Abstract: Wind energy is becoming the most effective renewable energy source mainly because of the growing concerns over carbon emissions and uncertainties in fossil fuel supplies and the government policy impetus. The increasing penetration of wind power in distribution systems may significantly affect VAR compensation and max. Power tracking of the systems, particularly during wind turbine cut-in and cut-off disturbances.
A DFIG based wind turbine has an ability to generate maximum power with varying and adjustable speed, ability to control active and reactive power by the integration of electronic power converters, low power rating of cost converter components, and so on. This study presents an overview and literature survey over past few decades on the different problems associated due to penetration of WT-DFIG in the power system and control aspects of DFIG.
Constant Control of the Power of DFIG Wind Turbinesijtsrd
With the increasing penetration of wind energy into electricity grids, energy storage will be required to dynamically adapt to the intermittency of wind energy. This article proposes a new two stage constant power control system for a wind farm equipped with Dual Induction Generator DFIG wind turbines. Each DFIG wind turbine is equipped with a super capacitor energy storage ESS system and is controlled by low level wind turbines WTG and coordinated by a higher level wind farm monitoring control system WFSC . . The WFSC generates the actual power references for the lower layer WTG commands based on the actual power demand of the network operator or the corresponding production commitment. The WKA lower layer regulators then control each DFIG wind turbine to produce the desired amount of active power, balancing the gaps between available wind energy and the desired active power through the SSE. In PSCAD EMTDC, simulation studies will be carried out in a wind farm with 15 DFIG wind turbines to verify the effectiveness of the proposed regulatory system. Amit Kumar Chandan | Govind Pandya "Constant Control of the Power of DFIG Wind Turbines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29445.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29445/constant-control-of-the-power-of-dfig-wind-turbines/amit-kumar-chandan
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
The transient stability analysis of wind turbines interconected to grid under...IJECEIAES
Wind farm has been growing in recent years due to its very competitive electricity production cost. Wind generators have gone from a few kilowatts to megawatts. However, the participation of the wind turbine in the stability of the electricity grid is a critical point to check, knowing that the electricity grid is meshed, any change in active and reactive flux at the network level affects its stability. With a rate of 50% wind turbine penetration into the electricity grid, the stability of the rotor angle is a dynamic phenomenon which is only visible by the variation of the active energy. The purpose of this journal is to verify the impact of wind turbine integration on an electrical grid, by exploiting the relationship between the reactive energy produced by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator equipping most wind energy systems, and the stability of the rotor angle of the synchronous generators equipping the conventional power plants in the electrical system.
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Constant Control of the Power of DFIG Wind Turbinesijtsrd
With the increasing penetration of wind energy into electricity grids, energy storage will be required to dynamically adapt to the intermittency of wind energy. This article proposes a new two stage constant power control system for a wind farm equipped with Dual Induction Generator DFIG wind turbines. Each DFIG wind turbine is equipped with a super capacitor energy storage ESS system and is controlled by low level wind turbines WTG and coordinated by a higher level wind farm monitoring control system WFSC . . The WFSC generates the actual power references for the lower layer WTG commands based on the actual power demand of the network operator or the corresponding production commitment. The WKA lower layer regulators then control each DFIG wind turbine to produce the desired amount of active power, balancing the gaps between available wind energy and the desired active power through the SSE. In PSCAD EMTDC, simulation studies will be carried out in a wind farm with 15 DFIG wind turbines to verify the effectiveness of the proposed regulatory system. Amit Kumar Chandan | Govind Pandya "Constant Control of the Power of DFIG Wind Turbines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29445.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29445/constant-control-of-the-power-of-dfig-wind-turbines/amit-kumar-chandan
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
The transient stability analysis of wind turbines interconected to grid under...IJECEIAES
Wind farm has been growing in recent years due to its very competitive electricity production cost. Wind generators have gone from a few kilowatts to megawatts. However, the participation of the wind turbine in the stability of the electricity grid is a critical point to check, knowing that the electricity grid is meshed, any change in active and reactive flux at the network level affects its stability. With a rate of 50% wind turbine penetration into the electricity grid, the stability of the rotor angle is a dynamic phenomenon which is only visible by the variation of the active energy. The purpose of this journal is to verify the impact of wind turbine integration on an electrical grid, by exploiting the relationship between the reactive energy produced by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator equipping most wind energy systems, and the stability of the rotor angle of the synchronous generators equipping the conventional power plants in the electrical system.
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
A Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Improve...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, which is t

decouple PI control for output active and reactive powers
he common control technique for power converter of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. But there are some disadvantages with this control method like uncertainty about the exact model, behavior of some parameters or unpredictable wind speed and tuning of PI parameters. To overcome the mentioned disadvantages a fuzzy logic control of DFIG wind turbine is presented and is compared with PI controller. To validate the proposed scheme, simulation results are presented, these results showed that the performance of fuzzy control of DFIG is excellent and it improves power quality and stability of wind turbine compared to PI controller. The Fuzzy logic controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. The entire work is carried out in MATLab/Simulink. Different faulty operating conditions are considered to
prove the effective implementation of the proposed control scheme.
