelling.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Nowadays power electronics circuits are embedded to most of electrical application areas. This approached offers a great control mechanism with simple and easy circuit configuration. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is one of the most recent apparatus which draws a great number of researchers’ interests. Previously several attempts are made to use the power converters as driver for SRM such as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and bridge converters. This paper presents an analysis study of three level inverter to control the SRM. The inverter is controlled using space vector modulation SVM. The aim of this paper is to report the use the multilevel inverter to be fed into the SRM. The implementation of the multilevel inverter is abl to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). Performance comparison are made between the multilevel and previous power electronics circuits that applied to the SRM. The simulation results have been conducted by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Photo Voltaic Cell Integrated DVR for Power Quality ImprovementIJMTST Journal
Grid integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing rapidly. Integration of various types of energy storage technologies like batteries, ultra capacitors (UCAPs), superconducting magnets and flywheels to support intermittent DERs, such as solar and wind, in order to improve their reliability is becoming necessary. Of all the energy storage technologies UCAPs have low energy density, high power density and fast charge/discharge characteristics. They also have more charge/discharge cycles and higher terminal voltage per module when compared to batteries. All these characteristics make UCAPs ideal choice for providing support to events on the distribution grid which require high power for short spans of time. UCAPs have traditionally been limited to regenerative braking and wind power smoothing applications. The major contribution of this dissertation is in integrating UCAPs for a broader range of applications like active/reactive power support, renewable intermittency smoothing, voltage sag/swell compensation and power quality conditioning to the distribution grid. Renewable intermittency smoothing is an application which requires bi-directional transfer of power from the grid to the UCAPs and vice-versa by charging and discharging the UCAPs. This application requires high active power support in the 10s-3min time scale which can be achieved by integrating UCAPs through a shunt active power filter (APF) which can also be used to provide active/reactive power support. Temporary voltage sag/swell compensation is another application which requires high active power support in the 3s-1min time scale which can be provided integrating UCAPs into the grid through series dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). All the above functionalities can also be provided by integrating the UCAPs into a power conditioner topology.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Improving Voltage Profile of Islanded Microgrid using PI Controller IJECEIAES
In islanding operating mode of microgrid, the voltage and frequency of system must be maintained by the microgrid, or else the system will crumble due to the characteristics of different distributed generators (DG) utilized in microgrid. The voltage and frequency lost provision when main grid is disconnected. This paper presents PI controller based voltage controller to regulate voltage to its normal condition. The controller is proposed to be utilized individually with each distributed generator (DG) in microgrid. The controller compares inverter output voltage with voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) and its output is feed to PWM pulse generator to generate appropriate pulses for inverter to regulate voltage to its nominal value. The simulation results of proposed system are shown using MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Performance Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine During Over Voltage Grid ConditionsIJRES Journal
This paper deals with the modeling, analysis, and simulation of a doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) driven by a wind turbine. The grid connected wind energy conversion system (WECS) is composed of
DFIG and two back to back PWM voltage source converters (VSCs) in the rotor circuit. A machine model is
derived in an appropriate dq reference frame. The grid voltage oriented vector control is used for the grid side
converter (GSC) in order to maintain a constant DC bus voltage, while the stator voltage oriented vector control
is adopted in the rotor side converter (RSC) to control the active and reactive powers.
Independent Control Of Active And Reactive Powers From DFIG By Logic FuzzyIJRES Journal
This paper presents the study and use by simulating the fuzzy logic control of asynchronous
generator dual fuel in the production of electrical energy that the .for I prepared a study of the wind system and
a model of the wind turbine was established by following the study and modeling of doubly fed asynchronous.
