the one with the

1. General
Linguistic
s
GC 206
Sadaf Riaz

2. Recap
Draw 3 diagrams of the given sentences;
1- The monkey ate the banana.
2- The beautiful country of Pakistan is located in Asia.
3- They painted the picture beautifully.
4- The children laughed at the joker.

3. Phrase Structure Rules
• When we use a tree diagram format, we can
think of it in two different ways.
• In one way, we can simply treat it as a
static representation of the structure of the
sentence shown at the bottom of the diagram.
• We could then propose that, for every single
sentence in English, a tree diagram of this
type could be drawn.
• An alternative view is to treat the tree
diagram as a dynamic format , in the sense
that it represents a way of generating not
only that one sentence, but a very large

4. • This second approach is very appealing
because it would enable us to generate a
very large number of sentences with what
look like a very small number of rules.
These rules are called phrase structure
rules.
• As the name suggests, these rules state that
the structure of a phrase of a specific type
will consist of one or more constituents in
a particular order. We can use phrase
structure rules to present the information
of the tree diagram in another format. That
is, the information shown in the tree
diagram can be expressed in the phrase

5. • According to this rule, “a
noun phrase rewrites as an
article followed by a noun.”
• The first rule in the
following set of simple (and
necessarily incomplete)
phrase structure rules states
that “a sentence rewrites as
a noun phrase and a verb
phrase.”
• The second rule states that
“a noun phrase rewrites as
either an article plus an
optional adjective plus a
noun, or a pronoun, or a
proper noun.” The other rules

6. Lexical Rules
• Phrase structure rules generate
structures. In order to turn those
structures into recognizable English,
we also need lexical rules that
specify which words can be NP Art N
NP Art N Figure 8.3 102 The Study of
Language used when we rewrite
constituents such as N. The first
rule in the following set states that
“a proper noun rewrites as Mary or
George.” (It’s a very small world.)
• PN → {Mary, George}
• N → {girl, dog, boy}
• Art → {a, the}
• Pro → {it, you}
• V → {followed, helped, saw}

8. Movement Rules
• The very small set of phrase structure rules
just described is a sample of what a more
complex phrase structure grammar of English,
with many more parts, would look like.
• These rules can be treated as a
representation of the underlying or deep
structures of NP VP
• NP VP
• Art N
• V NP
• Pro V NP
• Art N
• Pro

9. One feature of these underlying structures is
that they will generate sentences with a fixed
word order.
That is convenient for creating declarative
forms (You will help Mary), but not for making
interrogative forms, as used in questions (Will
you help Mary?).
In making the question, we move one part of the
structure to a different position. This process
is based on a movement rule.

10. NP Aux VP ⇒ Aux NP VP

12. Wh-movement
• John can solve this problem.
• Which problem can John solve?
S
VP
Aux NP
can Det N
V
solv
e
this proble
m
NP
John
N

13. Wh-movement
• [Which problem]i can John solve ti ?
S
VP
NP
John
Aux
NP
can t(rac
e)i
V
solv
e
NPi
Wh-Det N
whic
h
proble
m
N
Comp
S`

14. Relative Pronoun Movement
• John heard the claim which Bill
made. S
VP
V NP
hear
d
Det N S`
the claimi
NP
N
…
John

15. Relative Pronoun Movement
 [The problemi thati he solved ti was easy].
S`
S
NP VP
Pron V NP
solve
d
Comp
Rel-
Pron
NP
thati he
S
NP VP
V AP
was
easy
Det N
th
e
proble
mi
A
t(rac
e)i

16. Transformat
ional
Generative
Grammar
• Transformational
generative theory was
presented by Noam
Chomsky this theory
is about structure of
sentences in a
language . It tells
us how syntax is
formed and learned
• Transformational
generative grammar
theory explains this
arrangement and
organization of
sentences. It means

17. Rule 1 we know that
the basic structure
of a sentence is that
it consists of noun
phrase and verb
phrase
1
rule 2 noun phrase
usually consists of a
noun and an article
it may consist of
noun article or
adjective
2
rule 3 a verb phrase
usually consists of a
verb and a
prepositional phrase
it may consist of an
auxiliary verb or
adverb also
3

18. Recursion
or
recursive
rule
Recursive rules means it is a capacity
to be applied more than once in
generating a structure for example
He is the man who caught the thief who
stole the jewelry that we bought
yesterday
It means we can create long and long
sentences by one rule that is called
as recursion
The same rule can be applied again and
again to create more sentences this is
called as recursion or recursive rule