ENHANCED CONTROL OF DFIG IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMIjorat1
The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine widely used
in the modern wind power industries. At present, commercial DFIG wind turbines primarily make use of the
technology that was developed a decade ago. But, it is found in the paper that there is limitations conventional
control method. This project presents a fuzzy-logic approach to control the DFIG. Based on which fuzzy-logic
approach is controlled for real power, reactive power flow and electromagnetic torque of the wind turbine. A
direct current vector control strategy is developed to control the rotor side voltage source converter. This scheme
of direct current vector control strategy allows the independent control of the generated active and reactive
power as well as the rotor speed. In this project, a fuzzy-logic approach is proposed to control the DFIG. The
active and reactive power is controlled by rotor voltage, which goes through back-to-back voltage source
converter and DC-link voltage is also maintained stable. The conventional control approach is compared with the
proposed control techniques for DFIG wind turbine control under both steady and gusty wind conditions. A
MATLAB based simulation system was build to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed
method waveforms of real power, reactive power, DC link voltage and generator speed are compared with
conventional method. This paper shows that under the fuzzy-logic approach control techniques, a DFIG system
have a superior performance in various aspects.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Integration of a Wind Turbine Based Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using STAT...IJERA Editor
Wind power stations mostly placed in remote areas; so they are characterized by weak grids and are often submitted to power system disturbance like faults, voltage sag etc. In this paper the crowbar protection method is used to ride through voltage sags and STATCOM is used to quickly sense the voltage sag and overcome it. The behavior of these machines during grid failure is an important issue. DFIG consists of a common induction generator with slip ring and a partial scale power electronic converter. Indirect field oriented controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. On grid side PQ control scheme is applied. Wind turbine and its control units are described in details and also for STATCOM control. All power system components are simulated in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software. For studying the performance of controller, different abnormal conditions are applied even the worst case. Simulation results prove that the performance of STATCOM and DFIG control schemes as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Nowadays, the fossil combustibles are replaced by renewable energies sources .These renewable energies are nontoxic, dirt free, and protected and reasonably cheep for the user. Renewable energy resources like bio-gas, geothermal, solar, tidal waves and wind have been found as the best alternatives energy source. Among those renewable energy sources, wind energy stands foremost for generating electricity. In order to have a constant utilization of wind energy and to extract maximum power from wind energy. In this paper, various control strategies prevalent to both the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator(PMSG) have been analyzed . In addition, control topology applicable to power electronics converter/inverter used in wind electric generators are discussed.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
Voltage Compensation in Wind Power System using STATCOM Controlled by Soft Co...IJECEIAES
When severe voltage sags occur in weak power systemsassociated with gridconnected wind farms employing doubly fed induction generators, voltageinstability occurs, which may lead to forced disconnection of wind turbine.Shunt flexible AC transmission system devices like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) may be harnessed to provide voltage support bydynamic injection of reactive power.In this work, the STATCOM providedvoltage compensation at the point of common coupling in five test cases,namely, simultaneous occurrence of step change (drop) in wind speed and dip in grid voltage, single line to ground, line to line, double line to groundfaults and sudden increment in load by more than a thousand times. Threetechniques were employed to control the STATCOM, namely, fuzzy logic,particle swarm optimization and a combination of both. A performancecomparison was made among the three soft computing techniques used tocontrol the STATCOM on the basis of the amount of voltage compensationoffered at the point of common coupling. The simulations were done with thehelp of SimPowerSystems available with MATLAB / SIMULINK and theresults validated that the STATCOM controlled by all the three techniques offered voltage compensation in all the cases considered.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Optimized servo-speed control of wind turbine coupled to doubly fed inductio...IJECEIAES
Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
A Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Improve...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, which is t

decouple PI control for output active and reactive powers
he common control technique for power converter of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. But there are some disadvantages with this control method like uncertainty about the exact model, behavior of some parameters or unpredictable wind speed and tuning of PI parameters. To overcome the mentioned disadvantages a fuzzy logic control of DFIG wind turbine is presented and is compared with PI controller. To validate the proposed scheme, simulation results are presented, these results showed that the performance of fuzzy control of DFIG is excellent and it improves power quality and stability of wind turbine compared to PI controller. The Fuzzy logic controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. The entire work is carried out in MATLab/Simulink. Different faulty operating conditions are considered to
prove the effective implementation of the proposed control scheme.
ENHANCED CONTROL OF DFIG IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMIjorat1
The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine widely used
in the modern wind power industries. At present, commercial DFIG wind turbines primarily make use of the
technology that was developed a decade ago. But, it is found in the paper that there is limitations conventional
control method. This project presents a fuzzy-logic approach to control the DFIG. Based on which fuzzy-logic
approach is controlled for real power, reactive power flow and electromagnetic torque of the wind turbine. A
direct current vector control strategy is developed to control the rotor side voltage source converter. This scheme
of direct current vector control strategy allows the independent control of the generated active and reactive
power as well as the rotor speed. In this project, a fuzzy-logic approach is proposed to control the DFIG. The
active and reactive power is controlled by rotor voltage, which goes through back-to-back voltage source
converter and DC-link voltage is also maintained stable. The conventional control approach is compared with the
proposed control techniques for DFIG wind turbine control under both steady and gusty wind conditions. A
MATLAB based simulation system was build to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed
method waveforms of real power, reactive power, DC link voltage and generator speed are compared with
conventional method. This paper shows that under the fuzzy-logic approach control techniques, a DFIG system
have a superior performance in various aspects.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Integration of a Wind Turbine Based Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using STAT...IJERA Editor
Wind power stations mostly placed in remote areas; so they are characterized by weak grids and are often submitted to power system disturbance like faults, voltage sag etc. In this paper the crowbar protection method is used to ride through voltage sags and STATCOM is used to quickly sense the voltage sag and overcome it. The behavior of these machines during grid failure is an important issue. DFIG consists of a common induction generator with slip ring and a partial scale power electronic converter. Indirect field oriented controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. On grid side PQ control scheme is applied. Wind turbine and its control units are described in details and also for STATCOM control. All power system components are simulated in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software. For studying the performance of controller, different abnormal conditions are applied even the worst case. Simulation results prove that the performance of STATCOM and DFIG control schemes as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Nowadays, the fossil combustibles are replaced by renewable energies sources .These renewable energies are nontoxic, dirt free, and protected and reasonably cheep for the user. Renewable energy resources like bio-gas, geothermal, solar, tidal waves and wind have been found as the best alternatives energy source. Among those renewable energy sources, wind energy stands foremost for generating electricity. In order to have a constant utilization of wind energy and to extract maximum power from wind energy. In this paper, various control strategies prevalent to both the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator(PMSG) have been analyzed . In addition, control topology applicable to power electronics converter/inverter used in wind electric generators are discussed.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
Voltage Compensation in Wind Power System using STATCOM Controlled by Soft Co...IJECEIAES
When severe voltage sags occur in weak power systemsassociated with gridconnected wind farms employing doubly fed induction generators, voltageinstability occurs, which may lead to forced disconnection of wind turbine.Shunt flexible AC transmission system devices like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) may be harnessed to provide voltage support bydynamic injection of reactive power.In this work, the STATCOM providedvoltage compensation at the point of common coupling in five test cases,namely, simultaneous occurrence of step change (drop) in wind speed and dip in grid voltage, single line to ground, line to line, double line to groundfaults and sudden increment in load by more than a thousand times. Threetechniques were employed to control the STATCOM, namely, fuzzy logic,particle swarm optimization and a combination of both. A performancecomparison was made among the three soft computing techniques used tocontrol the STATCOM on the basis of the amount of voltage compensationoffered at the point of common coupling. The simulations were done with thehelp of SimPowerSystems available with MATLAB / SIMULINK and theresults validated that the STATCOM controlled by all the three techniques offered voltage compensation in all the cases considered.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Optimized servo-speed control of wind turbine coupled to doubly fed inductio...IJECEIAES
Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.