Two types of vector control have been the subject of study in this work for independent control of active and
reactive power: the direct and indirect control .la fuzzy PI control is introduced to increase the robustness of
markers vis-à-screw parametric variation of the machine in the simulation results obtained were compared to the
validated work articles cited in the bibliography.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
In this paper the phenomenon of a DFIG during fault is described. Here a three phase fault is created by using fault block in MATLAB Simulink library and the converter which was connected at the rotor side of the DFIG(Doubly Fed Induction generator) is disconnected after the fault and is shorted by resistances. Then the rotor is no longer supplied from the voltage source inverter. Here the operation of both normal or fault duty is described. The assumption is that the mechanical system cannot respond during the short time of a three phased short circuit. Here equivalent circuits are built to model the fault response of DFIG.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The voltage dip and doubly fed induction generator with considering uncertain...journalBEEI
The paper presents the transient behavior of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in the wind turbine (WT) in the normal and voltage dip condition. When voltage dip occurs in to the grid, the rotor current increases and the DC-link voltage increases too and start to oscilate. In this paper, the proportional integral (PI) controllers are used to control the DFIG-basedwind farms for regulating the electronic devices including rotor side converter (RSC) and grid side converter (GSC) to control the active and reactive power of DFIG. The PI parameters are tuned by imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). So, the transient behavour of the DFIG-based WF is explors when the voltage dip occurs. Hence, the induced electric motive force in to the rotor is measured. Also, an existed uncertainty for mutual inductance is considered caused by saturated curve during three-phase fault conditions and the bahavour of DFIG-based WT is examined and analyzed. All of simulation is done by Matlab/Simulink®.
Low Voltage Ride-through Capability Enhancement of Doubly Fed Induction Gener...IJPEDS-IAES
Based on the advantages of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based
wind turbine (WT). This paper proposes a new control strategy to improve
the ride-through capability of DFIG-based WTs in the event of a grid fault.
The proposed method is performed by using the DFIG converters control and
the addition of the damping resistances connected to the DC circuit, to follow
the requirements defined by the grid codes. The proposed ride-through
solution limits the peak values of the DC link voltage, the rotor inrush
current, electromagnetic torque and DFIG transient response at the times of
occurrence and clearing the fault. The proposed solution is simulated and
compared with the crowbar solution using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Improved Control Strategy for Low Voltage Ride Through Capability of DFIG wit...ecij
This paper deals with a protection and control strategy to enhance the low voltage ride through capability of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). As the wind power penetration continues to increase, wind turbines are required to provide Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability. Crowbars are commonly used to protect the power converters during voltage dips and their main drawback is that the DFIG absorbs reactive power from the grid during grid faults. According to emergency grid code requirements, wind farms should have the ability to stay connected and continue generation under external voltage failure conditions, that is, wind turbines have to keep in connection with grid and own continue reactive power supply. This paper proposes a hysteresis current control strategy for the crowbar protection
and a reactive power control to satisfy the grid code requirements. Consequently, the dynamic model of double fed wind turbines is established to study the transient behavior of DFIG. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Abstract: Wind energy is becoming the most effective renewable energy source mainly because of the growing concerns over carbon emissions and uncertainties in fossil fuel supplies and the government policy impetus. The increasing penetration of wind power in distribution systems may significantly affect VAR compensation and max. Power tracking of the systems, particularly during wind turbine cut-in and cut-off disturbances.
A DFIG based wind turbine has an ability to generate maximum power with varying and adjustable speed, ability to control active and reactive power by the integration of electronic power converters, low power rating of cost converter components, and so on. This study presents an overview and literature survey over past few decades on the different problems associated due to penetration of WT-DFIG in the power system and control aspects of DFIG.
Abstract: Wind energy is becoming the most effective renewable energy source mainly because of the growing concerns over carbon emissions and uncertainties in fossil fuel supplies and the government policy impetus. The increasing penetration of wind power in distribution systems may significantly affect VAR compensation and max. Power tracking of the systems, particularly during wind turbine cut-in and cut-off disturbances.
A DFIG based wind turbine has an ability to generate maximum power with varying and adjustable speed, ability to control active and reactive power by the integration of electronic power converters, low power rating of cost converter components, and so on. This study presents an overview and literature survey over past few decades on the different problems associated due to penetration of WT-DFIG in the power system and control aspects of DFIG.
