Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
N-BROMOSUCCINAMIDE A REAGENT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS, IT IS ALSO A SYNTETIC REAGENT AND HERE IN THIS PRESENTATION THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ITS ALTERNATE NAME APLLICATION ARE DISCUSSED.
It is an intramolecular rearrangement reaction in which the 1,2-migration of silyl group from carbon to oxygen under basic conditions.It involves the formation of a pentacoordinate siliconintermediate.Discovered by Adrian Gibbs Brook in 1958.
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
N-BROMOSUCCINAMIDE A REAGENT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS, IT IS ALSO A SYNTETIC REAGENT AND HERE IN THIS PRESENTATION THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ITS ALTERNATE NAME APLLICATION ARE DISCUSSED.
It is an intramolecular rearrangement reaction in which the 1,2-migration of silyl group from carbon to oxygen under basic conditions.It involves the formation of a pentacoordinate siliconintermediate.Discovered by Adrian Gibbs Brook in 1958.
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
Contents includes at least three strategies of synthesis for each of three, four, five and six membered heterocylic ring with one or two heteroatoms. One mechanism described out of the three strategies. Few name reactions are described and the other are simple synthetic methods. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy. The content was taken from the various books, mentioned in slide with the title of references.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
THE BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS IS THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRIDINE FIRSTLY PERFORMED BY BERNTHSEN THEREFORE KNOWN AS BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS. THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE SYNTHESIS WITH ITS MECHANISM AND APPLICATION AS ASKED IN EXAMS.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
Contents includes at least three strategies of synthesis for each of three, four, five and six membered heterocylic ring with one or two heteroatoms. One mechanism described out of the three strategies. Few name reactions are described and the other are simple synthetic methods. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy. The content was taken from the various books, mentioned in slide with the title of references.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
THE BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS IS THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRIDINE FIRSTLY PERFORMED BY BERNTHSEN THEREFORE KNOWN AS BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS. THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE SYNTHESIS WITH ITS MECHANISM AND APPLICATION AS ASKED IN EXAMS.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
The combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl on the same carbon atom is called a carboxyl group. Compounds containing the carboxyl group are called carboxylic acids. The carboxyl group is one of the most widely occurring functional groups in organic chemistry.
Aromatic Carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acids have an aryl group bound to the carboxyl group is known as aromatic carboxylic acids. The general formula of an aliphatic aromatic carboxylic acid is Ar-COOH.
Acidity of carboxylic acid:
A carboxylic acid may dissociate in water to give a proton and a carboxylate ion. Dissociation of a carboxylic acid involves breaking an O-H bond gives a carboxylate ion with the negative charge spread out equally over two oxygen atoms, compared with just one oxygen atom in an alkoxide ion. The delocalized charge makes the carboxylate ion more stable therefore; dissociation of a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate ion is less endothermic.
Preparation Methods:
1. Oxidation:
The oxidation of aldehyde with oxidizing agents such as CrO3 to forms carboxylic acids containing the same numbers of carbon atoms with a oxidizing agents like chromic acid, chromium trioxide. The silver oxide (Ag2O) in aqueous ammonia solution (Tollen’s reagent) is mild reagent give good yield at room temperature. E.g. Acetaldehyde reacts with CrO3 in aqueous acid to give acetic acid.
2. Grignard reagents (from CO2):
Carboxylic acid can be prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent (alkyl magnesium halide) with carbon dioxide (CO2) in presence of dry ether. Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide to forms a magnesium carboxylates which on hydrolysis by dilute HCl produces carboxylic acids.
3. Hydrolysis of nitrile:
The hydrolysis of nitrile or cyanide in presence of dilute acid to forms a carboxylic acid. In this reaction –CN group is converted to a –COOH group.
4. Hydrolysis Reactions:
All the carboxylic acid derivatives can be hydrolyzed into the carboxylic acid in the acidic or basic media; the hydrolysis reaction is fast and occurs in presence of water with no acid or base catalyst.
1. From Ester (Hydrolysis of ester): Ester can be hydrolyzed in either acidic or basic medium to yield carboxylic acid. The ester is heated with an excess of water contains strong acid or base catalyst.
Properties of Carboxylic Acids:
1. Low molecular weights carboxylic acids are colourless liquid at room temperature i.e. lower member ate liquid up to C9 and have characteristic odors whereas higher members are solid.
2. Carboxylic acids are polar organic compound. Low molecular weight carboxylic acids (first four members) are soluble in water whereas solubility in water decrease as molecular weight and chain lengthing increases.
3. Aromatic acids are insoluble in water.
4. Carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling point due to their capacity to readily form stable hydrogen-bonded dimers.