Most of generators utilized in wind turbines are the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Indirect matrix converter (IMC) is a candidate for substituting the traditional back-to-back converter in the future due to advantages gained by elimination of electrolytic capacitor. Starting DFIG wind turbines and synchronizing to the grid is a challenge in practice because of large inrush currents that could damage switches. Synchronizing the DFIG wind turbine controlled by the IMC is presented in this paper. Also, maximum power point tracking algorithm performance of this configuration is examined. A laboratory scale prototype of the proposed configuration is built. Experimental results have confirmed effectiveness of this configuration.
Control of the powerquality for a DFIG powered by multilevel inverters IJECEIAES
This paper treats the modeling, and the control of a wind power system based on a doubly fed induction generator DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is powered by multilevel inverters. In order to get a decoupled system of controlfor an independently transits of active and reactive power, a vector control method based on stator flux orientation SFOC is considered: Direct vector control based on PI controllers. Cascaded H-bridge CHBI multilevel inverters are used in the rotor circuit to study its effect on supply power quality. All simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink software. Results and waveforms clearly show the effectiveness of vector control strategy. Finally, performances of the system will tested and compared for each levels of inverter.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Optimal Tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Win...IJERA Editor
This paper introduces modelling and simulation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS). Two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters have been connected back to
back from the rotor terminals to the utility grid via a dc-link. Vector control system typically controlled by a set
of PI controllers, which have an important effect on the performance of system dynamics. This paper presents an
optimally tuned PI controllers design of a DFIG wind energy system connected to grid using Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). PSO and GWO used to optimize PI controller
parameters of both Grid side converter (GSC), and Rotor side converter (RSC) to improve the dynamic operation
of the DFIG wind energy system under a variable speed condition.
Improved Control Strategy for Low Voltage Ride Through Capability of DFIG wit...ecij
This paper deals with a protection and control strategy to enhance the low voltage ride through capability of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). As the wind power penetration continues to increase, wind turbines are required to provide Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability. Crowbars are commonly used to protect the power converters during voltage dips and their main drawback is that the DFIG absorbs reactive power from the grid during grid faults. According to emergency grid code requirements, wind farms should have the ability to stay connected and continue generation under external voltage failure conditions, that is, wind turbines have to keep in connection with grid and own continue reactive power supply. This paper proposes a hysteresis current control strategy for the crowbar protection
and a reactive power control to satisfy the grid code requirements. Consequently, the dynamic model of double fed wind turbines is established to study the transient behavior of DFIG. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Flux Based Sensorless Speed Sensing and Real and Reactive Power Flow Control ...ijeei-iaes
This aim of this paper is to design controller for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) converters and MPPT for turbine and a sensor-less rotor speed estimation to maintain equilibrium in rotor speed, generator torque, and stator and rotor voltages. It is also aimed to meet desired reference real and reactive power during the turbulences like sudden change in reactive power or voltage with concurrently changing wind speed. The turbine blade angle changes with variations in wind speed and direction of wind flow and improves the coefficient of power extracted from turbine using MPPT. Rotor side converter (RSC) helps to achieve optimal real and reactive power from generator, which keeps rotor to rotate at optimal speed and to vary current flow from rotor and stator terminals. Rotor speed is estimated using stator and rotor flux estimation algorithm. Parameters like tip speed ratio; coefficient of power, stator and rotor voltage, current, real, reactive power; rotor speed and electromagnetic torque are studied using MATLAB simulation. The performance of DFIG is compared when there is in wind speed change only; alter in reactive power and variation in grid voltage individually along with variation in wind speed.