Optimized servo-speed control of wind turbine coupled to doubly fed inductio...IJECEIAES
Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
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System for Better Synchronism in DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System Using SMES Energy Storage
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. IV (Jan – Feb. 2015), PP 23-29
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1014232 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
System for Better Synchronism in DFIG Wind Energy
Conversion System Using SMES Energy Storage
Pallavi Date,1
Joydeep Sarkar,2
1
PG Student, Electrical Power System, MCOERC, Nashik
2
Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s SIEM, Nashik
Abstract: The use of Wind Energy for Electrical Power generation has increased considerably over past few
decades and emphasis is continuously given for its integration with power grids. It has been found difficult to
keep doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to grid under various dynamic conditions like Fault, etc.
One of the most important parameters of the system where wind turbine generators (WTGs) are connected is
voltage profile at the point of common coupling (PCC). Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) can
improve the dynamic performance of a wind turbine equipped with DFIG during voltage sag and swell events.
The converter and the chopper of the SMES unit are controlled using a hysteresis current controller (HCC) and
a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), respectively. Detailed simulation will be carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK
software to highlight the impact of the SMES unit in improving the overall system performance under voltage
profile.
Keywords: DFIG, Dynamic system, SMES, TSO, PCC, HCC, FLC
I. Introduction
The limited amount and high demand for energy resources will affect the rise in oil prices from time to
time. Therefore, attention is directed now onto the renewable energies which are clean and abundantly available
in the nature [1]. Connection of power generation system includes WTGs installation and their connection. The
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is one of the most popular variable speed wind turbine generators.
WTGs were disconnected from the grid during faults at the grid side to avoid any possible damages to
wind turbines. DFIG is very sensitive to grid faults, where, even though the DFIGs are connected far away from
the grid, the grid faults will influence the voltage profile at the PCC. During grid fault, voltage drop at the DFIG
terminal, high current flow at both grid and rotor side converters, and high voltage across the dc link capacitor
may lead to converter station blocking. This condition will be ended by the disconnection of the DFIG from the
system. Most of the studies about the DFIG are concerned about the improvement of its FRT capability during
voltage sag [5-6]. No attention however is given to improve the DFIG performance under voltage sag and
voltage swell conditions using the same controller. Power quality issue is the common consideration for new
construction or to the existing power system. In this paper, voltage dip (sag) and swell will be considered as the
conditions of the fault ride through capability of WTG equipped with DFIG. This review & analysis presents an
application of the SMES unit to improve the performance of a wind turbine equipped with DFIG during voltage
sag and voltage swell at the grid side. A new control system for the SMES unit based on hysteresis current
control in conjunction with fuzzy logic control is proposed. Results are analyzed to highlight the improved
dynamic performance of WECSs in conjunction with the SMES unit.
II. System Under Study
There are two major classifications of wind turbine generator, fixed-speed turbine and variable-speed
turbines. A doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) uses a medium scale power converter. Slip rings are making
the electrical connection to the rotor. If the generator is running super-synchronously, electrical power is
delivered to the grid through both the rotor and the stator.
Fig 1- Typical configuration of an individual DFIG.
2. System For Better Synchronism In Dfig Wind Energy Conversion System Using Smes Energy Storage
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10142329 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
If the generator is running sub-synchronously, electrical power is delivered into the rotor from the grid.
The stator winding of the generator is coupled to the grid, and the rotor winding to a power electronic converter,
nowadays usually a back-to-back voltage source converter with current control loops. In this way, the electrical
and mechanical rotor frequencies are decoupled, because the power electronic converter compensates the
different between mechanical and electrical frequency by injecting a rotor current with variable frequency.
Variable speed operation thus became possible. The typical of generic model of DFIG is shown in figure:
The system under study shown in Fig-2 consists of six-1.5 MW DFIG connected to the AC grid at PCC
via Y/_ step up transformer. The grid is represented by an ideal 3-phase voltage source of constant frequency
and is connected to the wind turbines via 30 km transmission line. For an average wind speed of 15 m/s which is
used in this study, the turbine output power is 1 p.u. and the generator speed is 1.2 pu. SMES Unit is connected
to the 25 KV (PCC) bus and is assumed to be fully charged at its maximum capacity of 1 MJ.
