Presented in the BAPA-BEN special international conference 2017 (SDGE goals-2030) .......................Entitled AS Blue Economy

1. Presented by-
Abu Bakkar Siddik, Researcher fellow, Centre for
Management Research and Information Technology,
BBA, Northern University Bangladesh

2.  Introduction
 Literature Review
 Methods
 Findings and analysis
 Conclusions
 Recommendation

3.  Transportation producing
 not only the desired outputs of passenger trips and freight
shipments,
 but also adverse outcomes such-air pollution, noise,
congestion, crashes, injuries, and fatalities.
 Three modes of surface transport, i.e. road, railway and
water widely used in carrying both passengers, cargo as well
as interacting and development of socio-economic systems,
has also been the object of much consideration about to what extent it
is sustainable.
 Sustainable transportation -the capacity to support the
mobility needs of people, freight and information in a manner
that is the least or no damageable to environment.

4.  Sustainable transport systems requires
the promotion of linkages among environmental protection,
economic efficiency, and
social progress and
must be cost-effective and
capable of adapting to changing demands.
upgrading standards of living and quality of life.
 About two-thirds of Bangladesh is wetland laced with
dense network of rivers, canals and creeks.
 Water transport is the only means available- nearly 10% of'
the total area.
 Water-based transport -the most traditional and remarkable
ways for visitors to travel and shifting goods.

5.  The landscape of Bangladesh-dominated by about 250 rivers
providing over 5,000 miles [8,000 km] of navigable waterways.
carry passengers and merchandise on a large scale.
 Mechanized Water transport is operated by the Bangladesh Inland Water
Transport Corporation (BIWTC), ---run ferry and launch services on the
main routes.
 water transport services run by private companies.
 Driven in particular, with (UNCTAD, 2008) over 80% of world
merchandise trade volume carried by sea, maritime transport
supporting
- international trade and
-globalization
 The World Bank-WB (2006) identified ineffective and poorly managed
infrastructure in ports-main constraints in Bangladesh for developing business and
reducing poverty.
◦ concluded port facilities- inefficient, corrupt and failing to keep with demand,
raising shipping costs

6.  WTO (2006) commented- over 90% of Bangladesh's
internationally traded goods are carried by sea, efficient
maritime transport services, as well as auxiliary services, Such
as-port and cargo handling services, due to---
◦ cost-effective business environment
◦ availability of cheap labor,
◦ natural advantages,
◦ seaport facilities and
◦ modern communication facilities with the rest of the world
 created the opportunity to be a big contributor to world trade.
 Ports (Roy and Banerjee, 2010) are important links in the
logistics chain, and thus port efficiency affects to a large extent a
country’s competitiveness.

7.  In Bangladesh, ( Khanam and Misir, 2008)
maritime dependency or sea access facilities demand factor is
30% and
the port sector contributes 35-40%.
 Transport (Wu and Lin, 2008) efficiency
enhancement is tactic that
to improve the potential competitiveness of a port
genuine opportunity to lower transportation costs
improve environmental performance to build a sustainable
logistics distribution system.

8.  The WB (2008) for 2008-2012 made the slogan for
“Safe, Clean and Affordable transport for development”.
They argue that
ports serve “To handle increasing volumes of cargoes, and of
containerized cargoes in particular,”
Proper-effective intercommunication between water transport
and End-users may decrease the transport cost as well as the
value of commodity.
Only the excellent operation efficiency of port and heavy
infrastructure facilities of water port and intermodal systems
may attract the world trader as well as domestic trader to do
business.

9.  Notable that using water transportation is more
sustainable and eco-friendly rather than roads, rail as
well as air transportation.

10.  Data collection
 qualitative statistical analysis using primary data
 Thus, we examine the internal and external factors of water ways and road ways to
find out the potentiality and constraints of using water ways .using convenient sampling
technique
 total of 100 respondents collected by conducting a survey with schedule approach .
 collected data from various business sectors such as- bricks, sand and stones, concrete,
animal foods firm, rice wholesaler as well as perishable goods( vegetables , fruits, fish)
 A structured questionnaire with fourteen question have been structured and
followed by a two point Binary-scale scheduling as follows:
 YES= (1)
 NO= (0)

11.  Tools used for data analysis
 Data purification and analysis was carried out
through SPSS version 16.
 Factor analysis -to identify the major issues of
sustainable transport modes and its potentiality as
well as specifying the most influential factors.
 a multivariate method
used for data reduction purposes.