The voltage dip and doubly fed induction generator with considering uncertain...journalBEEI
The paper presents the transient behavior of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in the wind turbine (WT) in the normal and voltage dip condition. When voltage dip occurs in to the grid, the rotor current increases and the DC-link voltage increases too and start to oscilate. In this paper, the proportional integral (PI) controllers are used to control the DFIG-basedwind farms for regulating the electronic devices including rotor side converter (RSC) and grid side converter (GSC) to control the active and reactive power of DFIG. The PI parameters are tuned by imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). So, the transient behavour of the DFIG-based WF is explors when the voltage dip occurs. Hence, the induced electric motive force in to the rotor is measured. Also, an existed uncertainty for mutual inductance is considered caused by saturated curve during three-phase fault conditions and the bahavour of DFIG-based WT is examined and analyzed. All of simulation is done by Matlab/Simulink®.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper proposes a feedback linearization control of doubly fed induction generator based wind energy systems for improving decoupled control of the active and reactive powers stator. In order to enhance dynamic performance of the controller studied, the adopted control is reinforced by a fuzzy logic controller. This approach is designed without any model of rotor flux estimation. The difficulty of measuring of rotor flux is overcome by using high gain observer. The stability of the nonlinear observer is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations using MATLAB-SIMULINK shown clearly the robustness of the proposed control, particularly to the disturbance rejection and parametric variations compared with the conventional method.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Study of Characteristics of DFIG Based Wind TurbineIJMTST Journal
In this paper the study of active power, reactive power, stator current, rotor current and grid voltage characteristics of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine are studied. The pulses for the stator and rotor are applied by using a hysteresis current controller. The main drawback of wind energy conversion system is that it is highly nonlinear. To overcome this problem a fuzzy controller on rotor side and a discrete PID controller on stator side are applied. The active and reactive powers are controlled by this nonlinear strategy. The active power is maximized by these both controllers. The entire simulation is conducted on mat lab/simulink. The results obtained are satisfactory.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
1. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 1
Paper Publications
Performance Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine
Preeti Chakrawarti1
, Prof. Preeti Jain2
1
M.E. 4TH SEM., Electrical Engineering, J.E.C. Jabalpur, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, J.E.C., Jabalpur, India.
Abstract: Wind energy is becoming the most effective renewable energy source mainly because of the growing
concerns over carbon emissions and uncertainties in fossil fuel supplies and the government policy impetus. The
increasing penetration of wind power in distribution systems may significantly affect VAR compensation and max.
Power tracking of the systems, particularly during wind turbine cut-in and cut-off disturbances.
A DFIG based wind turbine has an ability to generate maximum power with varying and adjustable speed, ability
to control active and reactive power by the integration of electronic power converters, low power rating of cost
converter components, and so on. This study presents an overview and literature survey over past few decades on
the different problems associated due to penetration of WT-DFIG in the power system and control aspects of
DFIG.
Keywords: Wind energy, doubly-fed induction generator- wind turbine, var compensation, ax power tracking
characteristics.
I. INTRODUCTION
World's largest sum of electricity generation contributed by non-renewable sources of fuel such as coal, gas and oil.These
fuels emit lots of CO2 other harmful gases to the atmosphere and their residues in the water, which raised global warming
issues of earth health problems of human and wild-life issues [1]. According to FatihBirol, Chief Economist, International
Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (IEA), world electricity demand is
projected to double between 2000 and 2030, growing at an annual rate of 2.4%. This is faster than any other energy
demand. Total share of electric energy consumption rises from 18% in 2000 to 22% in 2030. Electricity demand growth is
strongest in developing countries, where demand will climb by over 4% per year over the projected period, which gets
more than triple by 2030. Consequently, the electric energy demand in developing countries will rise global electricity
share from 27% in 2000 to 43% in 2030[2].In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical
renewable energy. Hence, wind power could be utilized by mechanically converting it to electrical power using wind
turbine ,WT. Various WT concepts have a quick development of wind power. Variable speed operation and direct drive
WTs have been the modern developments in the technology of wind energy conversion system, WECS.
Variable-speed operation has many advantages over fixed-speed generation such as increased energy capture, operation at
MPPT over a wide range of wind speeds, high power quality, reduced mechanical stresses, aerodynamic noise improved
system reliability, and it can provide (10-15) % higher output power and has less mechanical stresses in comparison with
the operation at a fixed speed[3][4].
The DFIG wind turbine is a wound-rotor induction generator operated by controlling slip rings or by the power converter
interconnected with the grid. There are around thousands of research IEEE activities (Research Publications) on DFIG
control aspects during past few decades.
2. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 2
Paper Publications
II. DOUBLY - FED INDUCTION GENERATOR (DFIG) WIND TURBINE
The DFIG wind turbine is a wound-rotor induction generator operated by controlling slip rings or by the power converter
interconnected with the grid. See Figure1 for the DFIG wind turbine schematic. The AC/DC/AC converter is divided into
two components: the rotor-side converter (Crotor) and the grid-side converter (Cgrid). Crotor and Cgrid are Voltage-Sourced
Converters that use forced-commutated power electronic devices (IGBTs) to synthesize an AC voltage from a DC voltage
source. A capacitor connected on the DC side acts as the DC voltage source. A coupling inductor L is used to connect
Cgrid to the grid. The three-phase rotor winding is connected to Crotor by slip rings and brushes and the three-phase stator
winding is directly connected to the grid. The power captured by the wind turbine is converted into electrical power by the
induction generator and it is transmitted to the grid by the stator and the rotor winding. The control system generates the
pitch angle command and the voltage command signals Vr and Vgc for Crotor and Cgrid respectively in order to control the
power of the wind turbine, the DC bus voltage and the reactive power or the voltage at the grid[5]
Fig.1: The Doubly-Fed Induction Generator System
III. EMERGING ISSUES AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES OF DFIG BASED WECS
The Emerging Issues and their Control of DFIG based WECS are shown in the above fig.2 and described one by one as
follows:
(a) Coordinated control of frequency regulation capability:
A (DFIG)-based WECS not provide frequency response because of the decoupling between the output power and the grid
frequency. Power reserve margin also problem for DFIG because of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
operation.[6] presented a novel frequency regulation by DFIG-based wind turbines to coordinate inertial control, rotor
speed control and pitch angle control, under low and high wind speed variations.