Fig 2 - System under study [1]
Rated Power 9 MW
Stator Voltage 575 V
Frequency 60Hz
Rs 0.023
Rr 0.016
Vdc 1150V
Table 1 - Parameters of the transmission line [1]
III. Smes Configuration And Control
The selection of SMES Unit in this paper is based on its advantages over other energy storage
technologies. Compared to other energy storage options, the SMES unit is ranked first in terms of highest
efficiency which is 90-99% [9-10]. The high efficiency of the SMES unit is achieved by its lower power loss
because electric currents in the coil encounter almost no resistance and there are no moving parts, which means
no friction losses. SMES stores energy within a magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a coil of
superconducting material. Typically, the coil is maintained in its superconducting state through immersion in
liquid helium at 4.2 K within a vacuum – insulated cryostat. A power electronic converter interfaces the SMES
to the grid and controls the energy flow bi-directionally. The stored energy in the SMES coil can be calculated
as:
E = 0.5*LSMES*I2
SMES
Where, E is the SMES energy; ISMES is the SMES Current and LSMES is the SMES inductor coil. The
SMES unit configuration used in this paper consists of voltage source converter (VSC) and DC-DC chopper
which are connected through a DC shunt capacitor. The VSC is controlled by a hysteresis current controller
(HCC) while the DC-DC chopper is controlled by fuzzy logic controller (FLC) as shown in Fig 3.
Fig 3- SMES configuration [1]
3. System For Better Synchronism In Dfig Wind Energy Conversion System Using Smes Energy Storage
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10142329 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
DC-DC Chopper along with FLC is used to control charging and discharging process of the SMES coil
energy. The generator active power and the current in the superconductor coil are used as inputs to the fuzzy
logic controller to determine the value of the DC chopper duty cycle, active power of DFIG and SMES coil
current are used as inputs of the fuzzy logic controller. The duty cycle (D) is compared with 1000 Hz saw-tooth
signal to produce signal for the DC-DC chopper as can be seen in Fig 4. [1]
Fig 4- Control algorithm of DC-DC chopper.
a) Hysteresis Current Controller
Compared with pulse width modulation (PWM) technique, the hysteresis band current control has the advantage
of ease implementation, fast response, and it is not dependent on load parameters. Hysteresis current control
(HCC) is used to control the power flow exchange between the grid and the SMES unit. HCC is comparing the
3-phase line currents with the reference currents (Id* and Iq*).
Fig 5 - Control scheme of VSC [1]
The value of Id* and Iq* are generated through the conventional PI controller both from the deviation of
the capacitor voltage Vdc and system voltage Vs. These value is converted through Park transformation (dq0 −
abc) to produce the reference current range of the SMES coil. To minimize the effect of phases interference
while maintaining the advantages of the hysteresis methods, phase-locked loop (PLL) technique is applied to
limit the converter switching at a fixed predetermined frequency [11].
b) Fuzzy Logic Controller
To control power transfer between the SMES coil and the ac system, a dc–dc chopper is used, and
fuzzy logic is selected to control its duty cycle (D).The FLC is a process of formulating the mapping from a
given input to the designated output. Input variables for the model are the real power generated by the DFIG and
the SMES coil current. The output of the FLC is the duty cycle (D) for a class-D dc–dc chopper that is shown in
Fig. 5(a). The V –I operational range for the SMES coil is shown in Fig 5(b). The duty cycle determines the
direction and the magnitude of the power exchange between the SMES coil and the ac system, as presented in
Table II.
4. System For Better Synchronism In Dfig Wind Energy Conversion System Using Smes Energy Storage
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10142329 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Duty cycle(D) SMES coil action
D=0.5 Standby condition
0≤D<0.5 Discharging condition
0.5<D≤1 Charging condition
Table II- Rules of Duty Cycle [1]
If the duty cycle (D) is equal to 0.5, no action will be taken by the coil, and the system is under normal
operating conditions. Under this condition, a bypass switch that is installed across the SMES coil, which will be
closed to avoid the draining process of SMES energy during normal operating conditions.
Fig 6: Type D-chopper and its quadrant operation [1].
The bypass switch is controlled in such a way that it will be closed if D is equal to 0.5; otherwise, it
will be opened. When the grid power is reduced, D will be reduced accordingly to be in the range of 0–0.5, and
the stored energy in the SMES coil will be transferred to the ac system.
