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THE-PARTS-OF-SPEECH.pdf
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- 2. THE PARTS OF SPEECH Thereare mainly eight parts of speech in English language. That are Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjuctions, Interjections, and Preposition. Parts os speech are identified by te place they have in the sentece, not by their meaning.
- 3. NOUNS A noun isa person, place, thing, or an idea. Nouns are the subject of a sentence. a teacher a lion Ali Love is a beautiful thing.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS Nouns canbe singular or plural. Singular noun name only one person, place, thing or idea ( an apple, the car, a table). Plural noun name two or more person, places, things or ideas.
- 5. PROPER AND COMMON NOUNS Propernouns refer to specific persons, places, things or ideas. they are always capitalized ( Holy Quran, Lahore, Minar-e-Pakistan). Common nouns are all other nouns. They are not capitalized unless they are the first worn in the sentence. Example: cat, pencil, paper etc.
- 6. COLLECTIVE NOUNS Collective nounsare the nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place, thing or idea in their meaning. They emphasize group as one unit. family herd class
- 7. ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE NOUNS Concretenouns are nouns that can touch. They are people, places and something. Person, court, pencil, hand, paper are concrete nouns. Abstract nouns are nouns that you cannot touch. Things like air, justice, safety democracy, faith, religion, are abstract nouns.
- 8. NOUNS ARE GERUNDS Agerund is an -ing form of the verb and is used as a noun. For example: My crying upset her. Running is good for you, Running is the noun/gerund and "is" is the verb. Crying is the subject and upset is the verb.
- 9. PRONOUNS A pronouns isa word that replaces a noun. They eliminate the need for repetition. For example: Instead of talkng "Hina talked to Hina's child", we might say "Hina talked to her child". Here "her" is the pronoun. It renames 'Hina'.
- 10. TYPES OF PRONOUNS Thereare several types of pronouns. Personal Pronouns: They are refer to specific persons or things. Personal Pronouns can act as subject, objects or possessives. Personal Pronouns can be singular or plural. Singular: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it Plural: we. us, you, they, them
- 11. POSSESSIVES AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS PossessivesPronouns indicates ownership or possession. For example: my, mine, your, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs. Reflexive Pronouns name a receiver of an action who is identical to the doer of the action. For example: myself, yourself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves. Ahmad congratulated himself on his good grades.
- 12. INTENSIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS IntensvePronouns emphasize a noun or another pronoun. For example: myself, himself, yourself, herself, themselves. I saw Imran Khan himself in the ground. Reciprocal Pronouns express shared actions or feelings. For example: each other, one another Maria and Saba help each other in their homework.
- 13. INDEFINITE AND DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IndefinitePronouns refer to non- specific persons and things. For example: all, another, other, anyone, both, each, etc. Nobody knows that where is the pencil. Demonstrative Pronouns are considered noun markers. They “point” toward nouns. That woman attends the party. This is a wonderful story.
- 14. INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS InterrogativePronouns introduce questions. Who is going on vacation? Relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses and refers to a person or thing already mentioned in a sentence. ( who, whoever, whom ,that, whose, which) The English that we learn in class will help us pass the exam.
- 15. ADJECTIVES An adjective modifies(describes)a noun or pronoun. Normally in English adjective comes before noun. For example: The smart student earned an “A”. They also come after linking verbs. For Example: I feel happy.
- 16. CONTINUE...... Adjectives can beused to make comparisons(between two things). For more adjectives with one or two syllables, you can add –er. For example: greater, faster, longer. For adjectives longer than two syllables, you should use the word “more”. He was more intelligent then his sister.
- 17. CONTINUE...... There are someirregular adjective and verb forms. Adjective Adverb Comparing two Comparing three or more bad badly worse worst good well better best little - less least much many more most
- 18. CONTINUE...... If three ormore adjectives come in a sentence, the arrangement of them will be like: Determi- ner Opinion Size Age Color Origin Material Noun The, This Pretty Big New Blue Blochi Leather bag My Precious Small Ancient Black Chinese Silk Scarf
- 19. ADVERB An adverb isa word that modifies an action verb, an adjective or another adverb. You need an adjective after linking verbs, not an adverb. The teacher carefully graded the homework.
- 20. TYPES OF ADVERBS Adverbsof Manner tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or will occur. She speaks loudly. He was driving slowly. Adverbs of time tell us about the time of the action. I will buy a computer tomorrow. Do it now.
- 21. CONTINUE...... Adverbs of Placetell us about the place of the action. He will come here. She went upstairs. Adverbs of Frequency tell us how many times the action occur. He goes to school daily. He is always late for school.
- 22. CONJUNCTIONS These are thescotch tape of the grammatical world. They join together words and phrases. There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
- 23. CONJUNCTIONS There are sevenCoordinating Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Fahad likes to eat but Zohaib likes to play. You can remember these conjunctions by “FANBOYS”
- 24. CONTINUE..... Correlative Conjunctions alsojoin ideas, but they work in pairs. (Both…and, neither…nor, whether…or, either…or, not only…but also) Not only I am happy about the grades, but I am also excited that you are learning.
- 25. CONTINUE..... Subordinating conjunctions joinan independent clause with a subordinate clause. That is, they join a clause that can stand alone with the clause that cannot stand alone. (after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even before, if, since, unless) etc. Although the students were tired, they still come in the class.
- 26. INTERJECTIONS Interjections are wordsused to express emotional states. They are usually found in spoken English. Oh! Wow! Ouch! Oops! Hey!
- 27. PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are wordsthat, like conjunctions, join a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. Some prepositions are: About, before, down, into through, above, behind, during, like, to, across, below, except, toward, after, beneath, of, for, off, under, among, beside, from, on, up, around, between etc.
- 28. VERBS Verbs generally expressaction or a state of being. There are several classification for verbs- action verbs/ linking verbs/ main verbs/ auxiliary verbs, transitive/ intransitive verbs and phrasal verbs. Action verbs show action. He runs. He plays.
- 29. CONTINUE..... Linking verbs linka subject to an adjective. Butterfly is beautiful. Main verbs can stand alone. Run, eat, work Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, serve as support to the main verbs( Have, has, had, do, does, did, be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being, should, could, would, will, might, can, may, must ,ought(to), shall).
- 30. CONTINUE..... Transitive verbs needa direct object in order to make sense. Shaheer takes medicine for his headache. Intransitive verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful. Hanzala swims. Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition. The preposition gives the verb a different meaning.
- 31. CONTINUE..... For example verb“look” has a different meaning from the phrasal verb “look up”. Some examples are:
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