(b) Battery Control Operation (BESS) L:
[7] presented a new based on battery energy storage system (BESS) and tried to reduce the power fluctuations on the grid
for uncertain wind conditions and also, compared with an existing control strategies like the maximum power point
extraction at unity power factor condition of the DFIG.[8] presented the modified rotor side of DFIG with DC link
capacitor is replaced with the BES. The co-ordinate tuning of the associated controllers using bacterial foraging technique
(based on Eigen-value) to damp out power oscillations. Furthermore, an evolutionary iterative particle swarm
optimization (PSO) approach for the optimal wind-battery coordination in a power system was proposed in [9][10].
3. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 3
Paper Publications
(c) Stator Current Harmonic Control:
[11] Proposed a sixth-order resonant circuit to eliminate negative sequence 5th harmonic and positive sequence 7th
harmonics currents from fundamental component of stator current. A stator current harmonic control loop is added to the
conventional rotor current control loop for harmonic suppression. The affects of voltage harmonics from the grid on the
DFIG are also have been discussed in [12]–[13]. Resonant controllers have been widely used in harmonic control and
unbalanced control for both DFIG and power converter systems .The use of resonant circuits aims to achieve high
bandwidth at certain frequencies and also eliminate current harmonics in the three-phase power converter systems [14]
and the DFIG during grid voltage distortion. In [15], the resonant controllers are used to keep the current output balanced
during a grid voltage imbalance.
(d) Fault Ride Through:
A grid fault posed an overload condition to DFIG when it trying to stabilize the wind farm. This would check the fault
ride through capability of the DFIG.
[16] Proposed the dc-link chopper-controlled braking resistor with the supplementary rotor current (SRC) control of the
rotor side converter of the DFIG and series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) connected to the stator of the DFIG. [17] a
study focused on stabilizing FSWT without using any FACTS device. A series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) was
used to improve the FRT of large wind farms composed of IGs in[18], while in [19] the SDBR was connected to the rotor
side converter of the DFIG to improve its Fault Ride Through capability. A superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL)
[20], passive resistance network , and series anti-parellel thyristors connected to the stator side of a grid connected DFIG.
[21] Proposed a new control strategy using a dc-chopper inserted into the dc-link circuit of the DFIG and a small value of
SDBR connected in series in the stator of the DFIG, the former of which acts as a damping load to suppress the dc-link
voltage during a grid fault.
(e) Regulation of active/reactive power:
DFIG is a electromechanical device and is modeled as non-linear system with rotor voltages and blade pitch angle as its
inputs, active and reactive powers as its outputs, and aerodynamic and mechanical parameters as its uncertainties. A
controller was developed that is capable of maximizing the active power in the maximum power tracking (MPT) mode,
regulating the active power in the power regulation(PR) mode for simultaneously adjusting the reactive power to achieve
a desired power factor. For MPPT adaptive controls [22], fuzzy methodologies [23] were proposed despite not knowing
the Cp-surface. In [24] developed a non-linear controller that simultaneously enables control of the active power in both
the MPT and PR modes with aerodynamic and mechanical parameters were known. [25]presented a dynamic model of
BDFIG with two machines‘ rotor electromechanically interconnected. The method used to extract maximum power at any
given wind speed is to implement maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on the various control
strategies for the VSR have been discussed in[26].It has been demonstrated in [27] that the proposed BDFIG system can
be used for the large off-shore wind energy application with reduced system maintenance cost. [27] proposed a model-
based predictive controller for a power control of DFIG and internal mode controller[28] have satisfactory performance
when compared with the response of PI, but it is difficult to implement one due to the formulation of a predictive
functional controller and the internal mode controller.
Fuzzy based DFIG power control can be realized [23].
(f) Voltage Unbalance Control:
[29] Wind energy is often installed in rural, remote areas characterized by weak, unbalanced power transmission grids.
Voltage unbalance factor (VUF) is defined as the negative sequence magnitude divided by the positive sequence
magnitude. The control topology is fairly standard (based on stator-voltage-oriented dq vector control is used. This
orientation can be called grid flux oriented control[30] implemented new rotor current control scheme which consists of a
proportional–integral (PI) regulator and a harmonic resonant (R) to suppress 5th and 7th harmonics. The steady-state and
transient response of DFIG-based wind power generation system under balanced [31] and unbalanced [32] grid voltage
conditions have been well understood. [33] proposed proportional–integral (PI). plus resonant tuned at twice the grid
4. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 4
Paper Publications
frequency current controllers for both grid- and rotor-side converters. For instance, standards IEEE-519–1992 [34] and
ER G5/4–1 [35] have, respectively, recommended different practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical
power systems. As indicated in [36] ,the presence of harmonics in the supply system results in torque pulsations and
increased copper and iron losses in electrical machines. [37] Presented a feedback/feed forward nonlinear controller for
DFIG. The mechanical and electrical parts of the wind turbines are considered separately in most of the current literature:
[36,37] considered only the mechanical part, while [38][39] considered only the electrical part, focusing mostly on the
DFIGs. [40] Considered both these parts, its controller was designed to maximize wind energy conversion, as opposed to
achieving power regulation (i.e., only operate in the MPT mode).
(g) Direct Torque Control:
Direct power control (DPC) was based on the principles of direct torque control. The DPC applied to the DFIG power
control has been presented in [41].This strategy calculates the rotor voltage space vector based on stator flux estimated
and power errors. An alternative to DPC is power error vector control [42]. This strategy is less complex and obtains
results similar to those of direct control of power. A anti-jamming control has been proposed by [43] to improve the
controller performance.