(a)
(b)
Fig 7: Plot of Ismes, Pg, output of D.
5. System For Better Synchronism In Dfig Wind Energy Conversion System Using Smes Energy Storage
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10142329 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
The charging process of the SMES coil takes place when D is in the range of 0.5–1. The relation between
VSMES and VDC, SMES can be written as:
Vsmes = (1-2D)Vdc.smes
Where, Vsmes is the average voltage across the SMES coil, D is duty cycle, and Vdc.smes is the average voltage
across the dc-link capacitor of the SMES configuration.
Fig 8- Surface Graph
IV. Simulations Result
The voltage dip at the grid side complies with the low voltage ride through (LVRT) while the voltage
swell at the grid side is examined to comply with the high voltage ride through (HVRT). Voltage dip is a
decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations of 0.5 cycles
to 1 minute. Voltage dips are usually associated with system faults but can also be caused by switching of heavy
loads or starting of large motors. A swell is defined as an increase in rms voltage or current at the power
frequency for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. Typical magnitudes are between 1.1 and 1.8 pu.
Rated Energy 1MJ
Lsmes 0.5H
Ismes 2000A
Table III- Parameters of the SMES Unit
a) Without SMES
A voltage sag depth of 0.5pu lasting for 0.05 s is applied at t = 2 s at the grid side of the system under
study [Fig. 3]. Without the SMES unit, the real power produced by the DFIG will drop to 0.6 pu, and it reaches
a maximum overshooting of 40% during the clearance of the fault, as shown in Fig 9(a). The voltage at the PCC
is shown in Fig. 9(c), where without SMES, voltage will drop to 0.6 pu. The DFIG power drop causes the
generator speed to be accelerated to compensate for the power imbalance. As can be observed in Fig. 9(d), the
generator speed will accelerate and oscillate without the SMES unit.
6. System For Better Synchronism In Dfig Wind Energy Conversion System Using Smes Energy Storage
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10142329 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
Fig 9: DFIG responses during voltage sag without SMES: (a) Active power. (b) Reactive power. (c) PCC
voltage. (d) Shaft speed. (e) Voltage at the dc-link of the DFIG.
b) With SMES
As can be seen in Fig 10(a), with the SMES unit connected to the system, the DFIG output power will
drop to only 0.875 pu. Fig. 10(b) implies that, with the connection of the SMES unit and during the event of
voltage sag, the reactive power support by the DFIG is reduced, and the steady-state condition is reached faster,
compared to the system without SMES.
7. System For Better Synchronism In Dfig Wind Energy Conversion System Using Smes Energy Storage
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10142329 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Fig. 10: DFIG responses during voltage sag with SMES :(a) Active power. (b) Reactive power. (c) PCC voltage.
(d) Shaft speed. (e) Voltage at the dc-link of the DFIG.
However, by connecting the SMES unit, voltage drop at the PCC will be reduced to only 0.8 pu, which
will lead to a voltage drop at the generator terminal to a level of 0.8pu, which is referenced as safety margin by
the wind turbine manufacturers. With the SMES connected to the system, the power drop is reduced, the settling
time of the generator speed is substantially reduced, and the overshooting level is significantly decreased.
Another effect of the voltage sag on the DFIG’s behavior is on the voltage across the DFIG dc link capacitor
that is shown in Fig. 10(e). The voltage overshoot across the dc-link capacitor during fault clearance is slightly
reduced with the SMES unit connected to the system
V. Conclusion
Application of the SMES unit to improve the transient response of WTGs equipped with DIFG during
voltage sag has been proposed. Simulation results have shown that the SMES unit is very effective in improving
the dynamic performance of a power system with wind turbine equipped with DFIG during voltage sag at the
grid side. DFIG must be disconnected from the power system to avoid the turbines from being damaged.
However, using the proposed converter and chopper of the SMES unit which are controlled using a hysteresis
current controller (HCC) and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), respectively, both the VRT capability of the DFIGs
can significantly improve and their connection to the grid can be maintained to support the grid during faulty
condition and to ensure the continuity of power supply.
Refernces
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