This document discusses active and passive voice in English grammar. It defines active and passive voice, noting that the active has the subject performing the action while the passive has the object as the subject. It provides examples from the Quran of active ("Daud killed Goliath") and passive ("Goliath was killed by Daud") sentences. It also outlines the main parts of speech and four basic sentence structures: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.

1. Active and Passive voice
Dr. Yahya Toyin Muritala
Kulliyyah Languages and Management
(KLM)
International Islamic University
Malaysia (IIUM)

2. Content Coverage
• Syntax in brief
• Parts of Speech
• Active and Passive Voices
• Examples of Active and Passive from the Quran
• Four Basic Sentence Structures

3. Syntax in brief
 Syntax depends on lexical categories
 There are 8 main parts of speech.
 Linguistic takes a different approach to these
categories
 Linguistic separates words into morphological and
syntactic groups
 Linguistic analyzes words according to their affixes
and the words that follow or precede them
 Hopefully, the following definitions of the parts of
speech will make more sense and be of more use
than the old definitions of grammar school books

4. Parts of Speech
Nouns
• _____ + plural
endings
"dogs"
• Det. Adj. _____
(this is called a
Noun Phrase)
"the big dog"
Verbs
• ____ + tense
endings
"speaks"
• Aux. ____ (this
is called a Verb
Phrase)
"have spoken"
Adjectives
• ____ + er / est
"small"
• Det. ____ Noun
"the smaller
child"

5. Parts of Speech contd.
Adverbs
• Adj. + ly
"quickly"
• ____ Adj. or
Verb or Adv.
"quickly ran".
Determiners
• a, an, the, this,
that, these,
those,
pronouns,
quantities
• ____ Adj. Noun
"this blue book"
Auxiliary
Verbs
• forms of be,
have, may,
can, shall
• NP ____ VP
"the girl is
swimming"

6. Parts of Speech contd.
• at, in, on, under, over, of
• ____ NP (this is called a
Prepositional Phrase)
"in the room"
Prepositions
• and, but, or
• Adj.
“Musa and Haroon”
• "Apples and oranges".
Conjunctions

7. Active and Passive Voices
 The difference between the two sentences "Daud killed
Goliath" and "Goliath was killed by Daud" is that the
first is active and the second is passive. Surat Al-
Baqarah Q2: 251
 In order to change an active sentence into a passive
one, the object of the active must become the subject of
the passive.
 The verb in the passive sentence becomes a form of
"be" plus the participle form of the main verb.
 And the subject of the active becomes the object of the
passive preceded by the word "by."

8. Examples of Active and Passive from
the Quran
• Daud killed
Goliath.Surat Al-
Baqarah Q2: 251
• Subject + Verb + Object
Active
voice
• Goliath was killed by
Daud.
• Object + "be" + Verb +
by + Subject
Passive
voice

9. Four Basic Sentence Structures
• A simple sentence is a sentence with just
one independent clause (also called a
main clause): ‘He (Solomon) laughed’ or ‘A
man arrived from the extreme of the city’.
• Surat An-Naml Q27: 19.
• Surat Yassin Q36:20
Simple
Sentence
• A compound sentence contains at least
two independent clauses: Ahmad laughed
and James cried.
Compound
Sentence

10. Four Basic Sentence Structures contd.
• A complex sentence contains an independent clause
and at least one dependent clause: Ahmad cried
when James laughed.
• Another example of it is the statement of the prophet
which is: “Whoever memorizes the first ten verses of
Surat Al-Kahf, will be saved from the affliction of
Dajjal”. Reported by Abu Daud
Complex
Sentence
• A compound-complex sentence contains two or more
independent clauses and at least one dependent
clause:
• Ahmad laughed and James cried when the results of
their last tests were released.
Compound-
Complex
Sentence