The predictive control is an alternative control technique that was applied in machine drives and inverters.Some
investigations like long-range predictive control general predictive control and model predictive control were applied to
the induction motor drives. power converter systems [16]–[20] and the DFIG [17] during grid voltage distortion. In [22]–
[24], the resonant controllers are used to keep the current output balanced during a grid voltage imbalance.
The steady-state and transient response of DFIG-based wind power generation system under balanced [43]–[46] and
unbalanced [40] grid voltage conditions have been well understood. [41] and [42] proposed proportional–integral (PI) plus
resonant tuned at twice the grid frequency current controllers for both grid- and rotor-side converters. For instance,
standards IEEE-519–1992 [45] and ER G5/4–1 [66] have, respectively, recommended different practices and
requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems. As indicated in [37] and [38][39], the presence of
harmonics in the supply system results in torque pulsations and increased copper and iron losses in electrical machines.
[50] presented a feedback/feed forward nonlinear controller for DFIG. The mechanical and electrical parts of the wind
turbines are considered separately in most of the current literature.[46] considered only the mechanical part, while
[47]considered only the electrical part, focusing mostly on the DFIGs. [48] considered both these parts, its controller was
designed to maximize wind energy conversion, as opposed to achieving power regulation (i.e., only operate in the MPT
mode),general predictive control and model predictive control were applied to the induction motor drives. principle used
in DTC/DPC, have suggested replacing the conventional PI current regulator with a nonlinear predictive current regulator
[53].
(h) Dynamic Stability Using FACT Devices:
[54] Proposed a damping controller of the STATCOM is designed by using modal control theory to contribute effective
.The analyzed results of stability improvement of power systems using STATCOMs and the damping controller design
STATCOMs were presented in [54].System modeling and controller design for fast load voltage regulation and mitigation
of voltage flicker using a STATCOM were demonstrated in [53][54]. A new DSTATCOM control algorithm enabling
separate control of positive- and negative-sequence currents was proposed in [55]investigated the dynamic performance of
a STATCOM and a static synchronous series compensator(SSSC).
(i) MPPT algorithms for a WT with wind speed sensor:
(i).1. Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) technique:
The TSR control method regulates the rotational speed of the generator to maintain an optimal TSR at which power
extracted is maximum [56]. The target optimum power extracted from wind turbine can be written as [57]:
Where, ( )
5. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 5
Paper Publications
And,
The power for a certain wind speed is maximum at a certain value of rotational speed called optimum rotational speed,
ωopt. This optimum rotational speed corresponds to optimum tip speed ratio, λopt. In order to track maximum possible
power, the turbine should always operate at λopt. This is achieved by controlling the rotational speed of the WT so that it
always rotates at the optimum rotational speed. As shown in Figure 3,for TSR calculation, both the wind speed and
turbine speed need to be measured, and the optimal TSR must be given to the controller. The first barrier to implement
TSR control is the wind speed measurement, which adds to system cost and presents difficulties in practical
implementations. The second barrier is the need to obtain the optimal value of TSR, this value is different from one
system to another. This depends on the turbine-generator characteristics results in custom-designed control software
tailored for individual wind turbines:
Fig.3 block dig of tip speed ratio control
(i).2. Power Signal Feedback (PSF) control:
In PSF control [56], it is required to have the knowledge of the wind turbine’s maximum power curve, and track this
curve through its control mechanisms. The maximum power curves need to be obtained via simulations or off-line
experiment on individual wind turbines or from the datasheet of WT which makes it difficult to implement with accuracy
in practical applications. In this method, reference power is generated using a maximum power data curve or using the
mechanical power equation of the wind turbine where wind speed or the rotational speed is used as the input. Figure 4
shows the block diagram of a WECS with PSF controller for maximum power extraction. The PSF control block
generates the optimal power command Popt which is then applied to the grid side converter control system for maximum
power extraction.
Fig.4 block dig of power signal feedback control
(j) MPPT algorithms for a WT without wind speed sensor:
(j).1. Hill-Climb Searching (HCS):
The HCS [55], control algorithm continuously searches for the peak power of the wind turbine. The maximum power can
be extracted from WTG without requiring information about the wind and generator speed.
6. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 6
Paper Publications
It can overcome some of the common problems normally associated with the other two methods, TSR and PSF. The
tracking algorithm depends on the location of the operating point. According to the changes in power and speed the
desired optimum signal has been computed in order to track the point of maximum power.
VI. CONCLUSION
Wind energy is very important non renewable resources of energy. From the above research, it has been shown that with
the help of coordinated control of frequency regulation capability method, rotor speed control, pitch angle control can be
possible. But with the help of battery control operation, power fluctuation can be reduced. Harmonics currents control can
be possible with the help of stator current harmonic control method..Regulation of active and reactive power and hill
climb methods are used for maximum power tracking mode.With the help of above methods, maximum power can be
achieved.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Tazil, V. Kumar, R.C. Bansal, S. Kong, Z.Y. Dong, W. Freitas,H.D. Mathur ―Three-phase doubly fed induction
generators: an overview‖ IET Electr. Power, Vol. 4, Iss. 2, pp. 75–89, Appl., 2010..
[2] FatihBirol, ―Power to the People : The World Outlook for Electricity Investment‖ International Energy Agency of
the Organisation for Economic
[3] Cooperation and Development, http: // www .iaea. org/ Publications/ Magazines /Bulletin / Bull461 /
power_to_the_people _3.html.
[4] Vahid, O, & Hassan, N. Maximum power extraction for a wind-turbine generator with no wind speed sensor. in
Proc. on IEEE, Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Cen. (2008). , 1-6.