Aldehydes and ketones are the carbonyl compounds with general formula CnH2nO. Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group and other group is either hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group (i.e. Aldehyde has one alkyl or aryl group and one of the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon) with characteristics functional group -CHO.
What is a Heterocyclic Compound?
A heterocyclic compound has at least two different elements as a member of its ring.
The most common hetero atoms found on a cyclic ring are Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) and Sulphur (S).
Example:
Nucleic Acid that is present in the body responsible for storing and expressing genetic information, is an example of a Heterocyclic compound.
Essential micronutrient, Vitamins is also an example of a heterocyclic compound.
The majority of drugs, pesticides, dyes, and plastics are examples of heterocyclic compounds.
Classification of Heterocyclic Compounds
Based on the electronic arrangement, we can classify Heterocyclic compounds into two types:
Aliphatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aliphatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are those cyclic heterocycles that do not contain any double bond.
The properties of aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are mainly affected due to ring strain.
Examples of aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are Aziridine, Ethylene Oxide, Thiirane, Oxetane, Azetidine, Thietane, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Dioxane, Pyrrolidine, Piperidine, etc.
Aromatic Heterocyclic Compound
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds, as the name suggests, are cyclic aromatic compounds.
Aromatic Heterocyclic compounds obey Huckels Rule, i.e.
It should be cyclic.
It should be planar.
It should not contain any sp3 hybridised atoms.
It must have (4n+2) 𝛑 electrons.
Aromatic Heterocyclic compounds are analogous to Benzene.
Examples: Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Indole, Benzofuran, Carbazole, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Imidazole, Oxazole, Pyrazole, Pyridazine, Pyrimidine, Purine, etc.
Based on structure, we can classify Heterocyclic compounds into five types:
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Four-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Condensed or Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
These heterocyclic compounds contain three atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated.
Based on the number of heteroatoms present, we can further classify them into two categories:
This presentation is the second part of the previously uploaded presentation with the title amino compounds. please read that presentation first.
In this presentation, I explained the Derivatives of amino compounds with their reactivity.
Similar to Synthetic Reagents and Its Application (20)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. 3
Synthetic reagents
are those chemical
compounds used as a
catalyst in various
chemical reaction.
A suitable choice
of reagents and
reaction conditions
are essential for
the success of a
reaction for the
desired product.
Reagents have been
found that can
degrade complex
molecule to simple
known molecules
which enabled us to
elucidate the structure
of complex
compounds.
4. Structure
Properties
4
Molecular formula: C9H21O3Al
Molecular weight: 204.25g
It is white solid.
It is soluble in water.
Uses Reduction of carbonyl compound,
Oxidation of alcohol,
Hydrolysis of oximes,
Preparation of ether,
Rearrangement of epoxide to allylic ether.
5. Preparation
• It is prepared by reacting isopropyl alcohol with amalgamated
aluminium foil in the presence of a small amount of carbon
tetrachloride as catalyst when hydrogen evolution ceases the molten
alkoxide is distilled at reduced pressure.
5
6. Applications
Hydrolysis of oximes-
Oximes can be converted into parent carbonyl compound by aluminium
isopropoxide followed by acid hydrolysis.
6
N
OH
R1 R2
Al(O-
iPr)3
HCl
O
R1 R2
Merrwein Panndorf Verley (MPV) Reduction-:
The reduction of aldehyde and ketones takes place by heating the
carbonyl compound with aluminium isopropoxide in the presence of
excess isopropyl alcohol .the alcohol reduction product is obtained from
the reaction mixtrue after acidification and acetone is generated from
isopropyl alcohol.this is called as Meerwein –ponndrof-verley reduction.
7. Oxidation of alcohols ( Oppenauer oxidation) -
Alcohol on refluxing with aluminium isopropoxide in acetone and
benzene or toluene are oxidised to aldehyde or ketone .acetone acts as
hydrogen acceptor and is converted into isopropyl alcohol .the presence
of excess of acetone derive the reaction towards the oxidation product.
7
Regio-chemoselective ring opening of epoxide-
Functionalized epoxide are regioselectively opened using aluminium
isopropoxide and 2- trimethylsiloxy azide by attack on less substituted
carbon.
O
R2
HH
R1
R2
N3
OTMS
R1CH3SiN 3
AL(OCH - CH 2)3
CH2Cl 2
9. Preparation
9
NO O
H
+
Br2 + H Br
NaOH
0
o
C
Succinamide bromine NBS
N OO
Br
• N-Bromosuccinamide can be prepared from succinamide and bromine in
presence of sodium hydroxide solution, the white product obtained is washed
with water or acetic acid.