12. Following question have been used for the survey based on
sustainable transportation modes in Bangladesh
1. Road way preference 69
(69%)
31
(31%)
2. Higher transportation cost in road way 70
(70%)
30
(30%)
3. Delay delivery in road way 4
(4%)
96
(96%)
4. Higher toll in road way 45
(45%)
55
(55%)
5. Quickness in road way 90
(90%)
10
(10%)
6. Security in road ways 67
(67%)
33
(33%)
7. Goods delivery satisfaction in road way 69
(69%)
31
(31%)
8. Water way preference 49
(49%)
51
(51%)
9. Higher transportation cost in water way 53
(53%)
47
(47%)
10. Delay delivery in water way 89
(89%)
11
(11%)
11. Higher toll in water way 47
(47%)
53
(53%)
12. Quickness in water way 14
(14%)
86
(86%)
13. Security in water ways 85
(85%)
15
(15%0
14. Goods delivery satisfaction in water way 38
(38%)
62
(62%)

13.  The table shows-frequencies of fourteen different
components in both water and road ways each that are
corresponded with sustainable transportation system
in Bangladesh.
 All factors have moderate influence on the
potentiality of using water ways as sustainable
transportation mode rather than road ways.
 The result displayed -consent of respondent varies
from factor to factor.
 But, majority respondents agreed to prefer road ways
rather water ways.

14.  Noticed that several product transportation businesses
are reluctant to use water ways due to
 delay delivery including higher interval of loading goods
and shipment,
 higher transportation cost,
 higher extortion levied by the some illegal security forces.
 On the contrary, they can quickly deliver their products
with less transportation cost and lower toll through road
ways.
 But most them interested to use the sustainable water ways
if no illegal toll system in water ways.

15. Loadings 14 variables that
5 factors extracted [between 5
and 6 factors Eigen value 1]
Factor 1- Quickness in road
way, Security in road ways ,
goods delivery satisfaction in
road way, Higher transportation
cost in water way and Higher
toll in water way are problems of
water ways.
Factor 2- influencing the potential greater scopes for using water
ways as sustainable transportation modes.
Factor 3- Delay delivery in water ways is the main constraints
Factor 4- higher transportation cost in road ways than water ways
Factor 5-Security in water ways also emphasizes
Factor analysis

16.  The current study has discovered
 external reasons like, traffic jam, accidents, safety,
security, promptness as well as
 internal reasons like cost of transportation, toll/tariff,
and variation in business sectors
which have major impact on potentiality of using water ways for
transporting products in the business purpose rather than road
ways.
 Going forward, we can’t say that people are chosen to
water ways against road ways.

17.  Beside- bricks, concrete, sand, stone, rice wholesaler, animal
feeds , and most of the non-perishable goods seller are using
road ways rather water ways
despite, they interested to use water ways but they couldn’t choose it
owing to
delay delivery in water way as well as
mainly for unfair large extortion amount levied by the illegal and security
forces.
 Recommendation: to eradicate problem, essential to take
appropriate and time demand steps immediately for
availabling the water ways as sustainable transportation
modes through alleviating constrains which is liable for not
using of water ways.

18.  Bangladesh is a riverine country -covered by river like net.
 We can be reached in the remote area through using water
ways where this is almost quite impossible to destinate by road
ways.
 Recommendation
 huge potentiality of spreading, modernizes and keeping line
with urban areas in case of business all over the country through
using water ways .
 Authority must concern about illegal toll enforcement in
water ways for motivating people using water ways.

19.  [1] Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (http://www.biwtc.gov.bd/)
 [2] Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (http://www.brtc.gov.bd/)
 [3] USAID, 2009 [Online]. Driving economic growth. Available at
http://www.usaid.gov/fani/Chapter_2--Foreign_Aid_in_the_National_Interest.pdf [Accessed on
Feb 19 2010]
 [4] UNCTAD, 2008 [Online]. Review of Maritime Transport, 2008. New York. United
Nations.UNCTAD, 2009.Review of Maritime Transport 2009. New York. United Nations.
 [5] WTO ,2006 [Online]. Trade Policy Review Body - Trade Policy Review - Report by the
Secretariat – Bangladesh. Available at http://docsonline.wto.org/imrd. [Accessed on Feb 17 2010]
 [6] Roy, J., and Banerjee,P.,2010. Connecting South Asia: The Centrality of Trade Facilitation for
Regional Economic Integration. In: Ahmed, S., et al.eds.,2010. Promoting Economic Cooperation
in South Asia beyond SAPTA, Chapter 5.pp.110-138. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
 [7] The WB (2008) Group’s transport business strategy for 2008-2012
(http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/440361468175472897/pdf/467920WP0Box331usiness
1Strategy1web.pdf)
 [8] Khanam, D., and Misir, M.A.,2008. Public Private Partnership for efficient Port Operation: a
proposal for Chittagong Port Authority, Journal of Public Studies, Vol.9. pp.39-47.
 [9] Wu, Y, J,and Lin, C., 2008. National port competitiveness: implications for India. Management
Decision, Vol.46, No-10,pp.1482-1507.
 [10] Johnson, R.A, and wichern, D. W, 1982. Applied multivariate statistical analysis .prentice
Hall, new jersey, USA, pp, 484-513.