[5] Thomas, A, & Lennart, S. An overview of wind energy status (2002). Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
2002, 6:67-128.
[6] Z.-S. Zhang,Y.-Z. Sun, J. Lin, G.-J. Li ―Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based
wind power plants‖ IET Renew. Power Gener., Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 38–47, 2012.
[7] Vijay Chand Ganti, Bhim Singh, Shiv Kumar Aggarwal and Tara Chandra Kandpal ―DFIG-Based Wind Power
Conversion With Grid Power Leveling for Reduced Gusts‖, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 3, No. 1,
pp-12-18, January 2012.
[8] Y. Mishra, Member, S. Mishra, ―Coordinated Tuning of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines and Batteries Using Bacteria
Foraging Technique for Maintaining Constant Grid Power Output‖ IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 1,pp-
16-26, ,March 2012.
[9] T. Y. Lee, ―Optimal wind battery coordination in a power system using evolutionary iterative particle swarm
optimization,‖ IEE Proc.-Gener Trans. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 291–300, Mar. 2008.
[10] T. Y. Lee, ―Operating schedule of battery energy storage system in a time-of-use rate industrial user with wind
turbine generators: A multi-pass iteration particle swarm optimization approach,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion,
vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 774–782,Sep. 2007.
[11] Changjin Liu, FredeBlaabjerg, Wenjie Chen, and Dehong, ―Stator Current Harmonic Control With Resonant
Controller for Doubly Fed Induction Generator‖ IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27,
NO. 7, JULY 2014.
[12] Changjin Liu, Frede Blaabjerg, Wenjie Chen, and Dehong, ―Stator Current Harmonic Control With Resonant
Controller for Doubly Fed Induction Generator‖ IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27,
NO. 7, JULY 2012
[13] S. Djurovi´c and S. Williamson, ―Influence of supply harmonic voltages on DFIG stator current and power
spectrum,‖ in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr., pp. 1–6, Mach., 2010.
7. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 7
Paper Publications
[14] L. Fan, S. Yuvarajan, and R. Kavasseri, ―Harmonics analysis of a DFIG for a wind energy conversion system,‖
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 181–190, Mar. 2010.
[15] J. Hu, H. Nian, H. Xu, and Y. He, ―Dynamic modeling and improved control of DFIG under distorted grid voltage
conditions,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 163–175, Mar. 2011.
[16] Y. Suh and T. A. Lipo, ―A control scheme of improved transient response for PWM AC/DC converter under
generalized unbalanced operating conditions,‖ in Proc. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., pp. 189–195, 2004,.
[17] E. Okedu, M. Muyeen, ― Wind Farms Fault Ride Through Using DFIG With New Protection Scheme Kenneth‖,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 3, NO. 2, APRIL 2012
[18] J. M. Rodriguez, J. L. Fernandez, D. Beato, R. Iturbe, J. Usaola, P. Ledesma, and J. R. Wilhelmi, ―Incidence on
power system dynamics of high penetration of fixed speed and doubly fed wind energy systems: Study of the
Spanish case,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1089– 1095,, Nov. 2002.
[19] G. Pannell, D. J. Atkinson, and B. Zahawi, ―Minimum-threshold crowbar for a fault ride through grid code
compliant DFIG wind turbine ‖EEE Trans. Energy Conver., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 750–759, Sep. 2010.
[20] A. Causebrook, D. J. Atkinson, and A. G. Jack, ―Fault ride through of large wind farms using series dynamic
braking resistors,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3,pp. 966–975,Mar. 2007 .
[21] J. Yang, E. Fletcher, and J. O‘Reilly, ―A series dynamic resistor based converter protection schemes for doubly fed
induction generator during various fault conditions,‖ IEEE Tran. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 2, , pp. 422–432, Jun.
2010.
[22] W. Park, B. C. Sung, and J. W. Park, ―The effect of SFCL on electric power grid with wind turbine generation
system,‖ IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1177–1181, Jun. 2010.
[23] X. Yan, G. Venkataramanan, and Y. Wang, ―Grid fault tolerant operation of DFIG wind turbine generator using a
passive resistance network,‖ in Proc. Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (IEEEECCE), San Jose, CA,
2009.
[24] A. Petersson, S. Lundberg, and T. Thiringer, ―A DFIG wind turbine ride through system influence on energy
production,‖ Wind Energy J., vol. 8,pp. 251–263, 2005.
[25] PSCAD/EMTDC Manual,‖ Manitoba HVDC Research Center, 1994.
[26] Y. Guo, S.H. Hosseini, J.N. Jiang, C.Y. Tang, R.G. Ramakumar, ―Voltage/pitch control for maximisation and
regulation of active/reactive powers in wind turbines with uncertainties‖, IET Renew. Power Gener., Vol. 6, Iss. 2,
pp. 99–109, 2012.
[27] Galdi, V., Piccolo, A., Siano, P.: ‗Designing an adaptive fuzzy controller for maximum wind energy extraction‘,
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,23, (2), pp. 559–569,2008.
[28] Calderaro, V., Galdi, V., Piccolo, A., Siano, P.: ‗A fuzzy controller for maximum energy extraction from variable
speed wind power generation systems‘, Electr. Power Syst. Res, 78, (6), pp. 1109–1118,2008.
[29] Galdi, V., Piccolo, A., Siano, P.: ‗Exploiting maximum energy from variable speed wind power generation systems
by using an adaptive Takagi- Sugeno-Kang fuzzy model‘, Energy Convers. Manage., 50, (2), pp. 413–421, 2009.
[30] Tang, C.Y., Guo, Y., Jiang, J.N.: ‗Nonlinear dual-mode control of variable-speed wind turbines with doubly fed
induction generators‘, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., 19, (4), pp. 744–756,2011.