10. Applications
• Addition of alkenes –
N-Bromosuccinamide react with alkenes in aqueous solvent to give
bromohydrins.Side reaction include formation of α-bromoketones and
dibromo compound it can be minimised by use of freshly recrystallized
NBS.
10
• Bromination of carbonyl derivatives-
NBS C and α-brominate carbonyl derivative via radical or acid catalyst.
11. • Hoffmann rearrangement
NBS in presence of a strong base such as DBU react with primary amide
to produce a carbamate.
11
• Allylic and benzylic bromination-
NBS is allylic and benzylic bromination involve refluxing a solution. NBS
in anhydrous CCL4 with radicals initiator usually azobisisobutylonitrile
irradiation allylic and benzylic radicals intermediates formed which
proceed to form benzylic bromine this is also called as Wohl-zeigler
reactive.
12. Structure
Properties
12
It is yellow coloured.
Toxic and highly reactive gas It
Soluble in ether
Pure at room temp and used as methylating agent.
Important precursor for the generation of carbine.
13. Preparations
The generally used method for the preparation for the preparation of
diazomethane is by the alkaline hydrolysis of N-nitrosocompound.
N-methyl-N-nitrourathane an warming with methanolic KOH undergoes
decomposition to give diazomethane .N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane can be
prepared by the reaction of methylamine with ethyl chloroformate, followed
by treatment with HNO2.
13
14. Applications
• Methylation -
Diazomethane methylated acidic hydroxyl group carboxylic acid ,
sulfonic acid, phenol and enols. eg. methylation with diazomethane are
preparation of methyl ester of cinnamic acid from cinnamic acid and anisole
from phenol.
14
• Arndt –Eistert rection-
This reaction is used for converting a carboxylic acid to their methyl
ester.
• Buchner-Cartius schlotterbeck reaction-
Diazomethane react with aldehyde to form ketone.
15. Structure:
Properties:
15
N CH N
N,N Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or DCC
Molecular formula – C13H22N2
It is white in colour
Sweetish odour , powerful dehydrating agent
It is soluble in tetrahydrofuran , acetonitrile
It is primarily used to couple amino acid during peptide
synthesis
16. Preparation
• DCC is prepared by oxidation of dicyclohexylurea with p-toulenesulfonyl
chloride in hot pyridine . It can also be prepared by heating dicyclohexlthiourea
with yellow mercuric oxide.
16
NH
O
NH
Dicyclohexylurea
N CH N
+ H OH
DCC
P-CH 3C6H4SO2Cl
HOTpyridine
NH
S
NH
Dicyclohexylurea
N CH N
+ H OH
DCC
Hg2O
Hg2S+
17. Application
• Synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids and amine
Activated carboxyl group reacts with the amine to give an amide.used in
synthesis of peptides.
• Synthesis of peroxide
Peroxides can be prepared by reaction of carboxylic acid and hydrogen
peroxide in the presence of DCC.
17
+ (C6H11N2)C + (C6H11NH) 2CO
DCC
R - COOH
O
NRR
2Ar-COOH + H2O2
DCC
Ar
O
O O
O
Ar
Peroxide
18. • Moffate Oxidation
Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohol to aldehyde and ketone the
oxidant used as DMSO and DCC.
• Dehydration of alcohol
Alcohol can also be dehydrated using DCC to from corresponding alkene.
18
R - OH
DCC
OMSO
R - CHO
R- CH- OH- CH 2 -R + (C6H11N2)C R- CH= CH-R + (C6H11NH) 2CO
AlkeneAlcohol DCC
20. Preparation
• It is obtained by treating rhodium 3 chloride hydrate with an excess of
triphenylphosphin in reflucing ethanol.
20
Rhcl3(H2O)3 + 4PPh3 Rhcl(PPh)3 +OPPh3+2Hcl+2H2O
Applications
• Hydrogenation of olefins
It is also used for hydroxylation, hydroboration of alkenes.
CH2
R
Wilkinson's
catalyst CH3
R
21. It is also called as triphenylphosphoniumylide
Structure-
• Used in synthesis of alkenes from ketones and
aldehyde.
21
P
CH2
R
22. Preparation
• Prepared from phosphonium salt which is in turn prepared by
quaternization of triphenylphosphine with an alkyl halide .the alkyl
phosphonium salt is deprotonated.
22
[PPh3CH2R] + C4H9 PPh3=CHR+ C4H10
Application
Synthesis of leucotrines
Witting reaction –It involve synthesis of alkenes from ketones
Prepration of olefins –
Aldehyde or ketones react with witting reagent it gives olefins.