[31] KostyantynProtsenko and Dewei Xu ―Modeling and Control of Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in
Wind Energy Application,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, ,pp-1191-1197,
MAY 2008.
[32] Q. P. Ha, J. G. Zhu, and G. Boardman, ―Power flow in doubly fed twin stator induction machines in Proc.
AUPEC‘01, pp. 37–42, 2001.
8. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 8
Paper Publications
[33] L. Mihet-Popa, F. Blaabjerg, and I. Boldea, ―Wind turbine generator modeling and simulation where rotational
speed is the controlled variable, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 3–10, Jan./Feb. 2004.
[34] Alfeu J. SguareziFilho, Milton E. de Oliveira Filho ―A Predictive Power Control for Wind Energy‖, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ONSUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, pp-97-105, JANUARY 2011.
[35] Z. Xin-fang, X. Da-ping, and L. Yi-bing, ―Predictive functional control of a doubly fed induction generator for
variable speed wind turbines,‖inProc. IEEE World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, vol. 4, pp.
3315–3319,Jun. 2004.
[36] J. Morren, M. Sjoerd, and W. H. de Haan, ―Ridethrough of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator
during a voltage dip,‖ IEEE Trans.Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 435–441, Jun. 2005.
[37] J. Guo, X. Cai, and Y. Gong, ―Decoupled control of active and reactive power for a grid-connected doubly-fed
induction generator,‖ in Proc.Third Int. Conf. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power
Technologies (DRPT), pp. 2620–2625, Apr. 2008.
[38] X. Yao, Y. Jing, and Z. Xing, ―Direct torque control of a doubly-fed wind generator based on grey-fuzzy logic,‖ in
Proc. Int. Conf. Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA 2007), pp. 3587–3592,Aug. 2007, .
[39] Dynamic Modeling and Improved Control of DFIG Under Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions Jiabing Hu, Member,
IEEE, HengNian, Member,IEEE, Hailiang Xu, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26,
NO. 1, PP-163-175,MARCH 2011.
[40] R. Pena, J. C. Clare, and G. M. Asher, ―Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and
its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation,‖ IEE Proc. Electric Power Appl., vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 231–
241, May 1996.
[41] S. Seman, J. Niiranen, and A. Arkkio, ―Ride-through analysis of doubly fed induction wind-power generator under
unsymmetrical network disturbance,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1782–1789, , Nov.2006.
[42] J. Hu, Y. He, L. Xu, and B. W. Williams, ―Improved control of DFIG systems during network unbalance using PI-
R current regulators,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 439–459, Feb. 2009
[43] J. Hu, Y. He, L. Xu, and B. W. Williams, ―Improved control of DFIG systems during network unbalance using PI-
R current regulators,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 439–459, Feb. 2009.
[44] J. Hu and Y. He, ―Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions,‖ Electric
Power Syst. Res., vol. 79, no. 2, ,pp. 273–281, Feb. 2009.
[45] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard
519–1992, 1993.
[46] G. K. Singh, ―Power system harmonics research: A survey,‖ Eur. Trans.Electr. Power, vol. 19, no. 2, Aug. 2007,
pp. 151–172.
[47] Nonlinear Dual-Mode Control of Variable- Speed Wind Turbines With Doubly Fed Induction Generators ChoonYik
Tang, Member, IEEE, Yi Guo, Student Member, IEEE, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, VOL.
19, NO. 4, pp 744-756, JULY 2011.
[48] M. A. M. Prats, J. M. Carrasco, E. Galvan, J. A. Sanchez, L. G. Franquelo, and C. Batista, ―Improving transition
between power optimization and power limitation of variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines using fuzzy control
techniques,‖ in Proc. Conf. Ind. Electron. Soc., Nagoya, Japan, , pp. 1497–1502, 2000
[49] J. Zhang, M. Cheng, Z. Chen, and X. Fu, ―Pitch angle control for variable speed wind turbines,‖ in Proc. Int. Conf.
Electric Utility Deregulation Restructuring Power Technol., Nanjing, China, 2008, pp. 2691–2696.
[50] H. Li, Z. Chen, and J. K. Pedersen, ―Optimal power control strategy of maximizing wind energy tracking and
conversion for VSCF doubly fed induction generator system,‖ in Proc. CES/IEEE Int. Power Electron. Motion
Control Conf., Shanghai, China, 2006, pp. 1–6.
9. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (1-9), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 9
Paper Publications
[51] A. D. Hansen, P. Sorensen, F. Iov, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Control of variable speed wind turbines with doubly-fed
induction generators,‖ Wind Eng., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 411–434, Jun. 2004.
[52] I. Takahashi and T. Noguchi, ―A new quick-response and high-efficiency control strategy of an induction motor,‖
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.IA-22, no. 5, pp. 820–827, Sep./Oct. 1986.
[53] D. Zhi and L. Xu, ―Direct power control of DFIG with constant switching frequency and improved transient
performance,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 110–118, Mar. 2007.
[54] I. de Alegria, J. Andreu, P. Ibanez, J. L. Villate, and I. Gabiola, ―Novel power error vector control for wind turbine
with doubly fed induction generator,‖ in Proc. 30th Annu. Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004 (IECON
2004), Nov. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1218–1223.
[55] G. Xiao-Ming, S. Dan, H. Ben-Teng, and H. Ling-Ling, ―Direct power control for wind-turbine driven doubly-fed
induction generator with constant switch frequency,‖ in Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical Machines and Systems, Oct. 2007,
pp. 253–258.
[56] R. Kennel, A. Linder, and M. Linke, ―Generalized predictive control (gpc)-ready for use in drive applications?,‖ in
Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC), 2001, vol. 4, pp. 1839–1844.